Unit 5 motivation
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The document discusses various theories of motivation. It defines motivation and discusses needs-based approaches including Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Herzberg's two-factor theory. It also covers process-based approaches such as expectancy theory, equity theory, reinforcement theory, and goal setting theory. Each theory is explained in 1-2 sentences.
Unit 5 motivation
- 1. MGT 162 Fundamentals of Management Unit 5 – Motivating Organizational Members MOHAMMAD FIRDAUS BIN MOHAMAD
- 2. Learning outcome 1. Define motivation 2. Discuss the process of motivation. 3. Explain and identify the theories of motivation
- 3. Motivation • Process that account for an individual’s intensity, direction and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. • The forces acting upon or within a person that cause that person to behave in a specific, goal-directed manner. • A psychological process that gives purpose and direction to behavior. • Motivation Ability = Performance M A=P
- 4. The Relationship between Motivation and Performance
- 5. Definition • Defined as the psychological forces within a person that determine: 1) direction of behavior in an organization; 2) the effort or how hard people work; 3) the persistence displayed in meeting goals. – Intrinsic Motivation: behavior performed for its own sake. • Motivation comes from performing the work. – Extrinsic Motivation: behavior performed to acquire rewards. • Motivation source is the consequence of an action.
- 6. Motivation process NEEDS (UNFUFILLED) TENSION DRIVE SEARCH BEHAVIOR SATISFIED NEEDS (NEEDS FULFILLED REDUCE TENSION
- 7. Needs-Based Approaches to Motivation Maslow’s Herzberg’s Hierarchy of Needs Two-Factor Model Motivation Acquired-Needs Model © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.
- 8. 1) Maslow Hierarchy of needs • Founded by Abraham Maslow • He stated that people possess a set of five needs in them. • Any deprived need will dominate the attention of people and will determine their attitude & behavior.
- 9. Hierarchy of Needs Need Level Description Examples Self- Realize one’s Use abilities Actualization full potential to the fullest Feel good Promotions Esteem about oneself & recognition Social Interpersonal Belongingness interaction, love relations, parties Job security, Safety Security, stability health insurance Food, water, Basic pay level Physiological shelter to buy items Lower level needs must be satisfied before higher needs are addressed.
- 10. 2) Herzberg - Factor Theory Theory assume there are two group of factors; • Motivators account for high level of job satisfaction and motivation • Hygiene factors can cause dissatisfaction with work.
- 11. MOTIVATERS HYGIENE FACTORS (Lead to job (Lead to job satisfaction) Dissatisfaction) ACHIEVEMENT INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP RECOGNITON COMPANY POLICY/ ADMINISTRATION WORK ITSELF SUPERVISION RESPONSIBILITY SALARY ADVANCEMENT WORKING CONDITION
- 12. 3) David McLelland Acquired • Proposed that people develop a profile of needs that influence behavior. • These needs are learned through life experiences. • Employees with high achievement needs enjoy challenges and strive in stimulating environment.
- 13. Needs Elaboration 1 Need for -A person’s desire to be achievement independent, to accomplish complex tasks & to resolve problems. 2 Need for -A person’s desire to influence & power control behavior in others, to complete and to exercise authority. 3 Need for -A person’s desire to associate with affiliation others. To form friendly relationship and to avoid conflict.
- 14. Process-Based Approaches to Motivation Expectancy Model Equity Model Goal Setting Reinforcement Theory © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.
- 15. 1) Expectancy Theory • Developed by Victor Vroom and is a very popular theory of work motivation. • Vroom suggests that motivation will be high when workers feel: – High levels of effort lead to high performance. – High performance will lead to the attainment of desire outcomes. • Consists of three areas: – Expectancy, Instrumentality, & Valence.
- 16. Expectancy, Instrumentality, & Valence Effort Performance Outcomes Expectancy: Instrumentality Valence: Person’s perception that How desired perception that performance are the outcomes their effort will results in from a result in outcomes job performance
- 17. Expectancy Theory High Expectancy High High Valence Instrumentality (Worker desires the (Worker knows that (Worker perceives that outcomes resulting if they try, they can high performance from high perform) leads to outcomes) performance) High Motivation
- 18. 2) Equity Theory Considers worker’s perceptions of the fairness of work outcomes in proportion to their inputs. • Adams notes it is the relative rather than the absolute level of outcomes a person receives. – The Outcome/input ratio is compared by worker with another person called a referent. – The referent is perceived as similar to the worker.
- 19. Equity Theory Equity exists when a person perceives their outcome/input ratio to be equal to the referent’s ratio. –If the referent receives more outcomes, they should also give more inputs to achieve equity.
- 20. ADAM’S EQUITY THEORY PERCIEVED RATIO EMPLOYEE’S COMPARISON ASSESSMENT Outcomes A Outcomes B Inequity < (Under rewarded) Inputs A Inputs B Outcomes A Outcomes B = Equity Inputs A Inputs B Outcomes A Outcomes B Inequity > (Over rewarded) Inputs A Inputs B * Person A is the employee, and Person B is a relevant other or referent
- 21. 3) Reinforcement theory Based on the idea that people learn to repeat behaviors that are positively rewarded (reinforced) and avoid behaviors that are punished (not reinforced). Application of reinforcement theory (also called behavior modification) involves changing one’s own behavior or the behavior of another. Managers should reward desirable employee behavior (e.g., high performance) and punish behavior (e.g., poor performance) that is not.
- 22. Increasing Desired Behavior • Positive Reinforcement – The administration of positive and rewarding consequences following a desired behavior. • Negative Reinforcement – Also called avoidance learning, strengthens desired behavior by allowing escape from an undesirable consequence. © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.
- 23. Decreasing Desired Behavior • Extinction – The withdrawal of the positive reward or reinforcing consequences for an undesirable behavior. • Punishment – The administration of negative consequences following undesirable behavior. © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.
- 24. Four Types of Reinforcers © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.
- 25. 4) Goal Setting Theory – A process intended to increase efficiency and effectiveness by specifying the desired outcomes toward which individuals, groups, departments, and organizations work.
- 26. Goals setting serves three purposes: 1. To guide and direct behavior toward overall organizational goals and strategies. 2. To provide challenges and standards against which the individual can be assessed. 3. To define what is important and provide a framework for planning. © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.
- 27. SMART Goal Setting • Effective goal setting should be: – Specific – Measurable – Achievable – Results oriented – Time-related © 2007 Thomson/South- Western. All rights reserved.