unit 5 C. waste management-1.pptx bsn2 semester
- 2. Objectives By the end of the presentation students will be able to: Define solid waste, refuse and sewage. Discuss methods of solid waste disposal and sewage disposal. Explain the types of latrines used in communities. List fecal-borne diseases and it’s control in community. Explain the role of a community health nurse in community for waste management. Discuss rodents, their role in disease transmission and their control in community.
- 3. GARBAGE The proper and hygienic disposal of sewage (Sewage or domestic municipal wastewater is a type of wastewater that is produced by a community of people) is most essential to the safeguard of community health. Due to the changing our lifestyles, the increasing use of disposable materials plastic bags instead of taking pot for liquid and semi-solid things. Plastic bags instead of woolen/cloth bag for solid items. Excessive packaging contributing in increasing waste in community. Waste management is now a global concern as quantity and diversity of the nature of waste has changed. Financial limitations in cities as well as rural areas for disposing garbage. The problem is not only limit to land the, it also includes air and water as well.
- 4. WASTE DISPOSAL Waste disposal cause the pollute land, air and water ( cause environmental pollution). It gives pests and insects (mosquitoes, house flies, cockroaches, ants, and rats) platform to breed. It causes intolerable irritation of sight and smell. It also causes infections, diseases and allergies and effects physical, mental and social health. Three sources of waste: I. Household waste (MUNICIPAL WASTE) II. Industrial waste (HAZARDOUS WASTE) III. Biomedical waste or hospital waste (INFECTIOUS WASTE) TYPES OF WASTE Refuse/ Solid waste Excreta/ Sewage Sullage
- 5. REFUSE/SOLID WASTE Waste material coming from houses, streets, commercial, industrial and agricultural activities of man is called refuse it is further classified as: Garbage (waste from food stuff) Rubbish (Dirt, dust, paper, clothing, glass, rubber, wood and plastic material) Ash (residual of fuel) EXCRETA/SEWAGE waste matter discharged from the body, especially faeces and urine. Sullage containing night soil (feces) is called sewage. SULLAGE waste water from household sinks, showers, and baths, but not waste liquid or excreta from toilets. The waste containing all liquid wastes, water or slop water including industrial waste but excludes night soil is called sullage.
- 7. SOLID WASTE REMOVAL STAGES I. Segregation II. Storage III. Collection IV. Transportation to disposal point V. Disposal
- 8. SEGREGATION (separation) Bio-degradable kitchen waste, vegetables, fruits, leaves from garden and paper Non Bio-degradable recyclable waste, toxic waste, soiled waste Recyclable waste: plastic, paper, glass, metal Toxic waste: old medicine, paints, chemical, fertilizers, pesticide, containers, spray can Soiled waste: hospital waste, cloths soiled with blood, body fluids.
- 9. COLLECTION METHODS A. Hauled Container System Collection systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes are hauled to the processing, transfer or disposal site, emptied and returned to either their original location or some other location are defined as hauled container systems. Containers loaded with municipal sewage waste are taken to the disposal site, emptied and brought back to the same site or to the next site. In Pakistan, the container is mostly transported from one place to another with the help of a truck or tractor. B. Stationary Container System In this system, the containers are emptied into vehicles, so a number of containers can be emptied in one trip. Container systems in which the containers used for the storage of wastes remain at the point of waste generation, except when moved for collection are defined as stationary container system
- 12. RECYCLING AND REUSE Items that can be reused or recycled: Plastic: bottles, bags, container made up of plastic Glass: bottles, plates, utensils Paper: book, paper bags, newspapers Miscellaneous: clothes, furniture etc
- 13. ADVANTAGES OF RECYCLING/ REUSE the amount of energy required to manufacture new products can be reduce by using recycling and also save of space of land and prevent landfill. It makes the surroundings cleaner and healthier. It help to utilize less raw materials and reduces environmental impacts arising from waste treatment and disposal. Definitely it also saves money.
- 14. COMPOSTING In which the Refuse/ solid waste and the excreta will disposed off. firstly the trenches are dug around 3 feet deep. Than the alternate layers of refuse and night soil one by one are spread in the trenches in proportion of 6 inch thickness of refuse and 2 inch thickness of night soil. After that the trenches or pits are covered with soil and compacted down. So, the intense heat is generated within the compost pits, bacterial action start, which kills all the pathogen and other organisms. Trenches or pits gradually cools down around in 4 to 6 months. Now the decomposing process is around near to complete and the product is called manure or fertilizer, which is used for agriculture. This method is called a hot fermentation process.
- 15. Composting
- 16. LAND FILL or TIPPING The garbage is dumped and pit is covered to prevent from the flies and rats etc. At the end of each day layer of soil is scattered on top and different machinery or mechanical equipment used to compress garbage. Once the area is filled then it is covered with thick layer of mud or cemented it, than this area is developed as parking area or park. DISADVANTAGES OF LAND FILL Different types of waste is dumped in pit or trench and when water of rain or from other source sweeps over there it gets contaminated and also this pollutes through out surrounding and may cause leaching (discharge). How to control TIPPING All waste not degrade and it is very much expensive and contaminate ground water so should not be near water sources That place is dug to about 6 feet deep in ground. waste spread out and Compacted At the end of each day this layer is covered with soil and compacted manually or mechanical machinery like (bulldozer) can be used. After 4-6 months dug is open and manure is removed for agricultural used. This method prevents flies and rats and leaching.
- 17. SANITARY FILLING / LAND FILL
- 18. SANITARY LAND FILLS USES Anaerobic process occur for decomposition in land fill . Methane gas (CH4) is produced when oxygen goes inside in that place. Methane gas is combustible, it is explosive in air , non toxic when inhaled, but suffocation feel due to reducing the concentration of oxygen inhaled. Countries on large scale through this process gas produce and convert in to CNG or something else. CNG is compressed natural gas used in power plant, industries , homes, vehicles etc.
- 19. INCINERATION PLANT / BURNING PLANT it is best technique for hospital waste and infectious waste like syringes, needles, medicine vial etc. Because it can not be take away for long distance. Incinerator plant is properly planned constructed and designated by certified companies or authorities so it does not cause any harm to the environment. Ash (residue) generated from this process can be toxic, if discarded inland fill can enter in ground water and may be contaminate it.
- 20. Incineration
- 21. DUMPING Waste can be dumped on vacant land away from residential area. That waste is uncovered, untreated and not segregated. The rainwater run- off from these dumps contaminates areas to residential area and spread infectious disease because it is the breeding ground for flies, worms, and different insects that spread disease. WHO In 1967 order for finished these dumping areas.
- 22. METHODS OF REFUSE DISPOSAL Dumping
- 23. Excreta / Sewage Excreta / sewage have many infectious organisms. Direct contact with these excreta or sewage can cause the infectious diseases like cholera, hepatitis A etc. streptococci , E-coli, Salmonella typhi etc are present in this. METHODS OF EXCRETA / SEWAGE DISPOSAL Non Sewerage a. Conservancy /Dry method b. Sanitary Latrines Sewerage Water Carriage / Wet / Sewage method
- 24. A. CONSERVANCY/ DRY METHOD: In the Dry / conservancy method , manual collection and removal of human excreta to the disposal place. There are three methods used for disposal of this material. Trenching Incineration Compositing Trenching: The trenching ground should be 1 mile away from the town. The narrow trenches dug then the excreta is pored into the trenches into layer and covered with soil. The excreta are decomposed and safe for the use as a crop fertilizer around one year later. DISADVANTAGES OF DRY SYSTEM financial loss (Recruiting sweepers and transport vehicle) bad smell , Flies , insects growth formation and cause infection environmental pollution and Large area is needed.
- 25. B. SANITARY LATRINES: defecation or urination is taken on that place called ‘latrine’or ‘privy’. it should have a roof, a cemented platform, and a seat. Must be available everywhere locally. It should be hygienic and sanitary and not involve manual handling of excreta. Prevent the environmental pollution , smell, flies ,rodents and many other microbes. TYPES OF LATRINES Bucket latrine Over hung privy Pit hole latrine Bore hole latrine Aqua Privy Flush latrines
- 26. PIT HOLE : LATRINES can formed by hand dug hole in to ground which cover by any material. The structure should be strong enough to protect ,gives privacy and protection. It can be used for 3 to 5 years for 3 to 6 family members. It can be built for short time stay like camping and army stay (brigade). The simplest form of rural latrine around 2meter deep and 1meter diameter. BORE HOLE : LATRINES is formed by a machine dug. A bore is 16 to 18 inches in diameter and 18 to 20 feet deep. Due the very long depth of the hole flies not move there. AQUA PRIVY / SEPTIC TOILET (airplane): LATRINES consists of a tank filled with water into which a drop pipe hanging from the latrine floor where they under go anaerobic decomposition as in septic tank. It can be removed at intervals according to needs.
- 27. BUCKET : the LATRINES in which the human feaces are send into the container in which there is some supply of soil, to spread with the feces. It is source of infection and disease. OVER HUNG PRIVY: the feaces is dropped directly in the water (river, lake ) so that the feaces and the urine falls into it and gets disposed of by the action of water flow by tides . FLUSH : These LATRINES are expensive in which the urine and feaces are send into the pan (lota) and than flush out by the water in pan (lota). This is connect with the sewage disposal system of city , mostly found in urban areas.
- 28. Water carriage system/ Wet method/ sewerage system: This system carry sewage like excreta and liquid waste from the houses, industries (formation point / origin point) and dispose with the help of water to area of disposal by sewerage treatment plant. sewage treatments plant Water closet: the waste is send by flush system to the house drain. Soil pipe line: the pipe which carry and sent the sewage to the house drain. House drain line: the pipe which start from soil pipe to the sewer. It also receives waste water from bathroom, kitchen , pool etc. Trap /Inspection chamber : it is the airtight cement vault protecting sewage back movement. When the sewage send out than it disconnects the house from the public line so the ultimately the public waste and gases not come inside the home (prevent backflow).
- 29. Sewer line : it is the public pipe line whose work collects all the sewage from house drain to the sewerage system of the municipal city sewerage system. Sewage/ disposal purification plant: the sewage of complete city or town purified here by different techniques to protect the community health.
- 30. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT To dispose of sewage in healthy manner. HUMAN EXCRETA Excreta have multiple micro organisms, viruses , bacteria , worms , parasites etc. than can cause serious infectious disease by water contamination, soil contamination and food contamination and air pollution. It is also a best breeding place of insects. DISEASES intestinal worms, diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, Typhoid, hepatitis, poliomyelitis etc
- 32. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT Screening Removal of grit Primary treatment Primary sedimentation tank Biological treatment Secondary treatment Aeration tank (effluent/ liquid)
- 33. SCREENING Solid waste is removed by a barrier (Iron bars) to prevent blocking of lines or pumps. REMOVAL OF GRIT sand and stone is taken and after that it is used for road filling. PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION TANK Sewage flows into the tank for 6-8 hours. The sewage settle down and form a black mud called sludge. Sludge move to the septic tank for purification. SECONDARY TREATMENT Sludge carried to the digestion tank where oxidation (oxidation may be defined as the chemical process in which a substance gains oxygen or loses electrons and hydrogen) makes it dry used as fertilizer it is called Biological treatment.
- 34. Remaining liquid in sedimentation tank is allow to move towards aeration tank, some chemicals like chorine will mix to that water for kill bacteria and smell and than move towards ocean , sea , river etc. Another method in which the remaining liquid portion move to the dry and loamy soil for slow sand filter. The other method is that in which small space like (pound) is dug, remaining liquid move there than leave there for around a long time . Bacteria work on organic matter and produce CO2, algae (Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis.) take up CO2 and leave o2 in air. Sunlight will dry it.
- 35. COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE ROLE Use a shoes to walk on soil to prevent infection, hookworm, etc. clean streets protect environment. which waste move to ground or water. Clean the area near houses and water plan like wells, boring etc. Defecate on a dug place and cover it with soil. cover daily food prevent flies etc. drainage for sullage water through municipial lines Use proper latrine system Education
- 36. Reference Slam. A (2002). Health sector reforms in Pakistan: Why is it needed. Pakistan Medical Associations, 52, (3), 95-100. Kozier, B., Erb, G. & Oliveri, R. (1991) Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts Process. and Practice. (4th ed.) St. Louis: Mosby-Year Book. Iliyas, M., & Shah, K. S. (2000). Disposal of Waste. In Iliyas, M., Malik, G.Q., Ansari, M.A., Mubasher, M., & Khan, I. A. (Editors). Community Medicine and Public Health. (5th ed). pp. 601–631. Karachi: Time Traders. Basavanthappa, B.T. (2006). Community Health Nursing New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.