Unit I - Human Values.ppt

GE8076
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN
ENGINEERING
Unit 1 - Human Values

UNIT I - HUMAN VALUES
Morals, Values and Ethics - Integrity - Work Ethic -
Service Learning - Civic Virtue - Respect for Others -
Living Peacefully - Caring - Sharing - Honesty - Courage -
Valuing Time - Cooperation - Commitment - Empathy -
Self Confidence - Character - Spirituality - Introduction
to Yoga and Meditation for Professional Excellence and
Stress Management

Morals, Values and Ethics
• Morals are the welfare principles said by the wise people, based on their
experience and wisdom.
• Morality is concerned with principles and practices of morals such as:
(a) What ought or ought not to be done in a given situation?
(b) What is right or wrong about the handling of a situation?
(c) What is good or bad about the people, policies, and ideals
involved?
1. More general and prescriptive based on customs and traditions.
2. More concerned with the results of wrong action, when done.
3. In case of conflict between the two, morality is given top priority.

Values
• A value is defined as a principle that promotes well-being or
prevents harm.
• Values are our guidelines for our success - our paradigm about
what is acceptable.
The five core human values are:
(1) Right conduct (2) Peace (3) Truth,
(4) Love and (5) Nonviolence.

Ethics
Ethics is the word that refers to morals, values, and beliefs of the
individuals, family or the society.
Ethics is an activity and process of inquiry.
Ethics refers to a particular set of beliefs, attitudes, and habits of
individuals or family or groups concerned with morals.
Ethics is used to mean ‘morally correct’.
1. Specific and descriptive. It is a critical reflection on morals.
2. More concerned with the results of a right action, when
not done.
3. Less serious, hence second priority only.

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Ethics Defined
Moral codes are the rules that establish the boundaries of
generally accepted behavior.
Morality refers to social conventions about right and wrong
human conduct.
Ethics are beliefs regarding right and wrong behavior.
Virtues are habits that incline us to do what is acceptable.
Vices are habits that incline us to do what is unacceptable.

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The Importance of Integrity
Integrity is used to refer to people who act in ways that are
consistent with their own code of principles.
Integrity is defined as the unity of thought, word, honesty and open
mindedness.
It is nothing but unity of character on basis of moral concern and
honesty.
Integrity is unity between responsibility of individual person and his
professional life.
Integrity is not responsible for wrong doing in job and also done the
job very well.

Why Business Ethics are Important
 Protect the organization and its employees from legal action.
 Create an organization that operates consistently.
 Produce good business.
Globalization of organizations has created a complex business
world.
Ethics in the Business World

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Code of Conduct
A guide that highlights an organization’s key ethical issues and
identifies the overarching values and principles that are
important to the organization and that can help in decision
making.
The code of conduct helps ensure that employees:
 Abide by the law.
 Follow necessary regulations.
 Behave in an ethical manner.

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Ethical Decision Making
1. Get the facts.
2. Identify the stakeholders and their positions.
3. Consider the consequences of your decision.
4. Weigh various guidelines and principles
(Virtue, Utilitarian, Fairness, Common Good).
5. Develop and evaluate options.
6. Review your decision.
7. Evaluate the results of your decision.

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Four Common Approaches used for
Ethical Decision-Making
Approach to Dealing
with Moral Issues
Principle
Virtue Approach The ethical choice is the one that best reflects
moral virtues in ourselves and our community.
Utilitarian
Approach
The ethicalchoice is the one that produces the
greatest excess of benefits over harm.
Fairness Approach The ethical choice is the one that treats
everyone the same and does not show
favoritism or discrimination.
Common Good
Approach
The ethical choice is the one that advances the
common good.

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Ethics in Information Technology
The increased use of information technology has raised many
ethical issues for today’s IT professional.
 Licensing of IT professionals
 Internet communication
 Intellectual property
 Employee/employer issues

 Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence.
 Ability to enhance character.
 A work ethic may include being reliable, having initiative or pursuing new
skills.
 Workers exhibiting a good work ethic should be selected for better
positions, more responsibility and ultimately promotion.
 Workers who fail to exhibit a good work ethic may be regarded as failing
to provide fair value for the wage the employer is paying them and
should not be promoted or placed in positions of greater responsibility.
 Work ethic is not just hard work but also a set of accompanying virtues.
Work Ethic

The people desire to be recognized as individuals and treated with
dignity, as living human beings.
Economic independence.
Privacy (personal freedom) of the employee, including women, is to be
protected.
Security during job and upon retirement.
Employee alienation - Absence of or inadequate ‘recognition and reward
system’ and ‘grievance redressal system’.
A different view of work ethics - It is a thing one must do in order to
avoid worse evils, such as dependency and poverty.

What is Service-Learning?
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Service-Learning is a teaching and learning strategy that integrates
meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich
the learning experience, teach civic responsibility and strengthen
communities.
Non-paid activity
under the category of
Experiential Education

Differentiating Service-Learning from
Other Forms of Education
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• Experiential Learning: The knowledge and skills acquired through
life, work experience and study which have not been formally
attested through any educational or professional certification.
• Internship: A work-related learning experience for individuals
who wish to develop hands on work experience in a certain
occupational field.
• Practicum: A college course that is designed to give students
supervised practical application of a previously studied theory.

Civic Virtue
• Civic virtue is the moral underpinning of how a citizen behaves and it is a
standard of righteous behavior in relation to a citizens’ involvement in
society.
• A individual may exhibit civic virtue by voting, volunteering and
organizing other community activities.
• Without an understanding of civic virtue, citizens are less likely to look
beyond their families, friends and economic interests.
• They are less likely to help others in the community, to volunteer their
time to participate in group activity that benefits society.
• Related ideas for civic virtue are citizenship, public good, voluntarism.

Civic virtues are the moral duties and rights, as a citizen of the village or
the country or an integral part of the society and environment.
1. To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time.
2. To keep the surroundings clean and green.
3. Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following hygiene and proper
garbage disposal.
4. To follow the road safety rules.
On the other hand, the rights are:
1. To vote the local or state government.
2. To contest in the elections to the local or state government.

These virtues are divided into four categories:
1. Civic Knowledge - Constitution says about how the government is
working.
2. Self-Restraint - Each citizen must be able to control or restrain
himself.
3. Self-Assertion - Citizens must be proud of their rights, and have the
courage to stand up in public and defend their rights.
4. Self-Reliance - Once citizens become dependent on government for
their basic needs, the people are no longer in a position to demand
that government.

Respect for Others
• Respect is a feeling of admiration or deference toward a person,
group and it is a basic requirement for nurturing friendship, team
work.
• Whether between spouses, friends, coworkers, if there is a history
of mutual respect and sincere gratitude, the people involved are
generally happier and more successful.
• We live in a world where there are many differences between
people, but with an open mind and an appreciation of each person’s
contributions to this world, we strengthen our relationships and our
community.
• Show ‘goodwill’ on others. Love others. Allow others to grow.

How to Show Respect
Listen - It sounds easy, but listening - truly listening - can be one of
the hardest skills to master.
• If you want a person to know you respect him or her, then tune
into what that person is saying.
• Look them in the eye and offer feedback when necessary.
• Encourage If you’ve ever had a bad day, then you know the power
a little encouragement can have.
• We’ve all had moments when we need someone to tell us, “don’t
worry, things will work out.”
• It might not seem like much at the time, but that person will
remember that you took the time and encouraged.

Congratulate - If someone does a great job, let them know about it.
In fact, let everyone know about it.
• Openly congratulate someone for a job well done, especially if
you’re a manager.
• Employees will work harder and happier knowing their manager
has a mutual respect for them and is willing to express praise and
gratitude when it’s deserved.
Be Helpful - If you find a friend or coworker in a jam, be willing to
help them if at possible.
• Not to say you should take on half their project, but offering some
advice or throwing in a bit of your time will mean a lot.
How to Show Respect

• If that friend or coworker has helped you in the past, then
returning the favor will be a nice way to show both your respect
and gratitude.
Say Thank You - I’m sure this one seems like common sense, but
many people just forget to say thank you or at least forget how
to say it with sincerity.
• A thank you can be as small as two words or as much as buying
someone a gift, nevertheless, if the action is not done with 100%
sincerity then it is wasted.
• Make sure people know you appreciate them and their actions.

Living Peacefully
To live peacefully, one should start install peace within (self).
Charity begins at home. Then one can spread peace to family, organisation
where one works, and then to the world.
Only who are at peace can spread peace.
Here are the steps which can help you to discover your journey towards
living in peace.
• Seek to love, not control others ...
• Find Your Inner Peace ... Live in joy…
• Be tolerant ... Be Peace ...
• Seek forgiveness, not revenge ...
• Be the change you wish to see in the World…

One should adopt the following means to live peacefully, in the world:
1. Pure thoughts in one’s soul (loving others, blessing others, friendly, not
hurting others by thought or word).
2. Creativity in one’s head (useful and constructive).
3. Beauty in one’s heart (love, service, happiness, and peace).
4. Good health/body (physical strength for service).
5. Help the needy with heart, and hands (charity).
6. Service to the poor is considered holier than the service to God.
7. Not hurting and torturing others either physically, verbally, or mentally.

Caring
Caring is feeling for others.
It includes showing respect to the feelings of others and is reflected in
activities such as friendship.
Being caring allows you to have empathy for others and to live a life based
on affection, love and compassion for the people around you.
Being caring means providing a listening ear, helping your community
without asking for a reward.
Though telling a person your care can make a big difference, sometimes
giving that person a hug or putting your arm around him or her can have
that extra impact.

Caring Steps to get Started
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Be polite - You don't have to be overly formal to be polite.
You just have to be considerate of other people and make them feel
comfortable in your presence.
Be affectionate - Actions really can speak louder than words.
Be more generous - Being generous, whether it's with your time or your
money, can go a long way in being a more caring person.
Treat others like you want to be treated - If you want to be more caring,
then you have to be kind and thoughtful toward others, and think of how
you would feel if you were in their shoes.
Be considerate of others - If you want to be considerate, then you have to
respect the people around you.

Sharing
• Caring influences ‘sharing’. It is also the process of dividing and
distributing.
• Sharing is a process that describes the transfer of knowledge (teaching,
information), experience (training) and facilities with others.
• The transfer should be genuine, legal, positive, voluntary, and without
any expectation in return.
• Sharing is the joint use of a resource or space.
• We can also find many examples of this happening in nature.
• When an organism takes in nutrition or oxygen, its internal organs are
designed to divide and distribute the energy taken in, to supply parts of
its body that need it. Flowers divide and distribute to their seeds.

Honesty
• Honesty refers to moral character and virtuous attributes such as
truthfulness, trustworthy, integrity, straightforwardness, along with the
absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc.
• Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth.
• Trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for
personal performance.
• "Honesty is the best policy" - Benjamin Franklin;
• "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" - Thomas Jefferson.
• Honesty is reflected in many ways.
1. Beliefs 2. Decisions 3. Actions

Honesty in Working - Individual should not steal or get bribes.
Honesty in Speech - Individual should not mislead other by his speech,
not telling lies.
Honesty in Beliefs - Intellectual honesty.
An individual should not hide evidences favorable to others.
Discretion: Employee not interferes in decision taken by employer or
client.

Courage
• Courage (also called bravery,) is the choice and willingness to confront
agony, pain, danger.
• Courage is the tendency to accept and face risks and difficult tasks in
rational ways.
• Courage is classified into three types, based on the types of risks, namely
(a) Physical Courage,
(b) Social Courage and
(c) Intellectual Courage
• Physical courage is courage in the face of physical pain, adequacy of the
physical strength, including the muscle power.

• The social courage requires leadership abilities and involves the
decisions and actions to change the order, based on the conviction for
or against certain social behaviors.
• The intellectual courage is inculcated in people through acquired
knowledge, experience, tactics, education and training.
• Moral courage is the ability to act rightly during shame, scandal,
discouragement, or personal loss.
• In professional ethics, courage is applicable to the employers,
employees, public and the press.
• One should perform Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat
(SWOT) analysis

Valuing Time
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• Time is rare resource. Once it is spent, it is lost for ever.
• It can not be either stored or recovered.
• A first step in good time management is to understand the value of your
time.
• If you are employed by someone else, you need to understand how much
your employer is paying for your time, and how much profit he or she
expects to make from you.
• If you are working for yourself, you should have an idea of how much
income you want to bring in after tax.
• By knowing the value of your time, you should be able to tell what tasks
are worthwhile to perform, and which tasks give a poor return.

• To realize the value of one Year -
• To realize the value of one Month -
• To realize the value of one Week -
• To realize the value of one Day -
• To realize the value of one Minute -
• To realize the value of one Second -
• To realize the value of one Milli-Second -
• To realize the value of one Micro-Second -
• To realize the value of one Nano-Second -

Cooperation
• Cooperation is the process of groups of organisms working or acting
together for common or mutual benefit, as opposed to working in
competition for selfish benefit.
• Co-operation is activity between two persons or sectors that aims at
integration of operations.
• Willingness to understand others, think and act together is cooperation.
• The whole is more than the sum of the individuals
• Many animal and plant species cooperate both with other members of
their own species and with members of other species.

According to professional ethics, cooperation should be developed and
maintained between the employers and employees, between the
superiors and subordinates, among the colleagues, between the
producers and the suppliers (spare parts).
The impediments to successful cooperation are:
1. Clash of ego of individuals.
2. Lack of leadership and motivation.
3. Conflicts of interests, based on region, religion, language and caste.
4. Ignorance and lack of interest.

Commitment
Commitment means alignment to goals and adherence to ethical
principles during the activities.
Commitment is willingness to give your time and energy to something
that you believe in, or a promise or firm decision to do something.
Commitment means acceptance of the responsibilities and duties and
cooperation means help and assistance.
By developing team commitment and cooperation in a work team you
are assisting the team to meet its goals and objectives.
Work teams that are committed and cooperative are more likely to
achieve the goals the business has set.

Empathy
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• Empathy is the ability to mutually experience the thoughts, emotions,
and direct experience of others.
• The ability to understand another person’s circumstances, point of
view, thoughts and feelings is empathy.
• When experiencing empathy, you are able to understand someone
else’s internal experiences.
• Empathy begins with showing concern, and then obtaining and
understanding the feelings of others, from others’ point of view.
• This is an essential ingredient for good human relations and
transactions.

To practice ‘Empathy’, a leader must have the following characteristics,
1. Understanding others
2. Political awareness
3. Leveraging diversity
The benefits of empathy include:
1. Good customer relations (Sales and service).
2. Harmonious labor relations (Manufacturing).
3. Good vendor-producer relationship (Good customer relations).

Self Confidence
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• Self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal judgment,
ability, power, etc.,
• Self-confidence is positive attitude, wherein the individual has some
positive and realistic view of himself.
• Certainty in one’s own capabilities, values and goals is self-confidence.
• Being confident in yourself - If you present yourself well, others will
want to follow in your foot steps towards success.
• Promise yourself, no matter how difficult the problem life throws at
you, that you will try as hard as you can to help yourself.

The people with self-confidence have the following characteristics:
1. A self-assured standing
2. Willing to listen to learn from others
3. Frank to speak the truth
4. Respect others efforts
The factors that shape self-confidence in a person are
1. Heredity and family environment
2. Friendship
3. Influence of superiors/role models
4. Training in the organization
Effective in developing self-confidence in a person
1. Encouraging SWOT analysis
2. Study and group discussion on the history of leaders and
innovators

• Character traits are all the aspects of a person's behavior and attitudes
that make up that person's personality.
• Everyone has a characteristic property, both good and bad that defines
the behavior of an individual.
• The aim of education is not only the cultivation of the intellect but also
the formation of moral character.
• Some character traits have to do with your underlying values or beliefs.
Religious, Honest, Loyal, Loving, Kind, Sincere, Happy, Faithful,
Adventurous, Cooperative, Cheerful, Funny.
• Some character traits can be bad, and you may not want these traits
associated with you. Dishonest, Disloyal, Rude, Disrespectful, Angry,
Cruel, Unmerciful.
Character

• A leader or person may have the following character traits: Domineering,
Ambitious, Bossy, Cold-hearted, Rude, Self-centered.
• Some character traits for children include: Playful, Active, Silly,
Affectionate, Rough, Talkative, Rowdy, Smart, Shy, Stubborn.
Types of Character
1. Sensitive 2. Active
3. Apathetic 4. Intelligent.
Building Character in the Workplace
1. Employee Hiring, Training and Promotion Activities
2. Internal Communication
3. External Communication

Spirituality
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• Spirituality is the concept of an alleged immaterial reality, an inner path
enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the
"deepest values and meanings by which people live”.
• It is said to be the great virtue of Indian philosophy and for Indians.
• Spirituality includes the faith or belief in supernatural power / God,
regarding the worldly events.
• It functions as a fertilizer for the soil ‘character’ to blossom into values
and morals.
• Spiritual practices including meditation, prayer intended to develop an
individual's inner life.
• Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration in life.

• Spirituality includes creativity, communication, recognition of the
individual as human being, respect to others, vision and partnership
• Spirituality is motivation as it encourages the colleagues to perform
better.
Spirituality in the Workplace
1. Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
2. Verbally respect the individuals as humans
Spirituality for Corporate Excellence
1. Self-Awareness - Realization of self-potential.
2. Compassion - Sympathy, Empathy and Concern for others
3. Moral Autonomy - It means action based on rational and moral
judgment.

3
1
Introduction to Yoga and Meditation
for Professional Excellence and
Stress Management

YOGA
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• The word yoga is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root “yuj” which means
“to yoke”.
• Yoga is an ancient discipline designed to bring balance and health to the
physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions of the individual.
• Yoga improves physical, mental, intellectual and spiritual health.
• Yoga offers an effective method of managing and reducing stress, anxiety,
depression.
• Yoga is often depicted as a tree and comprises eight aspects or limbs:
1. Yama (Universal Ethics) 2. Niyama (Individual Ethics)
3. Pratyahara (Control of the Senses) 4. Dharana (Concentration)
5. Asana (Physical Postures) 6. Pranayama (Breathe Control)
7. Dyana (Meditation) 8. Samadhi (Bliss)

Tree of Yoga
33 Dr Gnanasekaran
Thangavel
• When one thinks about Yoga today, the
first thing that comes to mind is the
physical practice of postures or Asana.
• As described in Patañjali’s Yoga Sutras,
Asana is only 1 of the 8 limbs of Yoga.
• Applying the other 7 will not only deepen
our physical and spiritual practice but also
help take our yoga off the mat and into our
daily lives.
• To help better understand how the 8 - step
path comes all together.
• BKS Iyengar’s representation of the of the
Tree of Yoga:

1. Roots: Foundation for living honorably and clearly
Yama - A list of outward observances representing principles of ethical
behavior
2. Trunk: Establishing a base of purity in one’s body and mind
Niyama - Inward personal observances that improve the self and
surrounding relations
3. Bark: Protecting the tree from outer elements and preventing its
essence from flowing outward
Pratyahara - Turning awareness inward, sense withdrawal
4. Sap: Juice which carries the energy on this inward journey, links the
whole tree as one

Dharana - Focused state of concentration, bringing the mind to a
single point of focus
5. Branches: Strong and flexible to move with the wind of life
Asana - Physical practice of yogic postures
6. Leaves: Drawing in life force through the exchange of breath
Pranayama - Mastering the science of breathe, breathe control
7. Flowers: Dyana - Meditation
8. Fruit: The essence of the tree
Samadhi - bliss, to feel unity, peace, freedom

AWARNESS ABOUT YOGA IN CURRENT SCENARIO
• The idea of international day of yoga was first proposed by the current
Prime Minister of India, Mr. Narendra Modi during the speech at the
UNGA, on 27 September 2014
• The international day of yoga was started celebrated annually on June 21
2015 because to know the basic knowledge of yoga and its importance.
• After knowing the importance of yoga people from all over the countries
started practicing yoga.
• The impact not only changed the mindset of the people it all cause great
impact to school students and colleges as a day today activity
compulsory.
• Apart from schools and colleges it also cause great impact to employees,
workers by organizing weekend activities to reduce the stress.

IMPACT OF STRESS
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• Hans Selye first introduced the term stress into life science.
• The term stress is derived from the Latin word Stringere.
• Stress-related disorders evolve gradually through four recognizable stages.
1. In the first, psychological changes such as anxiety, irritability due to over-
stimulation of the nervous system.
2. In the second stage symptoms such as high blood pressure, elevated
heart rate.
3. In the third stage, physical or biochemical imbalance sets in.
4. In the final fourth stage, irreversible symptoms appears that often
require surgical.

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• Eminent behavioral scientist Stephen Robbins defines stress as that which
arises from an constraint, threat or challenge, when the outcomes of the
event are important and uncertain.
• Stress is a complex, dynamic process of interaction between a person and
his or her life.
• Stress can affect one’s health, work performance, social life and the
relationship with family members.
• Increased sympathetic activation and the release of stress hormones,
including adrenaline, lead to increases in heart rate, blood pressure,
breathing, body temperature and muscle tension.
• Hence we can say that stress is a silent killer, and harmful effects on
physical, psychological and behavioral well-being of an individual.
IMPACT OF STRESS

• Stress can also be defined as the harmful physical and emotional
responses that occur when the requirements of the job do not match.
• The rapid change of the modern working life with increasing demands of
learning new skills, pressure of higher productivity and quality of work,
time pressure and hectic jobs.
• Job stress can lead to poor health and even injury.
• According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
80% of workers experience job stress.
• Similar to stress in the workplace, college students are also often
impacted by stress.
• Academic stress can result from many different imperative stressors, such
as final grades, term papers, examinations, and excessive homework.

• Yoga has been shown to have immediate psychological effects: decreasing
anxiety and increasing feelings of emotional, and spiritual well-being.
• Several literature reviews have been conducted that examined the impact
of yoga on specific health conditions, including diabetes, cancer and
anxiety.
• Another study has shown improvement of mental health of both the young
and seniors by reducing stress through yoga.
• Yoga can be wisely applied in welfare programs to improve the quality of
life in all age groups.
• The elements of authentic yoga include asana, pranayama, mudra, mantra,
meditation and service to mankind.
ROLE OF YOGA IN STRESS MANAGEMENT

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• A growing body of research evidence supports the belief that certain
yoga techniques may improve physical and mental health through
down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and
the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
• Studies suggest that yoga has an immediate quieting effect on the SNS-
HPA axis response to stress.
• Studies also show that yoga decreases levels of blood glucose, as well as
plasma renin levels.
• Yoga significantly decreases heart rate and systolic and blood pressure.
• Studies suggest that yoga reverses the negative impact of stress on the
immune system by increasing levels of immunoglobulin A as well as
natural killer cells.
EFFECT OF YOGA IN STRESS MANAGEMENT

Benefits of Yoga and Meditation
• Strength Increases Endurance Increases
• Energy level Increases Weight Normalizes
• Sleep Improves Pain Decreases
• Blood Pressure Controls
• The term meditation refers to a broad variety of practices that includes
techniques designed to promote relaxation, build internal energy or
life force.
• Yoga is an antidote for stress and a potentially powerful commitment to
live a healthy and balanced life.
IMPORTANCE OF MEDITATION

Unit I - Human Values.ppt

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Unit I - Human Values.ppt