Unit I And Ii Comparison
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The document provides an overview of major themes and events in world history, focusing on classical civilizations, their golden ages and declines, as well as the spread of religion and trade networks. It discusses the rise and impacts of nomadic peoples like the Huns and Mongols as outside threats to sedentary civilizations. Key areas covered include Western Europe, the Middle East, India, China, Africa, Russia, Japan, and the Mongol Empire.
Unit I And Ii Comparison
- 1. Big Picture Themes! Nomads are major outside threat to sedentary peoples and impact Civs. Golden Age of Religion – Power in government - Rise and Spread of Islam Foundations and Classical eras of civilization Classical Era – achievements in arts, architecture, science, Math, weapons, metals, literature Religion and goods spread over the Silk Road Unit I Extensive land routes and regional water routes World Religions of Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism and Buddhism are established Unit II Land and sea routes expand! Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan, River networks in Russia and Africa Religion and goods spread over Silk Road Golden Age of Nomads! Continue to be biggest outside threat to civilization and Empire Classical Civs collapse – Rise of Post Classical Civs - continue to achieve in different ways. Development of Empire and spread of civilizations
- 2. Greek and Latin based – Greco-Roman Patrician and Plebeians – social Citizenship – unifying Identity History, Music, Drama, Art Chinese – calligraphy Confucianism – Filial Piety Superior and Inferior Stressed education – “Gentleman” Ethnocentrism – Great Wall Classical Comparison: Roman Empire and Han Dynasty Identity
- 3. Well organized bureaucracy based upon Legalist and Confucian ideas and education Well organized bureaucracy founded on Greco-Roman law and classical learning Government
- 4. Patriarchical Reliance on Patricians Greek and Roman Mythological faith Temples, Sacrificies, Olympics Judaism and Christianity – Persecuted at times Patriarchical Reliance on landed gentry Ancestor Veneration – Oracle Bones Daoism – “The Way” – Wu Wei Confucianism – five relationships Buddhism – Persecuted at times Beliefs
- 5. “ The Great Builders” Columns, Dome, Arch Aqueducts, roads, bridges, theaters, The Coliseum Great Wall of China Bridges, Roads, Canals Tombs - Terra Cotta Warriors Public Works Wow! I wish I could do a hand stand!
- 6. Grand Canal Roman Roads
- 7. Strong Military – professional army - led to expansion Gave land and riches to soldiers - reward Strong Military – led to expansion Gave land and riches to soldiers – seen as very important figures in Legalist China Use of Mediterranean Sea Built roads, bridges, canals Use of rivers – Huang He and Yangtze Built Roads, bridges, canals Expansion And Trade
- 8. Decline of Empire Roman Empire Han China Decline in Morals and Values that have upheld society together Public Health and Urban Decay Political Corruption Unemployment and Inflation Military Spending- too costly
- 11. Western Europe UNIT I Classical Civilizations (Greece city-states, Rome – centralized empire) Golden Ages = Great accomplishments (Democracy, Republic, Law, architecture, art, philosophy, astronomy, science, military, engineering) Nomads are biggest outside threat to sedentary people (Germanic Tribes, Huns) Land routes begin (Roman roads and Aqueducts) Regional trade routes important (Mediterranean Sea) Polytheistic Religion Persecution, adoption and spread of Christianity Decline due to corruption, no clear succession, barbaric threat, loss of identity, economic hardship Unit II Fall of Roman Empire from Visigoths leads to decentralized feudalism Widespread education ends (Gothic architecture, monasteries, weaponry.) Barbarian threat limits trade (Dark Age, manorialism) Roman Catholic Church dominates Europe (Political, Economic, and social) Threat of Islam (Charlemagne, Crusades, Reconquista) Rigid social structure (Kings, Nobles, Lesser Nobles, Knights, Serfs) Crusades = revival of trade = rise of cities = power of kings = Nation-States Commercial revolution – guilds, banks, monetary system, mercantilism. Black Death = 1/3 pop dead = need for labor = wage labor of serfs = end of serfdom
- 12. Western Europe – Important People Pericles Socrates Alexander the Great Augustus Caesar King John Joan of arc St.Benedict Pope Urban II Charlemagne UNIT I UNIT II
- 13. THE WEST No longer unified politically and a loss of central authority Development of Feudalism as a political and social system Depopulation of urban centers – London is about 10,000 people The Catholic Church is the only institution to survive the fall of the Western Empire. Becomes the only unifying force in the West Little contact with the outside world Loss and in some cases rejection of Classical thought.
- 14. Byzantium The truly important part of the Roman Empire. Contained the biggest portion of the population and wealth. Continues with its classical tradition and becomes the major power in the Mediterranean area. Orthodox Christianity is the main faith and is controlled for the most part by the emperor Significant influence on the emerging civilization of Russia. Constantinople was considered the endpoint of the Silk Route.
- 15. China UNIT I Classical Civilizations (Qin – Legalist, Han – Confucianism) Mandate of Heaven Development of meritocracy (civil service exam, scholar-gentry) Golden Ages = Great accomplishments (Great Wall, Terra Cotta Warriors, Paper, Silk, Rudder) Nomads are biggest outside threat to sedentary people ( Xiongnu ) Land routes begin (Silk Road) Merchants looked down upon, eunuchs gained power Polytheistic Religion – Chinese folk, Daoism Decline due to corruption, barbaric threat, loss of identity, economic hardships, internal strife Unit II Fall of Han= 400 years of warring states = Sui, Tang, Song (Centralized gov’t) Mandate of Heaven Meritocracy (civil service exams, Neo-Confucianism) Golden Ages = gunpowder, Grand canal, compass, moveable type, junks, porcelain, paper money) Nomads are biggest outside threat (Mongol invasion= Yuan Dynasty) Pax Mongolica = increased trade along Silk Road, merchants gained prestige Ming Dynasty – erased Mongol rule, developed navy, Zheng He Spread, adoption, and persecution of Buddhism, foot binding of women Decline due to corruption, barbaric threats, economic hardships, internal strife
- 16. China – Important People Laozi Han Wudi Confucius Shi Huang di UNIT I UNIT II Tang Taizong Kublai Khan Zheng He Hongwu Marco Polo
- 17. CHINA Unlike Europe, China recovers from nomadic invaders. New “classical” era begins with the Tang and Song dynasties. Mongols do more to spread Chinese culture under the Yuan dynasty Continues to be a major influence on Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia Many overseas Chinese communities begin during this time period
- 18. India UNIT I Classical Civilizations (Maurya- Buddhist, Gupta-Hindu) Centralized bureaucracies Laws and society structured around religious beliefs (Rock Pillar Edicts) Golden Ages = Great accomplishments (military, mathematics –pi, zero, numerals - astronomy, medicine, literature) Nomads are biggest outside threat to sedentary people ( White Huns ) Extensive Trade (Silk Road, Indian Ocean, central location, monsoons) Buddhism in Maurya (Ashoka) Hindu revival with Gupta (Caste system) Decline due to corruption, poor leadership, barbaric threat, land too vast and diverse to control Unit II Decentralized Hindu provinces, Rise of Delhi Sultantate in North (Muslim), Chola and Vijayanagar in South (Hindu) Semi-feudal Kingdoms Built mosques, castles, roads – Temples, sculptures, literature Nomads are biggest outside threat (Conquered by Tamerlane, Mongol) Extensive trade network (Silk Road, Indian Ocean, central location, monsoons) Islam brought by force, replaces Buddhism (Claimed to be high caste) South remains Hindu (Caste system) Decline due to corruption, barbaric threats, poor leadership, economic hardships, internal strife
- 19. India – Important People Chandragupta Maurya Chandra Gupta I Ashoka Buddha UNIT I UNIT II Hakka and Bukka Harsha Mahmud Ghaznavi Tamerlane
- 20. Middle East UNIT I Classical Civilizations (Persian) Centralized bureaucracies (Satrap = governors) Laws and society structured and enforced, secret police, Immortals Golden Ages = Great accomplishments (Royal Road, military, coins, postal service) Unified diverse region with tolerance, trade, strong leadership Extensive Trade in Mediterranean – attempt to take Greece led to two major wars- Persia lost Zoroastrianism developed – Dualism – mostly tolerant of other faiths Decline due to corruption, poor leadership, intolerance, foreign invasion led by Alexander the Great Unit II Decline of Persian Empire led to period of decentralization – controlled by Byzantines at times Islamic Empires centralized the region, Dar-al-Islam (Umayyad, Abbasid) Golden Age: Built mosques, hospitals, libraries- achievements in Math, literature, medicine, calligraphy Unified diverse region with Islamic law, strong military, expansion=Crusades Extensive trade network (Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Med sea, Trans-Saharan, central location) Islam was dominant faith –tolerant of other religions. (Jiyza tax) Decline due to corruption, Mongol attacks, poor leadership, religious schism (Sunni/Shiite), Rise of Ottoman
- 21. Middle East – Important People Zarathustra Hammurabi Xerxes Darius UNIT II Muhammad Saladin Harun al-Rashid Genghiz Khan UNIT I Jesus
- 22. MIDDLE EAST/ARAB WORLD Rise of Islam in the 7 th century breathes new life into this area. Like Christianity in Northern Europe there is some “conversion by the sword”. More tolerant than their Christian counterparts. Because Muhammad was a merchant – trade is a respectable profession unlike in China and Japan Arab merchants become the heart of the Indian Ocean trade Islam expands into North and East Africa as well as Persia, India and Southeast Asia
- 23. SILK ROUTES AND INDIAN OCEAN TRADE Silk Road trade was indirect. Goods changed hands many times before reaching final market. Items had to be mostly small luxury goods. Large profit margin on a few small items. Limited number of buyers – mostly the wealthy Arab merchants were the key to most of the trade.
- 26. West Africa Russia UNIT II 855 – First Russian King was Rurik Monarchy forms with its center at the city of Kiev Russian King, Vladimir I, converts to Christianity but did not want to be under the control of the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope Two brothers, Cyril and Methodious, were sent to Russia as missionaries. Introduced the Russians to Orthodox Christianity – thereby cementing Russia’s relationship with the Byzantine Empire. Created the Cyrillic Alphabet for the Russians – unifying them linguistically. Because of its proximity to the Black Sea, Russia always leaned more towards Byzantium than the Islamic world. Kievan Russia declined in the 12th century due to internal problems and Mongol invasions Unit II Sundiata – founder of Mali in 1230 CE Ruled by powerful kings called Mansas - Converted to Islam Professional army Expanded territory and appointed governors to rule areas and collect taxes – strong local government, somewhat decentralized Women could hold government positions Laws based on Muslim system of justice (The Quran) Mansa Musa: Most powerful leader, converted to Islam and made pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) Developed the city of Timbuktu which became a great trading city and center of Muslim learning. Invited Muslim Scholars to Mali Conversion to Islam and Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca brought world wide attention to West Africa Made the need of a large population and a large army a permanent necessity for states in West Africa.
- 27. Sunni Ali Askia Muhammad Mansa Musa UNIT II Vladimir I Rurik Cyril and Methodious UNIT II West Africa Russia Sundiata
- 28. Japan Mongols UNIT II Genghis Khan united the tribes of the steppe under the Mongol banner. Horsemanship, archery, terror, and military strategy were keys to the Mongols quick rise to power. Established the largest continual land empire in history. Local rulers kept in place as long as order was kept and sufficient tax revenues were delivered to Mongol authorities. Took over Russia In 1237-1241,known as the Golden Horde. Kublai Khan defeated the Song Dynasty in 1279 – Yuan Dynasty. Established centralized rule via the use of foreign ( Persian) bureaucrats. Confucianism declined, civil service eliminated. Chinese were segregated from Mongol population. Intermarriage was outlawed. Chinese were not allowed to learn Mongol Language. Unit II The Yamato Emperor established a capital in Nara and ruled there until 794 CE The Japanese “selectively borrowed” from China Capital city and Emperor’s court was moved to Heian (Kyoto) Emperor became more isolated and simply stayed in Heian and oversaw Shinto rituals - figurehead Lords controlled the political realms of Japan Led to the rise of powerful families with private armies – the Fujiwara, Tairo, and Minamoto Oversaw an artistic and cultural flowering at the court Political Developments: Attempts at centralizing the Japanese state were relatively unsuccessful. Copied bureaucracy in the image of the Chinese Confucian model. Emissaries and scholars were sent to China to study. The Rise of Feudalism: Eventually a system of feudalism developed in which a central figure, the Shogun , reigned as supreme military general and political authority over Japan. The power of the shogun was depended on the loyalties of the local daimyos and samurais .
- 29. Yoritomo Minamoto Prince Shotoku UNIT II Genghiz Khan Kublai Khan UNIT II Japan Mongols