Unit 3 labour welfare

Prepared and presented by,
N. Ganesha Pandian
Assistant Professor
Madurai School of management
Madurai

Contents
1. Concept - Objectives – Scope – Need
2. Voluntary Welfare Measures
3. Statutory Welfare Measures
4. Labour – Welfare Funds
5. Education and Training Schemes.

Concept of Labor welfare
 In order to get the best out of a worker in the matter of production, working
condition required to be improved to a large extent.
 The working condition should be as such as to safeguard his health and protect
him against occupational hazards
 Labor and Labor welfare sub-sector consists of 6 programmes:
1, Labor Administration
2, Rehabilitation of bonded labor
3, Assistance to labor cooperative
4,Craftsmen training programme
5, Apprenticeship training programme
6, Employment services
7, Sanjay Gandhi Swavalambam yojana

Welfare and working conditions
 Definition:
1.The Encyclopedia of social sciences (Vol. XV 1935) defines labor
welfare as “The voluntary efforts of the employers to establish within
the existing industrial system, working and sometimes living and
cultural conditions of the employees beyond that which is required by
law, the custom of industry and the conditions of the market”
2. The report of the committee on labor welfare setup the government
of India in 1969 refers to welfare as a broad concept, a condition of
well being. It speaks of measures which promote, “the physical,
psychological & general well being of the working population”

Contd…
Labor welfare implies providing better working conditions such as
1. proper lighting
2. Heat control
3. Cleanliness
4. Low noise level
5. Toilet and drinking water facilities
6. Canteen and restrooms
7. Health and safety measures
8. Reasonable hours of work and holidays
9. Housing and education
10. Recreation, transportation and counseling etc

Importance of labor welfare
 Welfare measures – Statutory or non-statutory
 Though statutory welfare ensures a bare minimum facilities
and reasonably good working conditions, employers are free
to provide or not to provide non-statutory welfare.
1. Welfare measures must eliminate risk and insecurity
2. To ensure their personal safety and provide them with
equipment and atmosphere need to draw a fair day’s wage
3. The role of unions in welfare has also been influenced by the
sociopolitical and legal environment and the economy

Contd…
4. Employers provide amenities to discharge their social responsibility
raise the employees’ morale, use the work force more effectively
and reduce turnover and absenteeism
5. Benefits such as bonuses etc., are bound by length of service, thus
ensuring that an employee will remain for a certain minimum
period at least
6. Welfare benefits not only raise employee morale but also make it
easier for employers to attract and hire competent personnel
7. Welfare helps build a positive image of the organization and
facilities dealings with the union

Labor administration
1. Training and research programme – to train officers of the labor
department in connection with labor laws implemented in
state
2. Scheme for wide publicity to various labor laws – to regulate
service conditions of workers and to give publicity to various
labor laws through the media
3. Strengthening of medical wing of the directorate of industrial
safety and health – potential hazards in workplace caused by
chemical factories, pesticides and etc., pose heath issue to
employees

Contd…4. Improvement of communications, mobility of factory inspector - facilitates a
prompt inquiry into the mishap and its causes but also enables the concerned
authorities to bring into action the various control measures in case of disasters
5. Rehabilitation of bonded labor – The bonded labor system (Abolition)act 1976
which came into force w.e.f 25 October 1975
The work pertaining to rehabilitation of bonded labor is entrusted to revenue and
forest department. The collectors have been instructed to take suitable action for
rehabilitation
6. Assistance to labor co-operatives – The membership of labor contract societies are
mainly from weaker section community.
Those societies organize scattered and un organized labor together and provide
them gainful employment in various work obtained from government and other
agencies

Employment
 Employment services:
The employment organization deals with rendering of
employment assistance to employment seekers and
collection of employment market information which is
very useful for man power planning like starting of
training and technical education programme
Also employment coaching-cum-guidance centre in tribal
areas were setup

Theories of labor welfare
Labor welfare
Theory
Philanthropic
theory
Public
relations
theory
Religious
theory
Social
theory
Policy theory

Aims and objectives of labor
welfare
1. To build up stable labor force to reduce labor turnover and
absenteeism
2. To make the industrial employment more attractive and enable
the workers to live comfortably and more satisfactorily
3. To increase the mental efficiency and economic productivity of
industrial workers and efficiency of the enterprises
4. To raise the standard of living of the workers by indirectly
reducing the burden on their means of living
5. To win over employees loyalty and increase their moral
6. To make recruitment more effective

Labour welfare in TVS
 At TVS, care for its employees is a time honoured tradition. From recruitment to
retirement, the company is committed to enhancing the quality of their lives.
 Its welfare initiatives range from continuous training and skill up gradation
programmes to well-planned townships, medical centres and educational assistance.
 Honouring of employees associated with the organisation for a long duration with
certificate symbolising the year of service and cash reward
 Handing over the settlement payment on the day of retirement
 Special leave with cash given to employees for their children's marriage
 TVS Primary School, Madurai-11
 TVS Higher Secondary School, Madurai-11
 TVS Lakshmi Matric Higher Secondary School, Madurai-11
Source: http://www.tvs.in/about-empwelfare.aspx

Labor Welfare measures – Non-
statutory
 Voluntary welfare includes all those activities which employers
undertake for their employees on voluntary basis. It is philanthropic
approach on the part of the employer to provide various welfare
facilities to the workers over and above the statutory measures
 (eg) housing, education, recreation, transportation and
cooperatives
 Bhilani steel plant non-statutory welfare programmes in the BSP
initially emerged because of its geographical location
 Housing was the main problem. Though BSP undertook extensive
construction programmes, it also provided loans to its employees to
construct their own houses, medical and educational facilities
followed

Non-statutory welfare: A model
 A general fallacy is that job satisfaction and productivity are synonymous
or that high job satisfaction will lead to high productivity
 Evidence in fact points to the contrary. Productivity on the other hand has
been found to be determined largely by the quality of machines, raw
materials, R&D, Industrial relations, institutional setup and etc., largely
1 .Personal adjustment of workers
2. Nature of work
3. Relationship with other workers
4. Nature of supervision
5. Company’s setup
6. Social status of his job

Non-statutory
welfare
Productivity
Company
satisfaction

Non-statutory welfare measures
1. Canteen facility
2. Holidays and leave entitlement
3. Employment state insurance scheme
4. Medical re-imbursement
5. Housing facilities
6. Conveyance
7. Tour facilities
8. Residential quarters
9. Recreation facilities
10. Library facilities
11. Telephone Charges
12. Magazine and newspaper

Work environment
 Two important factors have potential affect the performance
of a job:
1. Provisions of appropriate working condition
2. Physical environment
Various feature of physical environment have been
manipulated in both field and lab experiences to
understand their effect on output
Such physical features as illumination, noise, vibration, color
and music have been experienced with extensively

Contd…
 Noise is generally considered as a destructor. When the
noise level is high, an employee has to concentrate more
or exert greater efforts to perform
 Fatigue and boredom are often becomes apparent in
increased spoilage and decreased output in addition to a
greater possibility of accidents and high absenteeism
 The physiological component of fatigue is measured by a
device called “Ergo graph”

Statutory welfare measures
 After independence the government of India passed several acts
(eg) the factories act, the employees state insurance act, the
minimum wages act, the payment of wages act, and industrial
disputes act to ensure fair deal employees in various aspects of their
jobs
The factories act 1948:
 The factories act 1948, was conceived in 1881 when legislation was
enacted to provide health and safety measures and children
 In 1911, the hours of work were regulated and incorporated in the act
 In 1934, the royal commission of labor, the act was amended

Contd…
 Finally, a comprehensive legislation to regulate working
conditions replaced the act in 1948
 The 1948 amendment of act lays down basic minimum
requirement for the safety, health and welfare of factory
workers
 The factories act,1948 comprises 11 chapters and 120 sections
with a schedule listing notifiable diseases
 Section 42 to 50 – provides statutory welfare measures to be
provided for welfare of its workers

Section 42: Washing facilities
1, Provision of facility
A, Adequate and suitable facilities for washing shall be provided and
maintained for the use of the workers
B, Separate facilities for male and female workers shall be provided
C, such facilities shall be conveniently accessible and shall be kept
clean
2, The state government may, in respect of any factory or class or
description of factories or of any manufacturing process, prescribe
standards of adequate and suitable facilities for washing

Section 43: Facilities for storing and
drying clothing
 The state government may in respect of any factory or
class or description of factories, make rules requiring the
provisions therein of suitable places for keeping clothing
not worn during working hours and drying of wet
clothing

Section 44: Facilities for sitting
 In every factory suitable arrangements for sitting shall
be provided and maintained for all workers obliged to
work in a standing position, in order that they take
advantage of any opportunities for rest which may
occur in the course of their work

Section 45: First-aid appliances
 There shall in every factory be provided and
maintained so as to be readily accessible during all
working hours first aid boxes or cupboards equipped
with prescribed contents, and the no. of such boxes or
cupboards to be provided and maintained shall not be
less than one for every one hundred and fifty workers
ordinarily employed at any one time in the factory

Section 46: Canteens
1. The state government may make rules requiring that in any specific
factory wherein more than two hundred and fifty workers are
ordinarily employed, a canteen or canteens shall be provided and
maintained by the occupier for the use of workers.
2. Without prejudice, to the generality of the foregoing power, such
rules may provide for-
A, the date by which such canteen shall be provided
B, the standards in respect of constructions, accommodation, furniture
and other equipment of the canteen

Contd…
C, the food stuffs to be served therein and the charges which may
be made therefor
D, the constitution of a managing committee for the canteen and
representation of workers in the management of canteen
E, the items of expenditure in the running of the canteen which are
not to be taken into account in fixing the cost of food stuffs and
which shall be borne by employer
F, the delegation to the chief inspector, subject to such conditions
as may be prescribed, of the power to make rules under clause(C)

Section 47: Shelters, Restrooms
and Lunchrooms
1. In every factory where in more than one hundred and fifty workers are
ordinarily employed, adequate and suitable shelters or restrooms and a
suitable lunchroom, with provision for drinking water, where workers can
eat meals brought by them shall be provided and maintained for the use of
the workers:
Provided that any canteen maintained in accordance with provisions of
section 46 shall be regarded as part of the requirements of this sub section
Provided further that where a lunch room exists no workers shall eat any
food in the work room
2. The shelters or rest rooms or lunch rooms exists no workers shall eat any
food in the work room

Contd…
3. The state government may –
A, prescribe the standards in respect of construction,
accommodation, furniture and other equipment of
shelters, restrooms and lunchrooms to be provided under
this section
B, By notification in the official gazette, exempt any factory
or class or description of factories from the requirements
of this section

Section 48: Creches
1, In every factory wherein more than thirty women workers are
ordinarily employed there shall be provided and maintained a
suitable room or rooms for the use of children under the age
of six years of such women
2, Such rooms shall provide adequate accommodation, shall be
adequately lighted and ventilated, shall be maintained in a
clean and sanitary condition and shall be under the charge of
women trained in the care of children and infants

Contd…
3, The state government may make rules-
A, Prescribing the location and the standards in respect of construction,
accommodation, furniture and other equipments of rooms to be provided under
this section
B, requiring the provision in factories to which this section applies of additional
facilities for the care of children belong to women workers, including suitable
provision of facilities for washing and changing their clothes
C, requiring the provision in any factory of free milk or refreshment or both for such
children
D, requiring that facilities shall be given in any factory for the mothers of such
children to feed them at the necessary intervals

Section 49: welfare officers
1, In every factory wherein 500 or more workers are
ordinarily employed the occupier shall employ in the
factory such number of welfare officers as may be
prescribed
2, The state Government may prescribe the duties,
qualifications and conditions of service of officers
employed under subsection (1)

Section 50: Power to make rules to
supplement this chapter
The state government may make rules-
A, exempting, subject to compliance with such alternative
arrangements for the welfare of workers as may be prescribed,
any factory or class or description of factories from
compliance with any of the provisions of this chapter
B, requiring in any factory or class or description of factories
that representatives of workers employed in the factory shall
be associated with management of welfare arrangement of the
workers

Social security measures
 ILO (International labor organization) defines “it can be
taken to mean the protection which society provides for its
members, through a series of public measures, against the
economic and social distress that otherwise would be caused
by the stoppage or substantial reduction of earnings resulting
from sickness, maternity, employment injury,
unemployment, invalidity, old age and death; the provision of
medical care; and the provisions of subsidies for families with
children”

 The social security (minimum standards) convention (No.102)
adopted by ILO in 1952 defines the nine branches of social
security benefit:
1, Medical care
2, Sickness benefit
3, Unemployment benefit
4, Old age benefit
5, Employment injury benefit
6, Family benefit
7, Maternity benefit
8, Invalidity benefit

ILO and social security
 The International labor organization was founded in 1919 for the primary
purpose of promoting social justice and improving the living and working
conditions of workers throughout the world
 In order to implement the measures ILO took certain steps:
1, It tried to create international standards by way of recommendations
regarding the definitions of social security
2, It collected and spread the information about social security schemes in
various countries
3, It provided technical assistance and guidance so that social security
schemes may be properly formulated by means of co-operation with other
social organizations

 Various legislative measures have been adopted by the Government of
India by ways of social security schemes for industrial workers
1, Workmen’s compensation acts 1923
2, Employee’s state insurance acts 1948
3, The employee provident funds and miscellaneous provisions acts 1952
4, The payment of gratuity acts 1962
5, The industrial disputes acts 1947
6, Maternity benefits acts 1961
7, coal mines provident fund’s scheme acts 1948
8, The seaman’s provident fund act 1966
9, The plantation labor act 1951
10, Employees family pension scheme 1971

Labor welfare funds
Tripartite labor welfare fund advisory committee :
With a view to catalyze labor welfare activities, a separate
tripartite advisory committee has been constituted by the
government both at the central and state level under each
labor welfare fund scheme
At the central level, the scheme is looked after by the union
ministry of labor
The state advisory/committee is headed by the concerned
state labor minister

Level of assistance
 The central government has taken several steps to
streamline the various welfare activities with a view to
increase their “welfare content” and extend their
coverage
 One of the recommendations of the committee was that
the various welfare schemes undertaken against different
welfare funds needed to be adequately financed by the
government

Labor welfare facilities under
welfare funds
 A, Assistance of medical facilities
 B, Assistance of educational facilities
 C, Assistance of recreational facilities
 D, Assistance for housing facility
ILO/UNFPA assisted project on family welfare education
- For beedi workers is under implementation in the major
beedi producing states namely, MP,UP, Orissa and WB

Group insurance scheme of LIC for
unorganized labor
 LIC has implemented a social security scheme for unorganized workers in
23 occupations, by creating a social security fund its contribution and GOI
1, Beedi workers
2, Brick-kiln workers
3, Carpenters
4, Cobblers
5, Fishermen
6, Hemals
7, Handicraft artisians
8, Handloom weavers
9, Handloom and Khadhi workers
10, Lady tailors

11, Leather and tannery workers
12, physically handicapped self employed persons
13, primary milk producers
14, Rickshaw pullers/ Auto drivers
15, Safai Karmacharis
16, Salt growers
17, Tendu leaf collecters
18, The urban poor
19, Forest workers
20, sericulture
21, Toddy tappers
22, Power loom workers

Workers’ education and training
schemes
In the words of William flayed, “Workers’ education” is an attempt
on the part of organized labor to educate its own member under an
educational system in which the workers prescribe the courses of
instruction, select the teachers and in a considerable measure
furnish the finance
Florence Peterson observed: “ The term workers’ education as
commonly used, is not a generic term, but has specific connotation.
It is a special kind of adult education designed to give workers a
better understanding of their status problem, rights and
responsibilities as workers, as union members, as consumers and as
citizens

 On the basis of analysis of various conflicting concepts of workers’
education, some of its notable features that have been identifies are as
under:
1. The scope of workers’ education is much wider than that of TU
education. But is narrower than that of adult education
2. It aims to create trade union consciousness among the workers, besides
making them good citizens and training them to understand their
status, rights and responsibilities
3. In worker’s education, the workers themselves prescribe the curriculum
and select the teacher who have full sympathy with the working class
4. The institution providing workers’ education are owned, financed and
managed by the workers

5. It is aimed at increasing the bargaining power of TU and
making the working class more sensible and co-operative
6. It differs from vocational and professional education for its
main is to train a worker for his group advancement and
increasing individual creativity, whereas vocational and
professional education aims at individual development
7. The approach in workers’ education is psychological and
philosophical
8. It includes general education, vocational education, technical
education, and social education and training in trade unionism

Objectives of workers’ education
 The basic objective of workers’ education is to make the worker an efficient
individual, disciplined TU member and an intelligent corporate citizen
1. To foster workers’ loyalty towards the union and imparting the necessary
training to them for intelligent and efficient participation in union activities.
Besides teaching them TU dynamics, history, etc,.
2. To develop the worker for good and respectable civic life
3. To promote among workers a greater and understanding of the problem of the
country’s economic environment and their privileges rights and obligations as
union members and as citizens
4. To develop TU leadership from among the rank and file thereby keeping the
union away from the clutches of politicians, leading to democratization of TU
administrations

5. To familiarize the workers with the capitalist culture and this
philosophy is the soul of modern industrial system
6. To inculcate among workers a better understanding of their
duties and responsibilities, and intricacies of work, so that
they can effectively carry out their jobs
7. To enable the worker to realize the purpose of human life and
raise him to the height of achievement
8. To equip organized labor to take its place in a democratic
society so that it plays a dominant role in the process of
economic development and fulfills effectively its social and
economic functions and responsibilities

 In the view of National commission on labor, workers’ education should
make a worker:
A, A responsibly committed and disciplined operative
B, To understand the basic economic and technical aspects of the industry
and the plant where he is employed so that he can take and intelligent
interest in its affairs
C, Aware of his rights and obligations
D, To understand the organization and functioning of the union as well as
develop qualities of leadership, loyalty and devotion to trade unionism, so
that he may intelligently participate in the affairs of his union
E, To lead a clean and healthy life based on a firm ethical foundation and
F, To make the worker responsible and alert citizen

Techniques of workers’ education
 The techniques employed in imparting workers’ education are
1. Guest lectures, delivered in simple, direct and unambiguous language
2. Discussions on the topics and issues involved
3. Organization of study groups
4. Correspondence course
Besides, these modern teaching methods are also developed and for this purpose, a number
of educational aids can be used are:
Video tapes, film strips, recordings, pictorial charts, flash cards, posters, graphs, maps and
diagrams, wall newspaper, etc.,
The demonstration talks, tests, seminars, debates, role-playing, symposia, case studies and
two way communication methods are also encouraged
The educational visits and study tours of trainees to union offices, factories and
multipurpose projects are important aspects of workers’ education

Workers’ education in India
 In India, the level of general education is low and TU suffers
from a number of maladies, the scope for workers’ education
is very great
 The royal commission on labor remarked thus: “In India,
nearly the whole mass of industrial labor is illiterate, a state of
affairs which is unknown in any other country of industrial
importance. It is almost impossible to overestimate the
consequence of this disability, which are obvious in wages, in
health, in productivity, in organization and in several other
directions.
 Modern machine industry depends in a peculiar degree on
education, and the attempt to build it up with an illiterate
body of workers must be difficult and perilous, we would
emphasize the fact that precisely because of this, the
education of industrial labor should receive special attention

Scheme for worker’ education
 The workers’ education scheme was launched in 1958 by the
central board of workers’ education (CBWE)
 The board is a tripartite body registered under the societies
registration act 1860 which consists of a chairman(nominated
by government), representatives of states and central
government., representative of central TUs and the employers
organizations, representatives of UGC Indian adult education
association and one independent Trade unionist nominated
by the ministry of labor and employment.

 The Board of CBWE aims at:
1, Inculcating among all section of workers a sense of patriotism
national integrity, secularism and pride in being an Indian;
2, Equipping them for their intelligent participation in social and
economic development
3, Developing among them the “Nation first” approach
4, Instilling in them greater understanding of the problem of their
social and economic environment, their rights and obligations as
citizens, as workers in industry and responsibility towards family
members
The board also aims at developing among workers a sense of
responsibility so that they can shoulder responsibility of TU
leadership

Three levels of workers’ education
 The workers’ education programme operates at three levels:
1. The national level: It is the top most level worker’s education. At this
level, education officers are trained. The participants for the
programme are selected by CBWE and are trained at a central place by
the board officials
2. The regional level: The regional level programmes are aimed at
imparting necessary training to selected workers. The workers so
educated are known as workers’ teacher
3. The unit/village level: this is the final stage of the programme. The
workers’ teacher on completion of their return to their work place and
conducts programme for rank and file of workers at their respective
units

 Some special category programmes are:
1. Programme for women workers
2. Programme for unorganized workers
3. Programme for rural workers
4. Functional adult literacy programme
5. Training for workers of weaker sections
6. Leadership development courses

Workers’ training concept
 In India, there is an acute shortage of skilled and trained workers for
a number of industrial occupations, and a majority of workers suffer
from low efficiency , which necessarily means that the rate of skill
formulation has been low
 On the basis of the recommendations of the committee, the
government constituted in 1957 the National council for training in
vocational trades (NCTVT), consisting of representatives of the
central government and state government and labor & sought advice
on all aspects of vocational training and correlating training
facilities with the request of industry

Training schemes of DGET
 To build up the career of young persons and to supply a constant
stream of trained personnel to industries, the director-general of
Employment and training (DGET) has designed a number of
training programmes
1. Craft men’s training programme
2. Craft instructor’s training programme
3. Advanced vocational training
4. Foreman’s training
5. Apprenticeship training scheme
6. Part time training for industrial workers
7. Vocational training programme for women

1. Craft men’s training - The DGET has set up industrial training institutes and
centre (ITI’s/ITC’s) to provide training to those young men and women who
are in age group of 14-25 yrs
2. Craft instructor’s training – Six training institutes, each located at Bombay,
Calcutta, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Ludhiana and central training institute at
madras train craft instructors required by it is and apprentice training
establishment
3. Advanced vocational training – The scheme was started in October 1977 to
provide training to rightly skilled workers and technicians in a variety of
advanced and sophisticated skills and not available under the vocational
training programme

Supervisor’s/Foremen’s training
 The supervisors/ foreman are the frontline managers, hence, they are of
paramount importance due to their unique position in the organizational
hierarchy
 In India, for the training of foremen, two institutes are functioning, one at
Bangalore (1971) and another at Jamshedpur (1986)
 Here training is provided to existing and potential foremen in technical
and managerial skills, besides routine matters pertaining to man power
management
 Long term courses of two years duration are:
1. Diploma in foremanship for NAC/NTC candidates
2. Post – Diploma in foremanship for fresh diploma holders
3. Post diploma in foremanship (maintenance, engineering)

 Apprenticeship training scheme – Under the apprentices act
1961, it is obligatory on the part of the employer to engage
apprentice training consists of basic training in the specified
filed followed by shop floor training
 The scheme is implemented by DGET with the assistance of six
regional directorates of apprenticeship training (RDAT’s)
located at Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, Hyderabad, and
Faridabad
 Part time training for industrial workers – The scheme for
imparting part time training was introduced in 1958.With a
view to improve knowledge and skill of workers who did not
have the benefit of systematic training in institutes
 Vocational training programme for women – A special project
for the development of women workers was undertaken by the
govt. in 1977 with the assistance the Swedish international
development authority (SIDA) and implemented through ILO

Evaluation of training schemes
 The study group of NCL observed that:
a. Substantial training capacities have remained unutilized
b. No new trade have been added
c. The training programmes do not take into account local and regional needs
d. There has not been adequate expansion in some trades in which there has been
a persistent shortage
e. The selection of trainees is made by inexperienced and non technical persons
and considerations other than the suitability of the candidates become
important
f. The quality of training is poor, which may due to lack of counseling
arrangements
g. The training provided does not conform to the needs of industries and rapid
expansion of the training programme

Exam point of view
Part –A
 Mention the uses of welfare fund?
 Enlist the objectives of labour welfare?
 What are the duties of labour welfare measures officers?
 Explain the difference between voluntary and statutory welfare measures
provided by the organizations?
 Define “Labour welfare”?
 Define “training”?
 Write any four statutory enactments of welfare of labourers?
 What is occupational disease?
 What is mean by fringe benefits?
 State any four training programs adopted in Labour welfare?
 What is the benefit of education?
 Write down two voluntary welfare measures in India?
 How does education and training play a role in labour welfare?
 Differentiate Lockout from strike?

 Part – B
 Elucidate the objectives, scope and need of the voluntary
welfare measures?
 Explain the importance of labour welfare measures in small
scale industries in India?
 Discuss the significance of labour welfare measures with
respect to education and training of labour?
 List down and explain various education and training
schemes which are available in India. Also explain their
merits and demerits?
 Explain the different statutory welfare measures available for
welfare of labourers in India?
 List down and explain the situation and factors lead to
voluntary welfare measures?
 Describe the various sources of agency for welfare funds in
detail?

Unit 3 labour welfare

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Unit 3 labour welfare