Unit 2.1

Web Technology ECS-604
Prepared By: Abhishek kesharwani Lecturer, United College of Engineering and Research
Lecture No. 10
CSS Introduction
Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simple design language intended to simplify
the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the text,
the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out, what
background images or colors are used, as well as a variety of other effects.
CSS is easy to learn and understand but it provides powerful control over the presentation of an
HTML document. Most commonly, CSS is combined with the markup languages HTML or XHTML.
Advantages of CSS:
CSS saves time - You can write CSS once and then reuse same sheet in multiple HTML
pages. You can define a style for each HTML element and apply it to as many Web pages as
you want.
Pages load faster - If you are using CSS, you do not need to write HTML tag attributes every
time. Just write one CSS rule of a tag and apply to all the occurrences of that tag. So less code
means faster download times.
Easy maintenance - To make a global change, simply change the style, and all elements in
all the web pages will be updated automatically.
Superior styles to HTML - CSS has a much wider array of attributes than HTML so you can
give far better look to your HTML page in comparison of HTML attributes.
Multiple Device Compatibility - Style sheets allow content to be optimized for more than
one type of device. By using the same HTML document, different versions of a website can
be presented for handheld devices such as PDAs and cell phones or for printing.
Global web standards - Now HTML attributes are being deprecated and it is being
recommended to use CSS. So its a good idea to start using CSS in all the HTML pages to
make them compatible to future CSS Versions:
Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 (CSS1) was came out of W3C as a recommendation in December
1996. This version describes the CSS language as well as a simple visual formatting model for all the
HTML tags.
CSS2 was became a W3C recommendation in May 1998 and builds on CSS1. This version adds
support for media-specific style sheets e.g. printers and aural devices, downloadable fonts, element
positioning and tables.
CSS Syntax – Selectors
A CSS comprises of style rules that are interpreted by the browser and then applied to the
corresponding elements in your document. A style rule is made of three parts:
Selector: A selector is an HTML tag at which style will be applied. This could be any tag like
<h1> or <table> etc.
Property: A property is a type of attribute of HTML tag. Put simply, all the HTML attributes
are converted into CSS properties. They could be color or border etc.

Value: Values are assigned to properties. For example color property can have value
either red or #F1F1F1 etc.
You can put CSS Style Rule Syntax as follows:
selector { property: value }
Example: You can define a table border as follows:
table{ border :1px solid #C00; }
Here table is a selector and border is a property and given value 1px solid #C00 is the value of that
property.
The Type Selectors:
This is the same selector we have seen above. Again one more example to give a color to all level 1
headings :
h1 {
color: #36CFFF;
}
The Universal Selectors:
Rather than selecting elements of a specific type, the universal selector quite simply matches the name
of any element type :
* {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content of every element in our document in black.
The Descendant Selectors:
Suppose you want to apply a style rule to a particular element only when it lies inside a particular
element. As given in the following example, style rule will apply to <em> element only when it lies
inside <ul> tag.
ul em {
color: #000000;
}

The Class Selectors:
You can define style rules based on the class attribute of the elements. All the elements having that
class will be formatted according to the defined rule.
.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with class attribute set to black in our
document. You can make it a bit more particular. For example:
h1.black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with class attribute set to black.
You can apply more than one class selectors to given element. Consider the following example :
<p class="center bold">
This para will be styled by the classes center and bold.
</p>
The ID Selectors:
You can define style rules based on the id attribute of the elements. All the elements having that id
will be formatted according to the defined rule.
#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for every element with id attribute set to black in our document.
You can make it a bit more particular. For example:
h1#black {
color: #000000;
}
This rule renders the content in black for only <h1> elements with id attribute set to black.
The true power of id selectors is when they are used as the foundation for descendant selectors, For
example:
#black h2 {
color: #000000;

}
In this example all level 2 headings will be displayed in black color only when those headings will lie
with in tags having id attribute set to black.
The Child Selectors:
You have seen descendant selectors. There is one more type of selectors which is very similar to
descendants but have different functionality. Consider the following example:
body > p {
color: #000000;
}
This rule will render all the paragraphs in black if they are direct child of <body> element. Other
paragraphs put inside other elements like <div> or <td> etc. would not have any effect of this rule.
Multiple Style Rules:
You may need to define multiple style rules for a single element. You can define these rules to
combine multiple properties and corresponding values into a single block as defined in the following
example:
h1 {
color: #36C;
font-weight: normal;
letter-spacing: .4em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
text-transform: lowercase;
}
Grouping Selectors:
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
You can combine various class selectors together as shown below:
#content, #footer, #supplement {
position: absolute;
left: 510px;
width: 200px;
}

CSS Inclusion - Associating Styles
There are four ways to associate styles with your HTML document. Most commonly used methods
are inline CSS and External CSS.
Embedded CSS - The <style> Element:
You can put your CSS rules into an HTML document using the <style> element. This tag is placed
inside <head>...</head> tags. Rules defined using this syntax will be applied to all the elements
available in the document. Here is the generic syntax:
<head>
<style type="text/css" media="...">
Style Rules
............
</style>
</head>
Attributes:
Attributes associated with <style> elements are:
Attribute Value Description
type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME
type). This is required attribute.
media screen
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all
Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.
Default value isall. This is optional attribute.
Example:
Following is the example of embed CSS based on above syntax:
<head>
<style type="text/css" media="all">

h1{
color: #36C;
}
</style>
</head>
Inline CSS - The style Attribute:
You can use style attribute of any HTML element to define style rules. These rules will be applied to
that element only. Here is the generic syntax:
<element style="...style rules....">
Attributes:
style style
rules
The value of style attribute is a combination of style
declarations separated by semicolon (;).
Example:
Following is the example of inline CSS based on above syntax:
<h1 style ="color:#36C;"> This is inline CSS </h1>
This will produce following result:
This is inline CSS
External CSS - The <link> Element:
The <link> element can be used to include an external stylesheet file in your HTML document.
An external style sheet is a separate text file with .css extension. You define all the Style rules within
this text file and then you can include this file in any HTML document using <link> element.
Here is the generic syntax of including external CSS file:
<head>
<link type="text/css" href="..." media="..." />
</head>

Attributes:
Attributes associated with <style> elements are:
type text/css Specifies the style sheet language as a content-type (MIME
type). This attribute is required.
href URL Specifies the style sheet file having Style rules. This
attribute is a required.
media screen
tty
tv
projection
handheld
print
braille
aural
all
Specifies the device the document will be displayed on.
Default value isall. This is optional attribute.
Example:
Consider a simple style sheet file with a name mystyle.css having the following rules:
h1, h2, h3 {
color: #36C;
margin-bottom: 1em;
}
Now you can include this file mystyle.css in any HTML document as follows:
<head>
<link type="text/css" href="mystyle.css" media="all" />
</head>
Imported CSS - @import Rule:

@import is used to import an external stylesheet in a manner similar to the <link> element. Here is
the generic syntax of @import rule.
<head>
<@import "URL";
</head>
Here URL is the URL of the style sheet file having style rules. You can use another syntax as well:
<head>
<@import url("URL");
</head>
Example:
Following is the example showing you how to import a style sheet file into HTML document:
<head>
@import "mystyle.css";
</head>
CSS Rules Overriding:
We have discussed four ways to include style sheet rules in a an HTML document. Here is the rule to
override any Style Sheet Rule.
Any inline style sheet takes highest priority. So it will override any rule defined in
<style>...</style> tags or rules defined in any external style sheet file.
Any rule defined in <style>...</style> tags will override rules defined in any external style
sheet file.
Any rule defined in external style sheet file takes lowest priority and rules defined in this file
will be applied only when above two rules are not applicable.
CSS - Measurement Units
Before we start actual exercise, I would like to give a brief idea about the CSS Measurement Units.
CSS supports a number of measurements including absolute units such as inches, centimeters, points,
and so on, as well as relative measures such as percentages and em units. You need these values while
specifying various measurements in your Style rules e.g border="1px solid red".
We have listed out all the CSS Measurement Units alogwith proper Examples:
Unit Description Example
% Defines a measurement as a percentage
relative to another value, typically an
enclosing element.
p {font-size: 16pt; line-height:
125%;}
cm Defines a measurement in centimeters. div {margin-bottom: 2cm;}

em A relative measurement for the height
of a font in em spaces. Because an em
unit is equivalent to the size of a given
font, if you assign a font to 12pt, each
"em" unit would be 12pt; thus, 2em
would be 24pt.
p {letter-spacing: 7em;}
ex This value defines a measurement
relative to a font's x-height. The x-
height is determined by the height of
the font's lowercase letter x.
p {font-size: 24pt; line-height:
3ex;}
in Defines a measurement in inches. p {word-spacing: .15in;}
mm Defines a measurement in millimetres. p {word-spacing: 15mm;}
pc Defines a measurement in picas. A
pica is equivalent to 12 points; thus,
there are 6 picas per inch.
p {font-size: 20pc;}
pt Defines a measurement in points. A
point is defined as 1/72nd of an inch.
body {font-size: 18pt;}
px Defines a measurement in screen
pixels.
p {padding: 25px;}
CSS - Colors
CSS uses color values to specify a color. Typically, these are used to set a color either for the
foreground of an element (i.e., its text) or else for the background of the element. They can also be
used to affect the color of borders and other decorative effects.
You can specify your color values in various formats. Following table tells you all possible formats:
Format Syntax Example
Hex Code #RRGGBB p{color:#FF0000;}
Short Hex Code #RGB p{color:#6A7;}
RGB % rgb (rrr%,ggg%,bbb%) p{color:rgb(50%,50%,50%);}
RGB Absolute rgb(rrr,ggg,bbb) p{color:rgb(0,0,255);}
keyword aqua, black, etc. p{color:teal;}
These formats are explained in more detail in the following sections:
Setting Backgrounds using CSS
This tutorial will teach you how to set backgrounds of various HTML elements. You can set
following background properties of an element:
The background-color property is used to set the background color of an element.
The background-image property is used to set the background image of an element.

The background-repeat property is used to control the repetition of an image in the
background.
The background-position property is used to control the position of an image in the
background.
The background-attachment property is used to control the scrolling of an image in the
background.
The background property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other background
properties.
Set the background color:
Following is the example which demonstrates how to set the background color for an element.
<p style="background-color:yellow;">
This text has a yellow background color.
</p>
This text has a yellow background color.
-
Shorthand property :
You can use the background property to set all the background properties at once. For example:
<p style="background:url(/images/pattern1.gif) repeat fixed;">
This parapgraph has fixed repeated background image.
</p>
Setting Fonts using CSS
The font-family property is used to change the face of a font.
The font-style property is used to make a font italic or oblique.
The font-variant property is used to create a small-caps effect.
The font-weight property is used to increase or decrease how bold or light a font appears.
The font-size property is used to increase or decrease the size of a font.
The font property is used as shorthand to specify a number of other font properties.
<p style="font-family:georgia,garamond,serif;">
This text is rendered in either georgia, garamond, or the default
serif font depending on which font you have at your system.
</p>
<p style="font-style:italic;">
This text will be rendered in italic style
</p>

<p style="font-variant:small-caps;">
This text will be rendered as small caps
</p>
<p style="font-weight:bold;">
This font is bold.
</p>
<p style="font-weight:bolder;">
This font is bolder.
</p>
<p style="font-weight:900;">
This font is 900 weight.
</p>
<p style="font-size:20px;">
This font size is 20 pixels
</p>
<p style="font-size:small;">
This font size is small
</p>
<p style="font-size:large;">
This font size is large
</p>
<p style="font-size-adjust:0.61;">
This text is using a font-size-adjust value.
</p>
<p style="font-stretch:ultra-expanded;">
If this doesn't appear to work, it is likely that
your computer doesn't have a condensed or expanded
version of the font being used.
</p>
<p style="font:italic small-caps bold 15px georgia;">
Applying all the properties on the text at once.
</p>
Manipulating Text using CSS
This tutorial will teach you how to manipulate text using CSS properties. You can set following text
properties of an element:
The color property is used to set the color of a text.
The direction property is used to set the text direction.
The letter-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the letters that make up
a word.
The word-spacing property is used to add or subtract space between the words of a sentence.
The text-indent property is used to indent the text of a paragraph.
The text-align property is used to align the text of a document.
The text-decoration property is used to underline, overline, and strikethrough text.

The text-transform property is used to capitalize text or convert text to uppercase or
lowercase letters.
The white-space property is used to control the flow and formatting of text.
The text-shadow property is used to set the text shadow around a text.
<p style="color:red;">
This text will be written in red.
</p>
<p style="direction:rtl;">
This text will be renedered from right to left
</p>
<p style="letter-spacing:5px;">
This text is having space between letters.
</p>
<p style="text-indent:1cm;">
This text will have first line indented by 1cm
and this line will remain at its actual position
this is done by CSS text-indent property.
</p>
<p style="text-align:right;">
This will be right aligned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:center;">
This will be center aligned.
</p>
<p style="text-align:left;">
This will be left aligned.
</p>
<p style="white-space:pre;">This text has a line break
and the white-space pre setting tells the browser to honor it
just like the HTML pre tag.</p>
<p style="text-shadow:4px 4px 8px blue;">
If your browser supports the CSS text-shadow property,
this text will have a blue shadow.</p>
CSS - Images
Images are very important part of any Web Page. Though it is not recommended to include lot of
images but it is still important to use good images wherever it is required.
CSS plays a good role to control image display. You can set following image properties using CSS.
The border property is used to set the width of an image border.
The height property is used to set the height of an image.
The width property is used to set the width of an image.
The -moz-opacity property is used to set the opacity of an image.

<img style="border:0px;" src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:3px dashed red;" src="/images/css.gif" />
<img style="border:1px solid red; height:100px;"
src="/images/css.gif" />
<br />
<img style="border:1px solid red; height:50%;"
<img style="border:1px solid red; width:100px;"
<br />
<img style="border:1px solid red; width:100%;"
<img style="border:1px solid red;-moz-opacity:0.4;filter:alpha(opacity=40);"
CSS - Links
This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of a hyper link using CSS. You can set
following properties of a hyper link:
We will revisit same properties when we will discuss Pseudo-Classes of CSS.
The :link Signifies unvisited hyperlinks.
The :visited Signifies visited hyperlinks.
The :hover Signifies an element that currently has the user's mouse pointer hovering over it.
The :active Signifies an element on which the user is currently clicking.
<style type="text/css">
a:link {color: #000000}
a:visited {color: #006600}
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
a:link {color:#000000}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Black Link</a>
a:visited {color: #006600}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Click this link</a>
a:hover {color: #FFCC00}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Bring Mouse Here</a>

a:active {color: #FF00CC}
</style>
<a href="/html/index.htm">Click This Link</a>
CSS - Tables
This tutorial will teach you how to set different properties of an HTML table using CSS. You can set
following properties of a table:
The border-collapse Specifies whether the browser should control the appearance of adjacent
borders that touch each other or whether each cell should maintain its style.
The border-spacing Specifies the width that should appear between table cells.
The caption-side Captions are presented in the <caption> element. By default, these are
rendered above the table in the document. You use the caption-side property to control the
placement of the table caption.
The empty-cells Specifies whether the border should be shown if a cell is empty.
The table-layout Allows browsers to speed up layout of a table by using the first width
properties it comes across for the rest of a column rather than having to load the whole table
before rendering it.
table.one {border-collapse:collapse;}
table.two {border-collapse:separate;}
td.a {
border-style:dotted;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#000000;
padding: 10px;
}
td.b {border-style:solid;
border-width:3px;
border-color:#333333;
padding:10px;
}
</style>
<table class="one">
<caption>Collapse Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class="a"> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class="b"> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="two">
<caption>Separate Border Example</caption>
<tr><td class="a"> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td class="b"> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>
/* If you provide one value */
table.example {border-spacing:10px;}

/* This is how you can provide two values */
table.example {border-spacing:10px; 15px;}
</style>
table.one {
border-collapse:separate;
width:400px;
border-spacing:10px;
}
table.two {
border-collapse:separate;
width:400px;
border-spacing:10px 50px;
}
</style>
<table class="one" border="1">
<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Collapse Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Collapse Example</td></tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="two" border="1">
<caption>Separate Border Example with border-spacing</caption>
<tr><td> Cell A Separate Example</td></tr>
<tr><td> Cell B Separate Example</td></tr>
</table>
Separate Border Example with border-spacing
Cell A Collapse Example
Cell B Collapse Example
Separate Border Example with border-spacing
Cell A Separate Example
Cell B Separate Example
-
The table-layout Property:
The table-layout property is supposed to help you control how a browser should render or lay out a
table.
This property can have one of the three values fixed, auto or inherit.
Here is the example to show the difference between these properties.
NOTE:This property is not supported by many browsers so do not rely on this property.

table.auto
{
table-layout: auto
}
table.fixed
{
table-layout: fixed
}
</style>
<table class="auto" border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="20%">1000000000000000000000000000</td>
<td width="40%">10000000</td>
<td width="40%">100</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<table class="fixed" border="1" width="100%">
<tr>
<td width="20%">1000000000000000000000000000</td>
<td width="40%">10000000</td>
<td width="40%">100</td>
</tr>
</table>
100000000000000000000000000010000000 100
100000000000000000000000000010000000 100
CSS - Borders
The border properties allow you to specify how the border of the box representing an element should
look. There are three properties of a border you can change
The border-color Specifies the color of a border.
The border-style Specifies whether a border should be solid, dashed line, double line, or one
of the other possible values.
The border-width Specifies the width of a border.
Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.
The border-color Property:
The border-color property allows you to change the color of the border surrounding an element. You
can individually change the color of the bottom, left, top and right sides of an element's border using
the properties:

border-bottom-color changes the color of bottom border.
border-top-color changes the color of top border.
border-left-color changes the color of left border.
border-right-color changes the color of right border.
The border-style Property:
The border-style property allows you to select one of the following styles of border:
none: No border. (Equivalent of border-width:0;)
solid: Border is a single solid line.
dotted: Border is a series of dots.
dashed: Border is a series of short lines.
double: Border is two solid lines.
groove: Border looks as though it is carved into the page.
ridge: Border looks the opposite of groove.
inset: Border makes the box look like it is embedded in the page.
outset: Border makes the box look like it is coming out of the canvas.
hidden: Same as none, except in terms of border-conflict resolution for table elements.
You can individually change the style of the bottom, left, top, and right borders of an element using
following properties:
border-bottom-style changes the style of bottom border.
border-top-style changes the style of top border.
border-left-style changes the style of left border.
border-right-style changes the style of right border.
The border-width Property:
The border-width property allows you to set the width of an element borders. The value of this
property could be either a length in px, pt or cm or it should be set to thin, medium or thick.
You can individually change the width of the bottom, top, left, and right borders of an element using
the following properties:
border-bottom-width changes the width of bottom border.
border-top-width changes the width of top border.
border-left-width changes the width of left border.
border-right-width changes the width of right border.
CSS - Margins
The margin property defines the space around an HTML element. It is possible to use negative values
to overlap content.
The values of the margin property are not inherited by child elements. Remember that the adjacent
vertical margins (top and bottom margins) will collapse into each other so that the distance between
the blocks is not the sum of the margins, but only the greater of the two margins or the same size as
one margin if both are equal.
There are following four properties to set an element margin.

The margin A shorthand property for setting the margin properties in one declaration.
The margin-bottom Specifies the bottom margin of an element.
The margin-top Specifies the top margin of an element.
The margin-left Specifies the left margin of an element.
The margin-right Specifies the right margin of an element.
Now we will see how to use these properties with examples.
CSS - Paddings
The padding property allows you to specify how much space should appear between the content of an
element and its border:
There are following five CSS properties which can be used to control lists:
The value of this attribute should be either a length, a percentage, or the word inherit. If the value is
inherit it will have the same padding as its parent element. If a percentage is used, the percentage is of
the containing box.
You can also set different values for the padding on each side of the box using the following
properties:
The padding-bottom Specifies the bottom padding of an element.
The padding-top Specifies the top padding of an element.
The padding-left Specifies the left padding of an element.
The padding-right Specifies the right padding of an element.
The padding Serves as shorthand for the preceding properties.
CSS - Layers
CSS gives you opportunity to create layers of various divisions. The CSS layers refer to applying
the z-index property to elements that overlap with each other.
The z-index property is used alongwith position property to create an effect of layers. You can specify
which element should come on top and which element should come at bottom.
A z-index property can help you to create more complex webpage layouts. Following is the example
which shows how to create layers in CSS.
<div style="background-color:red;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:10px;
left:80px;
z-index:2">
</div>
<div style="background-color:yellow;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;

top:-60px;
left:35px;
z-index:1;">
</div>
<div style="background-color:green;
width:300px;
height:100px;
position:relative;
top:-220px;
left:120px;
z-index:3;">
</div>
<style tyle="text/css">

</style>
<body>
<div id="level0">
<div id="level1">
<div id="level2">
<div id="level3">
<div id="main">
Final Content goes here...
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
Similar way you can add top navigation bar or ad bar at the top of the page.

Unit 2.1

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Unit 2.1