Unit - 1.pptx
- 1. Unit – 1 Introduction to IoT Dr. Sashi Kanth Reddy A Associate Professor Department of MCA NITTE Meenakshi Institute of Technology
- 2. Internet of Things • A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities, physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with users and their environments.
- 4. Characteristics of IoT • Dynamic & Self-Adapting • Self-Configuring • Interoperable Communication Protocols • Unique Identity • Integrated into Information Network
- 5. Characteristics of IoT 1. Intelligence and Identity – The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very important. For example, a sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is helpful in tracking the equipment and at times for querying its status. 2. Connectivity – Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure. Things of IoT should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For example, the connection between people through Internet devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets, also a connection between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.
- 6. Characteristics of IoT 3. Dynamic and self-Adapting – IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts and scenarios. Assume a camera meant for surveillance. It should be adaptable to work in different conditions and different light situations (morning, afternoon, and night). 4. Scalability – The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by day. Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled appropriately. 5. Interoperability – Interoperability is critical for the success of IoT, as it enables different devices and systems to work together seamlessly and provides a seamless user experience. Without interoperability, IoT systems would be limited to individual silos of data and devices, making it difficult to share information and create new services and applications. To achieve interoperability, IoT devices, and systems use standardized communication protocols and data formats. These standards allow different devices to understand and process data in a consistent and reliable manner, enabling data to be exchanged between devices and systems regardless of the technology used.
- 7. Characteristics of IoT 6. Architecture – IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid, supporting different manufacturers products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when multiple domains come together. 7. Self configuring – This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT devices are able to upgrade their software in accordance with requirements with a minimum of user participation. Additionally, they can set up the network, allowing for the addition of new devices to an already-existing network. 8. Security - Security is a critical concern for the Internet of Things (IoT), as IoT devices and systems handle sensitive data and are connected to critical infrastructure. The increasing number of connected devices and the amount of data being transmitted over the Internet make IoT systems a prime target for cyberattacks. To secure IoT systems, multiple layers of security are necessary, including physical security, network security and data security.
- 8. IoT Architecture and Protocols IoT is a 4-Stage Layered Architecture • Sensing Layer • Network Layer • Data Processing Layer • Application Layer
- 9. IoT Architecture and Protocols 1. Sensing Layer • Responsible for collecting data from different sources. • It includes sensors, actuators placed in environment. • Collects information like temperature, humidity, sound, light, and other physical parameters. • The devices in this layer are connected to network layer either on wired or wireless communication protocols.
- 10. IoT Architecture and Protocols 2. Network Layer • Responsible for providing communication and connectivity between devices in the IoT system. • Includes protocols and technologies that enable devices to connect and communicate with each other and with the wider internet. • network technologies that are commonly used in IoT include Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and cellular networks such as 4G and 5G
- 11. IoT Architecture and Protocols 3. Data Processing Layer • Refers to the software and hardware components that are responsible for collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from IoT devices. • Responsible for receiving raw data from the devices, processing it, and making it available for further analysis or action. • The data processing layer includes a variety of technologies and tools, such as data management systems, analytics platforms, and machine learning algorithms. • These tools are used to extract meaningful insights from the data and make decisions based on that data
- 12. IoT Architecture and Protocols 4. Application Layer • Topmost layer that interacts directly with the end-user. • It is responsible for providing user-friendly interfaces and functionalities that enable users to access and control IoT devices. • This layer includes various software and applications such as mobile apps, web portals, and other user interfaces that are designed to interact with the underlying IoT infrastructure. • It also includes middleware services that allow different IoT devices and systems to communicate and share data seamlessly. • The application layer also includes analytics and processing capabilities that allow data to be analyzed and transformed into meaningful insights • This can include machine learning algorithms, data visualization tools, and other advanced analytics capabilities.
- 13. IoT Protocols
- 14. Application Layer Protocols • HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol is the most widely used protocol for navigating the Internet and to make data available over REST-APIs. The main advantage of using HTTP for IoT is that web application developers can use the same mechanism to send data to a Webserver - via an HTTP POST request. The drawbacks are that HTTP uses a connectionless request-respond communication, meaning every message needs to include authentication information—which requires data and energy consumption. Nevertheless HTTP might be ideal for use cases which have fewer data and battery constraints and where devices already need to call existing REST-APIs. Like MQTT and MQTT over WebSocket, HTTP is one of the protocols that is supported by standard IoT cloud services such as AWS IoT and Azure IoT
- 15. Application Layer Protocols • MQTT: MQTT is a lightweight communication protocol specifically designed for IoT and M2M applications. It’s ideal for remote environments or applications with limited bandwidth. MQTT uses a connection oriented publish/subscribe architecture, where MQTT applications can either publish (transmit) or subscribe to (receive) topics, and an MQTT broker passes information from the publishing client to the subscribed client. So for instance, an oil rig may have a predictive maintenance sensor that detects changes in vibrations and uses the MQTT protocol. The sensor “publishes” the vibration level to the broker, which the MQTT broker then passes to a software application that has subscribed to the topic “vibrations,” which can then trigger an alert when the level is above a threshold.
- 16. Application Layer Protocols • WebSockets: WebSocket is a bi-directional communication protocol designed to quickly send large quantities of data in web applications. A WebSocket establishes a connection between client and server and therefore after the initial connection establishment—every single message only has small overhead. Devices and servers can simultaneously transmit and receive data in real-time, making this protocol best-suited for IoT applications where low latency is critical, communication happens frequently, and data consumption is less important.
- 17. Application Layer Protocols • CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) is designed for low-power, lossy networks, also known as “constrained” networks. CoAP is usually paired with User Datagram Protocol (UDP) which makes it highly efficient, making it appealing for IoT applications where battery conservation is important. For example, it’s often used in smart meter communications. CoAP can also use TCP or SMS as transport mechanism.
- 18. Application Layer Protocols • XMPP (Extensive Messaging and Presence Protocol): Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol is a communications protocol built on Extensible Markup Language (XML). XMPP was initially designed for instant messaging (IM) – which also explains that it comes with an overhead for the exchange of presence information and is not optimized for memory constrained devices. Nevertheless XMPP allows for the definition of the message format and therefore handles very well structured data, as well as establishes a device’s identity and facilitates communications between different platforms. This open- source technology is highly accessible and is still being enhanced with new IoT- related developments
- 19. Application Layer Protocols • AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): AMQP is an open source protocol for Message-Oriented Middleware (MOM). It’s designed to facilitate communications between systems, devices, and applications from multiple vendors and it was not directly designed for IoT. Opposed to MQTT it supports more routing options than just publish / subscribe on topics – but this flexibility comes with complexity on application setup and additional protocol overhead. AMQP is also supported by Azure IoT for device communication.
- 20. Application Layer Protocols • DDS (Data Distribution Service): Data Distribution Service protocol is a real-time, interoperable communication protocol designed for solutions that require significant coordination, reliable transmissions, and distributed processing between the devices itself. Instead of sending data to a central hub or broker, data can be directly been exchanged between peers making it more robust and efficient. DDS uses a publish/subscribe mechanism where devices subscribe to a topic and devices sending to the topic are then using multicast to distribute the information to the subscribers. DDS can use TCP and UDP as transmission protocol
- 21. Microprocessor and Types • A processing device that converts data into information based on some sets of instructions. • A processing device implemented on a single chip is called a microprocessor • The “brain” of IoT devices and are responsible for executing the computer’s instructions. • A microprocessor is a type of CPU designed for use in embedded systems; they are small, low-power units that are highly efficient for their size and can perform a wide range of tasks.
- 22. Microprocessor vs Microcontroller Parameter Microprocessor Microcontroller Definition Microprocessors can be understood as the heart of a computer system. Microcontrollers can be understood as the heart of an embedded system. What is it? A microprocessor is a processor where the memory and I/O component are connected externally. A microcontroller is a controlling device wherein the memory and I/O output component are present internally. Circuit complexity The circuit is complex due to external connection. Microcontrollers are present on chip memory. The circuit is less complex. Memory and I/O components The memory and I/O components are to be connected externally. The memory and I/O components are available. Compact system compatibility Microprocessors can’t be used in compact system. Microcontrollers can be used with a compact system. Efficiency Microprocessors are not efficient. Microcontrollers are efficient. Zero status flag Microprocessors have a zero status flag. Microcontroller doesn’t have a zero status flag. Number of registers Microprocessors have less number of registers. Microcontrollers have more number of registers. Applications Microprocessors are generally used in personal computers. Microcontrollers are generally used in washing machines, and air conditioners.
- 23. Architecture Types • General Architecture of a Microprocessor:
- 24. Architecture Types • Vectored Processor • Array Processor or SIMD Processor • Scalar Processor • RISC and SISC Processor • Digital Signal Processor • Symbolic Processor • Graphics Processor
- 25. Types of Microprocessors • CISC – • The instructions are in a complex form • It means that a single instruction can contain many low-level instructions. • Examples of CISC are Intel 386, Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II/III/IV, i3, i5, i7, i9, AMD, etc. • RISC – • The instructions are quite simple, and hence, they execute quickly. • the instructions get complete in one clock cycle and also use a few addressing modes only. • Examples are IBM RS6000, DEC Alpha 21064, DEC Alpha 21164, etc.
- 26. Types of Microprocessors • ARM – Advanced RISC Machine • There are many reasons to choose ARM, three stand out as it relates to IIoT device development: • Low Power Consumption • Integrated Components • A global support community
- 27. Characteristics of CISC • As the instructions are complex hence, the decoding of instructions is also complex. • The size of instructions is greater than the one-word size. • Instruction can take more than one clock cycle to execute. • The number of registers is less since most of the operations are performed in memory itself. • The address modes are also complex. • Data types are more in number.
- 28. Characteristics of RISC • As the instruction is simple hence, the decoding of instructions is also simple. • The size of instructions is under the one-word size. • Instruction takes one clock cycle to execute. • The number of registers is more. • The address modes are also simple. • Data types are less in number. • Can be used for pipelining.
- 29. Advantages of CISC & RISC Advantages of CISC: • Microprogramming in CISC is as easy as the assembly language implementation. • The number of instructions for performing operations is less in number. Hence, the memory usage is low. Moreover, time consumption is also less. Advantages of RISC: • Instructions are simple hence easy to understand and decode. • The instructions complete in one clock cycle therefore, CPU can handle multiple instructions at a time. • Designing the RISC processors is easier in comparison to the CISC processors.
- 30. Online References: • Microprocessors for IoT: https://www.electronicproducts.com/10-cool-processors- for-the-iot/ (DOA – 12/7/2023) • IoT Protocols: https://www.emnify.com/iot-glossary/guide-iot-protocols (DOA – 15/7/2023)