unit 5.2, 5.6 FINAL REFUSE PPT 30-09.pptx
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The document outlines various types of refuse and waste, including urban, industrial, biomedical, agricultural, and electronic waste, along with their collection and disposal methods. It discusses the sorting and segregation of waste for recycling and explores issues related to waste disposal, such as pollution, health risks, and environmental impact. The document also details disposal methods including landfills, incineration, composting, vermicomposting, recycling, and chemical-physical treatment, highlighting their pros and cons.
unit 5.2, 5.6 FINAL REFUSE PPT 30-09.pptx
- 1. Refuse types , collection & transportation system disposal problems & methods of disposal
- 2. What is Refuse ? Types of waste Urban Industrial Biomedical Agriculture E-waste It is defined as unwanted and unusable materials and is regarded as a substance which is of no use. Refuse,is a waste that requires collection and transport to a processing or disposal site . Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste or yard waste that is highly putrescible, while rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood that does not readily decompose.
- 3. Types of Refuse : . Types of waste URBAN MUNCIPAL SOLID WASTE Ex: ex: plastics , textiles ,paper, cardboard ,glass ,organic waste , metals, tins and other non – biodegrable waste CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE Ex :concrete, wood, bricks, and other materials from building and infrastructure projects. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE Ex: packaging materials, slag, metal and plastic scraps, and other solid materials. HAZARDOUS WASTE Ex: mercury, solvents, some paints, aerosol cans, pool chemicals, batteries, gasoline, fuel NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE Ex : non-contaminated packaging materials, non- toxic process residues, and other materials without hazardous properties. BIOMEDICAL EX:NEEDLES, SYRINGES, bandages, and other materials contaminated with blood or other bodily fluids. AGRICULTURE Crop residues, animal manure, and other farm by-products. E-WASTE Old computers, mobile phones, refrigerators, televisions, and other electronic gadgets.
- 4. 1. URBAN WASTE Urban waste refers to the various types of waste generated within urban or metropolitan areas as a result of residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional activities. It encompasses a wide range of materials that are discarded or considered no longer useful a. Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) : This is the most common type of urban waste and includes everyday items discarded by households, commercial establishments, and institutions. Examples : MSW typically consists of organic waste (kitchen scraps, food waste), paper, cardboard, plastics, glass, metals, textiles, and other materials. b. Construction and demolition waste : This category includes waste generated from construction, renovation, and demolition activities in urban areas. Examples : C&D waste comprises materials such as concrete, wood, metal, bricks, glass, plastics, and other construction-related debris. 2. INDUSTRIAL WASTE : Industrial waste refers to the by-products and residues generated during manufacturing, production, mining, or other industrial processes. a. Solid waste : Solid industrial waste includes non-liquid, non-soluble materials produced as a by-product of industrial processes and operations. Examples: Packaging materials, construction and demolition debris, slag, metal and plastic scraps, and other solid materials. Municipal solid waste Construction and demolition waste Solid industrial waste
- 5. b. Hazardous Waste : Hazardous industrial waste refers to materials that pose a substantial threat to human health or the environment due to their chemical or biological characteristics. These wastes are often regulated and require special handling and disposal procedures. Examples : It consist of pharmaceuticals, anything that contains mercury, solvents, some paints, aerosol cans, pool chemicals, batteries, gasoline, fuel and more classified as hazardous waste c. Non-hazardous waste :Non-hazardous industrial waste consists of materials that do not pose a significant threat to human health or the environment. While not inherently dangerous, proper disposal and management are still necessary to prevent environmental harm. Examples: Non-contaminated packaging materials, non-toxic process residues, and other materials without hazardous properties. 3. BIO-MEDICAL WASTE : Pharmaceutical waste like that produced by health care centres, clinics, hospitals, vets and specialist health clinics may also be found in the home, and should be disposed of responsibly, even if it is not marked hazardous. Medical waste may include both organic or inorganic materials, and needs to be disposed of responsibly. Examples of Medical Waste: Medical waste can include bandages, needles, single-use medical devices, packaging, samples, and PPE such as gloves, gowns and masks. Hazardous waste Bio-medical waste
- 6. 4. AGRICULTURAL WASTE : This includes waste generated from agricultural activities, such as crop residues, animal manure, and other farm by-products. Examples : Crop residues , fruits and vegetables , roots and tuber waste , livestock waste, agriculture processing waste , etc. 5. ELECTRICAL WASTE (E-WASTE) E-waste is generated from electrical devices of all shapes and sizes. These may contain toxic metals like lead, mercury, cadmium, and brominated flame retardants, which are all harmful to humans and the environment. Examples of Electrical Waste: Electrical waste generally refers to a wide range of electrical devices including computers and computer parts, printers, DVD and music players, TVs, telephones, vacuum cleaners and so on. WASTE SEGREGATION Waste segregation is the sorting and separation of waste types to facilitate recycling and correct onward disposal. Agricultural waste E- waste
- 8. COLLECTTION AND TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Collection system : It is the point at which waste is colleted with different source points i.e commercial,residential, industrial and agricultural waste . 1.Curb service : The waste generated is disposed in the container at the curb .On schedule day ,the workmen come and collect and empty container and put back at the curb. Collection system Curb Haul container system Backyard system Stationary container system 2.Hauled container system : the container used for storage of waste are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site , emptied and returned to their location Curb service
- 9. 3.Backyard service : the workers with the vehicle carry a bin , wheel barrow or sack and empty the waste .then this wheel is taken to waste vehicle where it is emptied 4.Stationary container system : collection system in which container used for storage of wastes remain at point of generation ,except when moved for collection Transportation system : The waste from a number of collections from transfer station to final disposal site . These transport the shorter distance ,a few kilometre at most.in some cases the waste is segregated ,recyclable material is extracted from mixed waste as well.The route for waste collection is planned for less traffic and spiting off the waste if any . TRANSPORTATION PROCESS OF TRANSFER OF WASTE Backyard service
- 10. Problems due to Disposal Methods : 1. Environmental Pollution: Improper disposal can lead to environmental pollution, including soil, air, and water contamination. Landfills, for example, can produce leachate that contaminates groundwater if not managed properly. 2. Health Risks: Inadequate waste disposal can pose health risks to both the environment and human populations. Exposure to hazardous waste materials, pathogens, and pollutants can lead to health issues. 3. Limited Landfill Space: Landfills have finite capacities, and finding suitable sites for new landfills can be challenging, leading to overcrowding and potential land use conflicts. 4. Odor and Aesthetic Issues: Refuse disposal facilities, especially landfills and incinerators, can produce odors and visual blight that can negatively impact nearby communities. 5. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Landfills are significant sources of methane, a potent greenhouse gas. Methane emissions contribute to climate change when waste decomposes anaerobically (without oxygen). 6.Resource Depletion: Disposing of materials that could be recycled or reused represents a loss of valuable resources, including metals, plastics, and organic matter. 7.Illegal Dumping: Improper disposal practices, such as illegal dumping and littering, contribute to pollution and environmental degradation. 8.Inefficient Waste Collection: Inadequate waste collection systems, irregular schedules, and inadequate infrastructure can lead to improper disposal practices and increased waste buildup. 9.Lack of Public Awareness: Insufficient education and awareness about proper waste disposal and recycling practices can lead to contamination of recycling streams and increased disposal costs. 10.Economic Constraints: Managing waste disposal can be expensive, especially when adopting environmentally friendly and technologically advanced methods.
- 11. Refuse Disposal Methods : 1. Landfills : Landfill disposal is a common waste management method used for the disposal of solid waste. Solid waste is collected from homes, businesses, and industries within a region and transported to the landfill site. It is essential to sort and separate recyclable materials from non- recyclable waste before disposal. Upon arrival at the landfill, waste is spread out in thin layers, and heavy machinery (such as compactors) is used to compress and compact the waste. Compaction reduces the volume of the waste, making more efficient use of available space. Waste is typically placed in the landfill in layers. Each layer is compacted and then covered with a layer of soil, clay. This covering helps control odors, prevent litter, and discourage pests. Landfills generate leachate, which is a liquid that results from the decomposition of waste and rainwater percolating through the waste layers. To prevent groundwater contamination, a system of pipes and liners is installed to collect and manage leachate. As organic waste decomposes in landfills, it produces landfill gas, primarily methane and carbon dioxide. Landfill gas is collected through a network of pipes and can be used for energy generation Once a landfill reaches its capacity or is closed, a final cover is installed to seal it off from the environment. This cover typically includes several layers of clay, soil, etc. Pros: •Cost-effective •Can capture and utilize landfill gas for energy Cons: •Potential groundwater contamination •Generation of greenhouse gases (methane) •Limited landfill space in some regions
- 12. 2. Incineration : Solid waste is collected and transported to the incineration facility. Before incineration, waste may go through a sorting process to remove recyclable materials, hazardous substances, and non- combustible items. In the incinerator, waste is loaded into a combustion chamber. The waste is subjected to high temperatures, often ranging from 1,400 to 2,000 degrees Celsius through the use of burners or other heat sources. The intense heat generated during combustion serves several purposes: • It reduces the volume of waste significantly, typically by 80-90%, leaving behind ash. • It destroys organic matter, pathogens, and some hazardous substances. • It converts water within the waste into steam. The heat produced during incineration can be used to generate electricity, steam, or hot water. After incineration, the remaining material is ash, which may contain non-combustible materials, residues of burned substances, and hazardous elements. This ash is collected and typically disposed of in specialized landfills designed to handle hazardous waste. Continuous monitoring of the incineration process and the emission control systems is essential to maintain safe and efficient operation. Pros: •Significant volume reduction of waste. •Energy recovery through heat and electricity generation. Cons: •Air emissions of pollutants, including dioxins and heavy metals. •High operational costs.
- 13. 3. Composting : Before composting, the collected organic waste may need to be prepared. This can include shredding, chopping, or grinding the materials to accelerate decomposition and create a more homogeneous mixture. The prepared organic waste is placed in a composting pile, bin, or container. Composting relies on natural processes involving microorganisms (bacteria, fungi), insects, and earthworms. To ensure proper oxygen supply for the microorganisms involved in decomposition, the compost pile or container is periodically turned or aerated. After the active composting phase, the compost is left to mature or cure. The final compost may be screened to remove any remaining large particles or contaminants. The finished compost is a valuable soil conditioner and fertilizer. It can be used in gardening, landscaping, agriculture etc., to improve soil structure Pros: •Waste reduction •Environmental benefits Cons: •Requires space and management •May generate odors and attract pests if not managed properly •Longer decomposition times compared to other disposal methods
- 14. 4. Vermicomposting : Vermicomposting is a waste disposal and recycling system that uses earthworms and microorganisms to break down organic materials into nutrient-rich compost. This environmentally friendly process is particularly effective for managing kitchen scraps, food waste, and other organic materials. Specifically chosen species of earthworms, such as red wigglers, are used in vermicomposting systems. A container or bin is set up to house the worms and organic waste. The container can vary in size and design, but it typically has a lid to maintain proper moisture and temperature levels and to prevent pests from entering. A bedding material, such as shredded newspaper, cardboard, coconut coir, or leaves, is added to the container. This bedding provides a habitat for the worms and helps maintain moisture levels. Organic waste materials, such as fruit and vegetable scraps, coffee grounds, eggshells, and small amounts of yard waste, are added to the bin regularly. It's important not to overfeed the worms, as they can only consume a certain amount of waste per day. The worms consume the organic matter in the bin, breaking it down into smaller particles. After a few months, the vermicompost is ready for harvest. To do this, one side of the bin is filled with fresh bedding and food scraps, while the other side is left undisturbed. The worms gradually migrate to the new bedding, allowing the finished vermicompost to be collected from the other side. The harvested vermicompost is a valuable soil conditioner and fertilizer. It can be used in gardening, landscaping, potted plants, and agricultural applications to improve soil health and fertility. Pros: •Efficient organic waste recycling •Produces nutrient-rich compost •Suitable for indoor use Cons: •Requires proper management (moisture, temperature, etc.) •Limited capacity for large-scale waste disposal •May not process all types of organic waste
- 15. 5. Recycling : Recycling is a waste disposal method that involves the collection, processing, and reprocessing of materials that would otherwise be considered waste. The goal of recycling is to recover valuable resources, reduce the demand for new raw materials, conserve energy, and minimize environmental impacts. Recycling can apply to a wide range of materials, including paper, cardboard, glass, plastic, metal, electronics, textiles, and more. Recycling begins with the collection of recyclable materials from various sources. Once collected, recyclables are transported to recycling facilities where they undergo sorting and separation. This step involves categorizing materials by type (e.g., glass, paper, plastic) and removing contaminants (non- recyclable items). After sorting, the materials are processed to prepare them for recycling. This can include cleaning, shredding, and breaking down materials into smaller pieces. Processed recyclables are then used as feedstock to manufacture new products. For example, recycled paper can be used to make new paper products, recycled plastics can be used to create new plastic items, and so on. Pros: •Resource conservation •Waste reduction •Energy savings Cons: •Limited recycling options for certain materials •Public awareness and participation challenges
- 16. 6. Chemical-Physical and Biological : Chemical-Physical and Biological Treatment (CPBT) is a waste disposal method that combines chemical, physical, and biological processes to treat and manage various types of waste. CPBT methods are used to transform, stabilize, or detoxify hazardous waste materials, making them less harmful to the environment or suitable for disposal. These treatment methods can be applied to a wide range of waste types, including hazardous waste, industrial waste, and contaminated soil. This involves the use of chemical reactions to change the properties of waste materials.: Chemical treatments can include neutralization (adjusting the pH of acidic or alkaline waste), precipitation (removing dissolved contaminants). Physical treatment methods focus on the physical separation and removal of waste components. Common physical treatment techniques include sedimentation (settling out solids from liquids), filtration (separating solids from liquids or gases). Biological treatment utilizes microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi) to break down organic waste materials and contaminants. Aerobic Digestion: This is like digestion in your stomach, but it happens in a controlled environment with the help of bacteria. They eat up organic waste and turn it into less harmful stuff. Anaerobic Digestion: Similar to aerobic digestion, but it happens without oxygen. Different bacteria work in this process to break down waste. Composting: This is like making soil from kitchen scraps and yard waste. Bacteria and other microorganisms break down these materials, and you get nutrient-rich compost. Pros: •Effective treatment of hazardous waste Cons: •Complex and often requires specialized knowledge •Capital and operational costs can be high