UNIT 5 socialstratification.ppt
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This document discusses social stratification and related concepts. It defines social stratification as the division of society into hierarchical social groups. The main forms of social stratification are discussed as caste, class, and race. Caste is described as hereditary and arising from Hindu scriptures, while class is based on economic factors and race is biological. The document outlines features of the Indian caste system historically and today. It also discusses social mobility, social classes, and the influence of stratification on health.
UNIT 5 socialstratification.ppt
- 1. vivek sir Prepared by; Mr. vivek bhatt M.Sc.(N.) Assi. professor
- 2. Meaning & types of social stratification. The Indian Caste System – Origin & features. Features of Caste System in India Today. Social Class System and Status. Social Mobility – Meaning & types. Race as a biological concept, criteria of racial classification. Salient features of Primary Races – Racism Influence of Class, Caste and Race on Health and Health Practices. vivek sir Social Stratification
- 3. Society is divided based on economic, social, religious and other aspects. Heterogeneity in the society is called as Social Stratification. The concept of “Social Stratification” is made use of to refer to such classification or degree and placement of people in society. Stratification assumes three main forms; caste, class and race. vivek sir Social stratification
- 4. Raymond W Murray – “Social stratification is a horizontal division of society into higher and lower social units”. Ogburn and Nimkoff – “The process by which individuals and groups are ranked in a more or less enduring hierarchy of status known as stratification”. Gilbert – “Social Stratification is the division of society into permanent groups or categories linked with each other by the relationship of superiority and subordination” vivek sir Definition of Social Stratification
- 5. it can be divided into Caste System – social Class system – economic Race – hereditary vivek sir Types of social stratification
- 6. In India, a special type of Social Stratification in the form of caste. The caste is an inseparable aspects of the Indian Society. It is peculiarly Indian in origin and development. Origin of the word – the “Caste” origin into Spanish word ‘casta’ which means “breed, race, strain or a complex of hereditary qualities”. vivek sir Caste system
- 7. C.H. Cooley – “When a class is somewhat strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste”. Willams – “Caste is a system in which an individual’s rank and its accompanying rights and obligations is ascribed on the basis of birth into a particular group”. D.N. Mazumdar and T.N. Madan – “Caste is a closed group”. vivek sir Definition of Caste
- 8. It is difficult to trace the origin of caste system – it originated in India – various theories to explain the origin of caste system. Racial theory Political theory Occupation theory Traditional theory Guild theory Religious theory Evolutionary theory vivek sir Origin of Caste system
- 9. According to Mazumdar Caste system originated after the arrival of Aryans in India. Indo-Aryans used the term ‘Varna’ which means ‘colour’. In order to differentiate the groups of people. They called it Dasa Varna – Dasa people. Rigvedic literature stresses very significantly the difference between the Arya and Dasa, not only in their color but also in their speech, religious practices, and physical features. They divided Brahma, Kshatra and Vaishya – Sudra on the basis of Varna (race). vivek sir Racial theory (Varna)
- 10. Caste system is a clever device invented by the Brahmins in order to place themselves on the highest ladder of social hierarchy. Ghurye states, Caste is a Brahminic child of Indo- Aryan culture cradled in the land of the Ganges and then transferred to other parts of India. Brahma, Kshatra and Vaishya - Dvija (twice born) Sudra - Ekjati (once born) Based on their duties. vivek sir Political theory
- 11. Occupation is the base for the origin of caste system. Those who carried out better and respectable profession were considered superior. Nesfield views – Functions and Function alone is responsible for the origin of caste structure in India. Occupational differentiation and numerous subcaste such as lohar, sonar, chamar, nai, mali etc., vivek sir Occupational theory
- 12. The caste system is of divine (godly) origin. According to this theory castes were created by Brahma in order to make human beings to harmoniously (part of body) perform various social functions necessary for the maintenance of society. vivek sir Traditional Theory
- 13. Denzil Ibbetson, Consider that caste are modified forms of guilds. It is the product of interaction of three forces Tribes Guilds Religion The priests followed hereditary and endogamous group. The other guilds also adopted the same practices and in course of time became caste. vivek sir Guild theory
- 14. Hocart and Senart are the two main advocates of religious theory. Hocart, its originated on account of religious principles and customs. Senart, has tried to explain the origin of caste system on the basis of prohibitions regarding sacramental food. vivek sir Religious theory
- 15. This theory reveals that the caste system did not emerge all of a sudden or at a particular date – it evolved gradually – factors responsible for the evolution of caste system are: Hereditary occupation – the intention of the Brahmins to keep themselves pure – beliefs in the ideas of karma and rebirth – ideas of exclusive family, ancestor worship and the sacramental meal – racial clashes and colour prejudices – geographical isolation of Indian peninsula – static nature of Hindu Society – foreign invasions – Rural economic structure. vivek sir Evolutionary theory
- 16. Segmental division of society Social and religious hierarchy Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse Endogamy Restricted choice of occupation Civil and Religious disabilities vivek sir Features of Caste system
- 17. Segmental division of society: The society is divided into various castes with a well developed life of their own. The status of a person does not depend on his wealth but on the traditional importance of the caste. Social and religious hierarchy: The Brahmin in India stand at the apex of the social ladder. In difference to the high position enjoyed by Brahmins and Sudras were subjected to manifold disabilities. vivek sir
- 18. Restrictions on feeding and social intercourse: Caste is the complex of taboos by which the superior castes try to preserve their ceremonial purity. The caste have rules are laid down with regard to the kind of food that can be acceptable by a person and from what castes. Endogamy: Every caste is sub-divided into sub-castes, everyone of which forbids its members to marry persons outside it. vivek sir
- 19. Restricted choice of occupation: Members of a particular caste are expected to follow the caste occupation. The caste members did not allow other than own to follow their occupation. Civil and religious disabilities: The impure castes are made to live on the outskirts of the city. Etc., The public schools did not admit impure castes person. vivek sir
- 20. Restrictions on food habits have been relaxed. Caste is not very much associated with the hereditary occupation. Exogamy (inter-caste or inter-religion marriage). The constitution of India removed and made all caste are equal. Caste Panchayat have either become very weak. Touchable and Untouchable is not felt among literate people. vivek sir Features of caste in India today
- 21. The influence of caste system is slowly decreasing. Social interaction and social relationships has been establishing in the society without seeking the caste background. It is not dictating individual’s life or its freedom, it is not barrier for the individual’s progress. Industrialization, urbanization, westernization etc., changed the role of caste system. vivek sir
- 22. Spirit of co-operation. Define economic pursuits. Racial purity. Influence intellectual make-up. Integration of the country. Provides for various functions. (division of labour) Cultural diffusion. vivek sir Merits of caste system
- 23. Denies mobility of labor. Untouchability. Solidarity retarded. Wrong man in occupation. Obstacle to national unity. Obstacle to social progress. Undemocratic. Promotes casteism. vivek sir Demerits of caste system
- 24. Status – basic criterion of social class. Each particular social class has its own particular social behaviour, its standards and occupations. It is a culturally defined group, that is ‘accorded a particular position or status within the population as a whole’. The relative position of the class in the society arises form the degree of prestige attached to the society. Status is the basic criterion of social class or, in other words class is a status group. vivek sir Social Class System & Status
- 25. Ogburn and Nimkoff – “A social class in one or two or more broad groups of individuals who are ranked by the members of the community in socially superior and inferior positions”. Max Webber – “Class or aggregates of individuals, who have the same opportunity of acquiring good, the same exhibited standard of living”. vivek sir Definition of Social Class
- 26. Criterion of birth. Criterion of wealth. Criterion of occupation. Criterion of polity. Criterion of education. vivek sir Criteria of Class Distinctions
- 27. Simplification: In a society we deal with many strangers, all of whose characteristics we cannot possibly know. Therefore, we resort to the practice of classifying them and reacting to them as members of a class . Motivation and Co-ordination: The prestige which is to be accorded to them enables a class to perform more readily the functions expected of it. vivek sir Functions of Social Classes
- 28. Change the social status from one place to another place its called as Social Mobility. For. example. A person becomes a minister from an ordinary shopkeeper, his status is also enhanced. On the other hand if the minister losses his job and comes to his old shop, the status enjoyed by him as a minister is lost. Thus its seen that people in society continue to move up and down the status or the scale. This status or class movement is called Social Mobility. vivek sir Social Mobility – Meaning & Types
- 29. Social Mobility is to be distinguished form migration which is movement in geographical area. Vertical and Horizontal Mobility. Open and Closed Modes of Mobility. Inter-generational Mobility. vivek sir Types of Social Mobility
- 30. Vertical Mobility: Movement in any or all of the three areas of living; class, occupation and power involving status changes. Horizontal Mobility: Changes of residence or job without status change, such as teacher’s leaving one school to work in another school. vivek sir Vertical and Horizontal Mobility
- 31. Open system mobility: Its refers to the free movement in status changes. In such a system, status can be achieved, mobility is motivated and encouraged. Closed Model of Mobility: Its refers status is based on birth or caste. When a society ascribes to its members, deferent degrees of status on the basis of sex, religion and caste. vivek sir Open and Closed modes of Mobility
- 32. Mobility between generations. Movement between a father’s generation and a son’s generation. The son of a farmer father is now a Civil servant or a business executive. The present day industrial society is marked by inter-generational mobility. vivek sir Inter-generational Mobility
- 33. Race is one of those terms which are used with a variety of meanings. The term sometimes used as synonymous with nationality; thus French, Chinese and German are spoken of as races. Sometimes it has been frequently confused with language, as well as with religion. Sometimes used to denote the classification of human beings on the basis of the Skin’s colour such as white race or black race. vivek sir Race
- 34. They are biologically inherited along with such physical characteristics as eye, skin and hair colour. A group of people individual who posses common hereditary traits which separate them from other groups. Some writers are of the opinion that the race is based hereditary because races have been largely intermixed. So the term should be used in its genetic sense. vivek sir Race as a Biological Concept
- 35. Green – “A race is a large, biological human groping, with a number of distinctive inherited characteristics which vary within a certain range. Biesanz – “A race is a large group of people distinguished by inherited physical difference”. Penniman – “Race is a genetic class in which there are many indefinite and mutually related genetic characteristics”. vivek sir Definition of Race
- 36. Negroes: with their black skin, projecting jaws, broad nose and curly hair include the Melanesians, who have a lighter skin and slightly different nose from the Negro group. Mongoloid: they may be called as yellow race has lighter skin, prominent cheek bones, olive shaped eyes and straights black hair. Caucasians: overlap with other races. vivek sir Criteria of Racial Classification
- 37. Pre-Dravidian – primitive tribe of the hills and jungles. The Dravidian – southern place upto the Gangetic valley. The Indo-Aryan – Kashmir, Panjab and Rajputana. The Aryo-Dravidian – Gangetic valley. The Cytho-Dravidian – East of Indus. The Mongoloid – Assam and the foot hills of eastern Himalayas. The Mongolo Dravidian type. vivek sir Races in India – Sir Herbert Risley
- 38. Caste Food habits Inferiority complex Cultural practices Superstitions beliefs Consanguineous marriage Religious sentiment vivek sir Influence of Class, Caste and Race on Health and Health Practices.
- 39. Class Education Occupation Nutrition Residence Economic Way of living vivek sir Influence of Class, Caste and Race on Health and Health Practices.
- 40. Race Skin problem Genetics Physical conditions Geographical conditions vivek sir Influence of Class, Caste and Race on Health and Health Practices.