Unit Testing Essay

Unit Testing Essay
Assignment No: 6 Title of Assignment: Testing of project problem statement using generated test
data. Testing is an activity that can be planned and conducted systematically. Testing begins at the
module level and works towards the integration of entire computer based system. Nothing is
complete without testing, as it is vital for success of the system. Testing Objectives  Testing is a
process of executing a program with the intent of finding errors.  A good test case is the one
having highest probability of finding an undiscovered error.  It demonstrates that software
functions appear to be working according to the specifications. Three reasons to test a program 
For correctness  For Implementation Efficiency  For Computational Complexity Unit Testing
Unit testing focuses on the smallest unit of software design i.e. the smallest component or module.
Important control paths are tested to uncover errors within the boundary of the module. It focuses on
the internal processing logic and data structures within the boundaries of a component. This type of
testing can be conducted in parallel for multiple components. Integration Testing Integration testing
is a systematic technique for constructing the software architecture while at the same time
conducting tests to uncover errors associated with interfacing. The different modules in our project
were interfaced and tested in small increments, thus making the errors easy to isolate and correct.
This is known as incremental
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Essay On Test Data Generation
2. Related works
Some of the recent work related to the automated test data generation is listed below:
Search–based approaches have been extensively applied to solve the problem of software test–data
generation. Yet, test–data generation for object–oriented programming (OOP) is challenging due to
the features of OOP, e.g., abstraction, encapsulation, and visibility that prevent direct access to some
parts of the source code. To address this problem Abdelilah Sakti et al. [26] have presented an
automated search–based software test–data generation approach that achieves high code coverage
for unit–class testing. The test–data generation problem for unit–class testing to generate relevant
sequences of method calls were described at first. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A set of search heuristics targeted to OCL constraints to guide test data generation and automate
MBT in industrial applications was proposed. These heuristics for three search algorithms: Genetic
Algorithm, (1+1) Evolutionary Algorithm, and Alternating Variable Method were evaluated.
Empirically evaluated the heuristics using complex artificial problems, followed by empirical
analyses of the feasibility of our approach on one industrial system in the context of robustness
testing.
A feature model is a compact representation of the products of a software product line. The
automated extraction of information from feature models is a thriving topic involving numerous
analysis operations, techniques and tools. Performance evaluations in this domain mainly rely on the
use of random feature models. However, these only provide a rough idea of the behaviour of the
tools with average problems and are not sufficient to reveal their real strengths and weaknesses.
Sergio Segura et al. [28] have proposed to model the problem of finding computationally hard
feature models as an optimization problem and solved it using a novel evolutionary algorithm for
optimized feature models (ETHOM). Tool and an analysis operation were given in ETHOM
generated input models of a predefined size maximizing aspects such as the execution time or the
memory consumption of the tool when performing the

Software Testing : An Important Part Of Software Development
Abstract
Software testing is an important part of software development. In order to enhance the quality of the
software, software testing has always been the crucial part in finding faults of a software.Software
behaviour is always verified by a test oracle.The test oracle is a way to find the sucess and failure of
a test. Test oracles provides a valid mechanisms to test the expected behaviour of any software
against the input provided for the test in the software specification so that actual results can be
verified.Test automation also requires automatic test oracles.
Today major software testing activities are taken on cloud for several reasons such as cost,
efficiency and saving time. This paper provides the test oracle process ... Show more content on
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In order to reduce testing cost, time and resources test automation is applied.The automatic test case
execution and verification of the results is called automated test oracle.
To verify the expected outputs , test oracle is used.The test case results are verified by using test
oracle. Manual testing is expensive and inefficient, automated testing and test oracles help in
increasing efficiency as well as costs of the tests. Since automation testing is reliable form of testing
a software but it does not provide complete test automation for all situations.This paper elaborates
on the process of how test oracles are created as well as used and the challenges that hinder
complete automation testing of the application.
Cloud testing is a new type of software testing where any software application that is deployed on
cloud can be tested easily on the cloud. The cloud environment provides infinite resources to test
applications alongwith pay as you use.There are various cloud providers who offer testing services
on the cloud so that testers can take full advantage of testing services and test the application
exhaustively.
Software testing lifecycle
The software testing life cycle has various steps for completing a testing process. The software
testing life cycle is as shown below:
Figure: Software testing lifecycle

The steps in software testing life cycle are :
Identify

Web Testing Of Web Applications Essay
Abstract Web testing is the name given to the software testing of web applications. Web applications
are the applications that are ultimately meant to be viewed by user, so maintaining the quality of
these applications is a major concern. This report focused on finding the software testing methods
that are currently used to test functional and non functional requirements of web applications
efficaciously. This paper also covers the challenges that are introduced while testing web
applications. A web application is basically different from traditional software application in the
sense that former one has large number of users which are accessing the web application
simultaneously. Secondly, web application is based on different hardware, operating system and
network connections. The different web components are constructed from different programming
languages and different models. The aim of web testing is to execute the application in multiple
platforms and in multiple environments to reveal failures. Failure is either caused by the faults in
application itself or in the interface and faults in the running environment. Introduction A Web
application is an application that is invoked by a client through by web browser over the Internet. It
has complex Graphical User Interface (GUI) with number of backend software components
integrated into it. Nowadays, demand for web based applications is increasing dramatically and so
complexity is also increasing. Most

Evaluation Of A Web Application Performance Tool Essay
Introduction
Complete testing of a web–based system can help address issues for example; the basic functionality
of the site, its accessibility to handicapped users and fully able users, the security of the web
application, its ability to adapt to the multitude of devices, desktops, and operating systems, as well
as readiness for the additional expected traffic and the ability to survive in a massive user traffic,
both of which are identified with load testing.
We will talk about different ways to test and experiment websites in an efficient and organized
manner. WAPT tends to simulate virtual users which will repeat either specified URL or recorded
URLs and allows the users to specify the iterations that the virtual users must repeat the recorded
URLs. Thus, the tool is used to check for bottlenecks and performance leakages in the website or
web application. The technology we have today made our job easier and feasible to test one's idea
and insights, cheaply and quickly.
Web application performance tool:
A web application performance tool (WAPT) is utilized to test web related interfaces and web
applications. These tools are used for load and stress testing of web applications, performance,
websites, web servers, web API, and other web interfaces. A WAPT faces various challenges during
testing and should be able to conduct tests for:
Operating System compatibility
Browser compatibility
Windows application compatibility where required
There are various kinds of

Software Quality And Customer Satisfaction
Software quality comprises of two levels, which are intrinsic product quality and customer
satisfaction. Intrinsic product quality can be measured by number of bugs or defects occurring
during the software development phases or by how long the software can operate without crashing
or error occurring. Customer satisfaction will be achieved if all the software functions or
requirements listed in product log are met. Therefore, Software produced will be at its highest
quality if software's features and functionality meet all the business objects, and codes written are
relatively bugs free.
Software quality control (SQL), which is a set of activities, encourages ensuring the highest quality
in software products. It contains activities relating to reviews such as requirement review, design
review, code review and also activities relating to testing such as unit testing, integration testing,
system testing and acceptance testing. Main purpose of SQL is to ensure that the developing
software meet all the specifications. At this stage, our group had reviewed software requirements
and making sure to achieve all by the time of software development sprint end. Other reviews such
as design, codes are going to be well analyzed in later sprint and all the testing types are going to be
executed in order to ensure that all the solutions are well tested. Software testing will be done during
every development processes in order to assess features and quality of the software. Different

Introduction Of Software Testing And Its Types
TERM PAPER–ON
AUTOMATED SOFTWARE TESTING
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING CIS 4655
Harish Koduru
11/13/2014
A brief introduction of software testing and its types. And explaining how Automated software
testing works when compared to manual testing, its pro's and con's.
A. Introduction: Software testing is a very important part of software development process.
Software testing is a very important part of software development process. Software testing is
analysis of a system by giving defined inputs and contrasting them with the desired outputs to check
the errors between the desired and actual outputs and correct them. Essentially software testing can
be separated into two classes manual testing, automated software testing.
Manual software ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The requirements for a software to be tested using automated program are as follow:
Big and critical projects.
Projects that are to be testing at the same areas repeatedly.
Requirements that doesn 't change frequently.
Stable Software as for manual testing.
Availability of time.
D. How Automated Software Testing is done: Automated software testing is similar to that of
software development process. It goes through the same cycle as of software product in its
development. The most important thing that has to be taken into consideration is who is writing the
scripts. The most common problem with this script writing is on who will write the script, will it be
a developer or a member of the testing team. The best idea to write the script is by the joint effort of
the both the developers and testers.
There is a lot of effort involved in the collaborated work because there is a lot of time and money

invested into it. The automated process is divided into phases they are as follows. Finalization of
automated testing and making a plan for the test.
Tools and customization are selected.
Testing and Development of scripts.
Testing utilizing automated test scripts.
 Finalization of automated testing and making a plan for the test: In this phase the decision is taken
which tests should be automated and which should be manual, and then the test plan is made. The
automated software testing follows the same life cycle as of a software

Developmental Testing Is A Component Of Extreme Programming
Developmental testing includes all testing activities that are carried out by the team developing the
system. The tester of the software is the programmer who developed the software. Some
development processes use programmer/tester pairs where each programmer has an associated tester
who develops tests and assists with the testing process. The three stages in developmental testing are
unit testing, component testing and system testing. It is primarily a defect testing process where the
aim of testing software is to discover software bugs. Therefore, developmental testing is interleaved
with debugging process. Unit testing is a software development process where the smallest testable
parts of an application are independently tested in isolation for proper operation. It is often
automated and can be done manually. This form of testing is a component of Extreme Programming,
where it takes a meticulous approach towards software development by means of continual and
revision testing. The unit tests should be calls to these routines with different input parameters. In
addition, unit testing involves only the characteristics that are vital to unit performance under test,
which encourages the developers to manipulate the source code without immediate concerns about
how such changes would affect the functioning of the program as a whole. Once all units in a
program has been found to be working efficiently, larger components of the program can be
evaluated via integration testing. As

Computer Resource Using Virtualization Technology
Among these SPE process, we focus on load generating of performance testing. There are many load
generating tools like Load Runner [13] and Silk Performer [14]. However, tools cannot cover every
testing scenario. In a server/client environment, client sends information to server generally.
However, server may send information to client. Existing tools cannot support that scenario. If a tool
does not understand communication protocol, it cannot generate load and if DUT[2] uses new
technique that tool does not support, it cannot
generate load. In those situations, we cannot use existing load generating tool and we may have to
use many real computers and lot of people are required to operate software on those computers
which is not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Architecture of the tool
The overall architecture of the tool is presented in Figure 1. Virtual computers are generated from
real server. The number of virtual computers generated from a real server depends on the scenario
under which the DUT[2] is to be analyzed. Each Virtual Computer has a different IP Address. Thus,
each virtual computer acts as an individual client. The user (tester) just interacts with the physical
computer and executes the python scripts present. These scripts activate the virtual computers which
interact with the DUT[2] and generate traffic depending on the profile which the user selects before
the test begins.
Virtualization is a technique that abstracts computing resource. It enables the users to create a
simulated environment and use the resources effectively. Virtualization is divided into several
categories as purpose such as server virtualization, network virtualization, desktop virtualization,
application virtualization and so on [15]. In this paper, we use desktop virtualization technique to
perform software performance test. There are a lot of desktop virtualization products such as
VMWARE [16], Virtual PC [17], Parallels [18], Virtual Box [19] and so on. We selected VMWARE
because it is the most frequently used product and it uses computing resource efficiently. It enables
the users to use all the CPU cores effectively. It also has high compatibility with various

Automated Test Case Generation Techniques For Object...
Literature Review: Automated Test Case generation techniques for Object–Oriented Software, by
Vivek Joginipally Date: 07/11/2015 Introduction: Software testing provides an objective,
independent view of the software which allows understanding the risks of software implementation.
Various testing techniques are available for different kinds of software available in the field. These
techniques include the process of executing a program or application with the aim of finding
software bugs. Evaluation of the testing strategies is important in order to achieve the progress in
testing. Automatically generated test cases are usually evaluated in terms of their fault finding
capability. It is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Random testing technique is an example of simplistic idea which yields excellent results. The papers
discussed here present an idea of inventing new testing strategies for object oriented software. There
are several experiments and experimental analysis carried out which are elaborated in the articles.
The efficiency of the random testing has been tested on existing industrial–grade code base. With a
CPU time of 1500 hours, large scale cluster of computers are allowed to a fine–grain analysis. These
results provide the effectiveness of random testing. In another experiment, the features of test cases
are tested on their impact on accuracy of debugging which aimed on the readability in automatically
generated test cases. An approach which combines a genetic algorithm with static analysis to
automatically test Eiffel classes using the number of faults found as the optimization parameter is
also presented. To test the effectiveness of evolutionary testing compared to the results obtained by
running a random test case on various experiments is provided. Evolutionary testing method is
found to generate more faults in less time than in a random testing strategy. The effects of Adaptive
Random Testing (ART) was proposed for numerical inputs initially but to extend the ideas to the
testing of object oriented software, the research developed a notion of distance between objects and
a new testing strategy called ARTOO,

The Problem And Defining Fitness Function Essay
. Population based search involves evolution of group of points in search space such as in ant colony
optimization and evolutionary computation techniques. The mode of origin is another basis to
distinguish between nature inspired and no nature inspired metaheuristic algorithm. Evolutionary
computation and Ant Colony Optimization belongs to the class of nature inspired whereas tabu
search and iterated local search belongs to the class of non nature inspired algorithms. Metaheuristic
algorithms are also known as search based techniques or optimization algorithms which when
applied to software engineering problems gave rise to Search Based Software Engineering (SBSE)
[3] which reformulates software engineering problems as search problems. It is a collective attempt
to shift from human based search to machine based search by applying search based optimization
techniques. These methods encompass representation of problem and defining fitness function.
SBSE treats search problem as one where optimal or near optimal solution are sought in a search
space of solution by making use of fitness function that discriminates worse and better solution.
Although many researchers, practitioners have applied search based optimization to software
engineering domain, SBSE term was first coined by Harman and Jones [3] in 2001 in their work
which advocates Search Based Optimization as a general approach to Software Engineering. A
number of SBSE methods such as Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic

Application Of Software Quality Management
Abstract Software Quality Management comprises of processes that ensure that the software project
would reach its goals. The ultimate aim of Software Quality Management is to deliver the quality of
software product to end users. A quality product is the one which satisfies user requirements.
Introduction
The most fundamental aspect before purchasing a product is product's quality. As the technology is
improving drastically, users want only those products which are outcome of sophisticated processing
and hence, processing higher grades of quality. The earliest quality assurance and control function
was brought up by Bel Labs in 1916 which started taking its roots throughout the world.
Improvements in this aspects came up in 1940's where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But from customer's point of view meeting the intended purpose is more important than just meeting
the requirements because when the customer is not in a position to specify the requirements then we
have a real problem. Quality is the most important thing that customer looks for. Software quality
management begins with customers and gives a very heavy emphasis on specifications and it ends
with customer because the judgment about the appropriateness must also be given by the customer.
In that sense it stretches beyond the stated requirements and intended requirements such as
reliability, safety, maintainability, portability etc. are also important. Another important aspect of
imply requirements include legal requirements. We basically ensures that whether customer gets
intended quality. There may be many factors that turn a product to be rated a low quality one. Some
of them are lack of discipline which in turn indicates that management is poor, improper
documentation, improper test plan, lack of proper integration and thoughts, last but not least the
testing may not be satisfactory.
Categories of Software Quality Management:–
Quality Planning
Quality Assurance
Quality Control
Quality Planning:–
Quality Planning is the most important step in Software Quality Management. Proper planning
ensures to achieve the desired results. The starting point for the Planning process is the standards
followed by the Organization.

Software Testing
Software Testing
Carnegie Mellon University
18–849b Dependable Embedded Systems
Spring 1999
Authors: Jiantao Pan mailto:%20jpan@cmu.edu Abstract:
Software testing is any activity aimed at evaluating an attribute or capability of a program or system
and determining that it meets its required results. [Hetzel88] Although crucial to software quality
and widely deployed by programmers and testers, software testing still remains an art, due to limited
understanding of the principles of software. The difficulty in software testing stems from the
complexity of software: we can not completely test a program with moderate complexity. Testing is
more than just debugging. The purpose of testing can be quality assurance, verification and ... Show
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But this alone will not guarantee to make the software better, because the Complexity Barrier
[Beizer90] principle states: Software complexity(and therefore that of bugs) grows to the limits of
our ability to manage that complexity. By eliminating the (previous) easy bugs you allowed another
escalation of features and complexity, but his time you have subtler bugs to face, just to retain the
reliability you had before. Society seems to be unwilling to limit complexity because we all want
that extra bell, whistle, and feature interaction. Thus, our users always push us to the complexity
barrier and how close we can approach that barrier is largely determined by the strength of the
techniques we can wield against ever more complex and subtle bugs. [Beizer90]
Regardless of the limitations, testing is an integral part in software development. It is broadly
deployed in every phase in the software development cycle. Typically, more than 50% percent of the
development time is spent in testing. Testing is usually performed for the following purposes: * To
improve quality.
As computers and software are used in critical applications, the outcome of a bug can be severe.
Bugs can cause huge losses. Bugs in critical systems have caused airplane crashes, allowed space
shuttle missions to go awry, halted trading on the stock market, and worse. Bugs can kill. Bugs can

Advantages Of Offshore Product Development
Offshore Product Development – Competitive Advantage
Offshore Product Development:
Offshore product development is a strategic concept. Offshore product development allows software
companies and enterprises to lower their development costs substantially and focus
comprehensively strategic initiatives such as marketing products and developing next generation
products. Companies opting for OPD can release their products faster than their competitors taking
benefit of time zone difference and 24 hours development leading to competitive advantage.
Competitive Advantage:
Globalization, increasing cost pressures, changing market dynamics, the need for fast time to market
and many other factors has led many product companies to opt for offshore product development.
The situation is so acute that an approximately 500+ releases a year of various software products are
happening from India. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Offshore software vendor should have history of proven track record and expertise to improve your
business performance.
Offshore Product Development vendor should provide its services across the entire life cycle to
global ISVs and enterprises. They should be in a position to provide innovative solutions to complex
product development situations by combining technical expertise, domain experience and process
maturity. This enables clients to gain competitive advantage by surpassing competitors and generate
new revenue streams.
Their product development services should rank high on performance, security, maintainability and
scalability and span across relevant verticals such as Insurance, Human Resource & Recruitment
Services, Finance and Banking, Education, Travel and Hospitality, Printing, Audit &

Application And Suitable For Data Processing Applications
To implement the Chocoholics Anonymous product the language which I choose is COBOL. The
reason for this is COBOL is a language that is widely used and suitable for data processing
applications. This is the widely used language when it comes to financial matters in the software
product. As mentioned in the Chocoholics Anonymous product every member is paying and the
provider is getting paid. To properly maintain these records of money COBOL can be used. Another
advantage would be the post–delivery maintenance of the software product is also a software
activity and this maintenance is done on the existing COBOL software. COBOL has the best
formatting, sorting and report generation facilities. The languages that are available to implement ...
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: The aim of the coding standard is to make the maintenance easier. The coding standards for a one–
person software production company are handled by this one person only. If there are any changes
that are to be made to the code artifacts he is the person responsible for changing the code. In one–
person software Production Company this one person is responsible for keeping the code standards
and he is aware of it, so finally when certain errors occur he will be knowing where to look in the
code artifacts and he will understand the standards that were imposed on the code artifacts. When it
comes to organizations with 300 software professionals there will be lot of confusion going on
between the members if the members are not made aware of the coding standard that are being
imposed on the artifacts. We there are 300 members in the organization then there will be teams
working for the same product so when one team follows one code standard and another team
follows another code standard then the software product would fail. So whenever a code standard is
used then the whole members who are working for the software product should be aware of the
coding standards. : Whenever the if–statements are used they should be written in a well formatted
order. In the case of deep nesting of if–statements there are higher chances of not understanding of
the code. The reason for this might be the statements are not

Psy 315 Week 4
Team B Learning Team: Status Report – Week 4 Testing Procedures Smith Consulting will perform
necessary testing procdures to validate the quality of the final product prior to release. The purpose
of these tests will verify the following: 1. Interface testing 2. Integration & Testing 3. System 4.
Usability 5. Regression 6. Acceptance 7. Installation 8. Robustness 9. Performance The four testing
categories used to verify the above lists are; Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing, and
Acceptance Testing. Unit Testing Unit testing refers to the practice of testing certain functions and
areas – or units – of our code. This allows us to check and make sure that all values and inputs are
functioning. Normally tested by the code writer, modules and blocks of code are checked for defects
and errors. Algorithms, logic and code quality are also validated. ... Show more content on
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Integration testing can expose problems with the interfaces among program components before
trouble occurs in real–world program execution. It identifies issues when two or more smaller
blocks of code are combined. There are two common strategies for integration testing. These
strategies are top–down & bottom–up. The top–down approach tests the highest–level code first
down to the lowest level codes. This show defects at the top level of the software earlier in the
process. The bottom–up integrated testing method test from the sub–units to the main–units of the
program. System Testing Testing of the entire system will be performed to verify that all parts and
counterparts are functional. This is the testing that is made prior to release. Tests performed in this
stage verify for the following: 1. Performance 2. Load/Stress 3. Reliability and

Different Methodologies For Testing Web Application Testing
Abstract The main objective of testing is to find whether a particular system or component works as
per the specified requirements or not. Software testing is a process that runs throughout Software
Development Life Cycle with the intent of finding any errors, missing requirements or any other
gaps in the application software. We have websites in various domains which have millions of users
accessing the site on daily basis to accomplish their business or personal needs. To ensure that the
web application satisfies every user's needs and works as expected, it must be thoroughly tested
before its implementation. There are different techniques and methodologies involved in testing a
web application. In this paper I would like to provide an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence any application cannot be termed as secure and usable without testing it. Different
methodologies for testing a web application are: Functionality testing Performance testing Usability
testing Compatibility testing Unit testing Load testing Stress testing Security testing Functionality
Testing Functional testing is usually performed by creating inputs as per functional or design
specifications given, executing the test cases and then validating the outputs against the expected
outputs which are initially determined according to the specifications (Walker, ElshennawY, Gupta,
& Vaughn, 2012). Functional testing is a type of Black box testing. Functional testing can be
automated for most of the cases by which the user intervention can be minimized. According to
Stackpole & Hanrion (2008), "Functionality tests cover the ability of the system or application to
initialize, communicate with its components and support services, and interact with users." By
performing functional tests on web applications, users can identify bad links on web pages and
unreachable pages (Casteleyn, Daniel, Dolog, & Matera, 2009). Summarizing all the above points,
we can identify the following pros and cons of functional testing. Pros: Stimulates the usage of
software application. Does not make system specific assumptions. Cons: Scope for unnecessary
testing. Might miss some of the logical errors. Performance Testing Web

Engineering Intern For Ideal Industries Inc.
The report describes the Internship I have done at IDEAL INDUSTRIES INC. I have worked as
Software Engineering Intern for IDEAL INDUSTRIES INC., which is a manufacturing company,
located at Sycamore, IL, USA. Being an intern my primary task in the company is to assist with the
software applications, test the Gateway that was developed in C++ and write a test protocol for a
project called "RED & WHITE". The duration of my internship was 11 weeks starting from
September 19th and ending on December 8th. I worked 20 hours for each week. The location of my
internship is in Sycamore, Illinois. During my internship I was working on testing the web
application and pointing out the concerns I have faced. Also involved in the requirement phase of
Software Development Life Cycle for one of the software, IDEAL is looking to develop. The idea
behind this task is to access the events in the form of data from an Alliance called OpenADR and
process it according to the requirements of the company. This report describes in detail about the
company I have done my internship with, its nature of business. It describes my objectives and roles
that I undertook at IDEAL INDUSTRIES INC., as a Software Engineering Intern. It describes in
detail the task that I have accomplished with respect to the course work I have taken at the
university and its usage, and the overall experience gained from my Internship program. This report
does not contain any screenshots of the project because of the strict

Application Testing For Software Testing
Before, we begin our job search for software Testing position. We will know what Software Testing
is. "Software Testing is a process of evaluating a system or its components with the intention of
checking whether the system developed satisfy the requirements. Testing is done for finding gaps,
errors, or missing requirements causing hindrance to systems functionality".
As mentioned above, software testing is performed to identify software failures and get it corrected.
"Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only
establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions". This includes examining the
code under various environments and scrutinizes the functionality of the code. Testing team is
generally separate team from the development team. The result derived after software testing is done
will be used for rectifying the process by which a software is developed.
An effective testing team includes technical and domain expertise. The testing team must be
structured properly with assigned roles and responsibilities which allows a tester to perform his
duties without any conflicts with other team members.
Various roles in a testing team are:
1. Test Manager.
2. Test Lead.
3. Usability Test Engineer.
4. Automated Test Engineer.
5. Network Test Engineer.
6. Test Environment Specialist.
7. Security Test Engineer.
8. Test Library and Configuration Specialist.
An individual who aspires to become a software

Software For Software Development Life Cycle
These are the part of the SDLC models which stands for Software Development Life Cycle. Apart
from these, there are three more models which are: Iterative model, Spiral Model, Big bang model.
There are audits and Inspections for the quality assurance so that it can be examine the all the related
products so that and other stuff which involves with the software testing.
Testing Types/ Techniques
Software testing is used to identify the precision extensiveness and quality of development software.
It also includes the sets of activities. Software testing is an activity to check the expected outcome
from the software so that it is really used to make the software proper and perfect. Software testing
is used to minimize the errors, gaps, missing requirements in the software and make proper
development in the software so that it hold the values in the market and to gain more popularity in
the market of computing.
There are several factors who taken care of the software in the company: Software tester, Software
developer, Project Lead Manager, End User etc. Here, Verification and validation is two main term
in sort of Testing and quality Assurance, Verification is usually done by the developers and
Validation is done by the tester whereas Verification is a static activity and Validation is Dynamic
activity. This is product preoccupied with activity which is done by the software testers and other
testers for software.
Testing and debugging is the main part for software testing

Software Testing Is A Technical Task
Art of Software Testing
Prof.Sheetal N.Khanore
Bunts Sangha`s S.M.Shetty College Science, Commerce and Management Studies,
Abstract
Software testing is a technical task, but it also involves some important considerations of economics
and human psychology. In technical aspects it is the process of analyzing a software item to detect
the differences between existing and required conditions (that is defects/errors/bugs) and to evaluate
the features of the software item". A software error occurs when the program does not do, what its
end user reasonably expects it to do.
Software testing is more difficult because of the vast array of programming languages, operating
systems, and hardware platforms that have evolved but at the same time ... Show more content on
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This study may be helpful to comprehend the philosophy or attitude towards the software testing.
Keywords: – Software Testing, Philosophy of Software testing
___________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Software engineering provides the framework for building the high quality software. It integrates the
various strategies, methods and tools for the software development. The revolution of software
engineering offers the different types of software development models. It majorly ratifies the
performance of the software through the testing and maintenance phase of the software.
The testing move toward the static testing (human testing) and dynamic testing (Computer aided
testing).
There are some basic strategies that qualify the software to make sure it's good performance. These
strategies listed below
Structure testing
 White box testing( developer testing)
 focuses on the inner structure of the test object
Function testing
 Black–box testing ( user testing)

 Behavior given by the specification The validation improves the performance of testing by
increasing the confidence in the quality issues of the software.
System Testing
System testing is not a process of testing the functions of the complete system or program, because
this would be redundant with the process of function testing. This testing has a particular purpose as
to

Testing Is The Process Of Executing The Program
CHAPTER 5
TESTING
5.0 Introduction
Testing is the process to execute the program and find the bugs and fix on the spot. It evaluates the
quality of the software, and done during the development and after the implementation process.
Software testing is the process of executing the program with intend to find the errors.
It is a verification and validation process.
Verification is the process which make sure the product to satisfy the specific requirements at the
start of the project.
Validation it is the process to make sure the product which satisfies the specific requirements at the
end of the development phase.
5.1 Software Testing Basics
In the start of testing process the basic and primary thing is requirements of ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The performance of a specific program is not related on errors in code. The errors which occurred
during the execution will be noticed, but the compatibility is another issue that reduces the software
performance.
5.2 The Main Aim of Testing
The main aim of testing is to analyze and examine the performance of a software and to evaluate the
errors that occurred during the execution of a software, when the software is running with different
inputs in different environment. There are different types of testing which are as follow.
Unit testing
Validation testing
Output testing
Integration testing
User acceptance testing
White box testing and Black box testing
5.2.1 Unit Testing In this type of testing the one, one and small part of program is testing and find
the errors during this testing when the errors found and highlight the errors and later fix these errors.
The testing of this type is easy and take less time. When this step of testing is completed then the
next step of testing is performed.
5.2.1.1 Limitations of Unit testing

This is limited to test only the functionality of the units. It can't explain the errors of integration e,
performance problems and system problems. The unit testing only shows the errors which are
occurred during the running of testing, but may it not display the errors which are absent at present
time.
5.2.2 Validation Testing
It is the process to find that the product which is

Software Standards And Software Testing
Software is created with programming language and it contains the tools, compiler, editor and so on.
Computer is one type of hardware that can reads all the software.
Software is one type of program which is developed by developer which is enables to computer to
perform a correct and particular task.
When the program has been finished then it is required to compile in to language for the
understanding of the computer.
Software testing is the one type of procedure of secure that the products which is created by the
developer or programmer for the user or customer which meets all the user requirements.
Sometimes software testing is compulsory because in the software there is some faults and errors.
We can not avoid the faults and this error.
If there are fault in the software equivalent to the design mistake in hardware.
Software testing can not completely identify all the defects and errors within the software.
Software testing is one type of process that should be always done during the software development
process.
Testing judge the quality of the products. After testing we can realize that the products is good for
use or not.
In the other words we can say that software testing is one type of verification and validation process.
Testing is compulsory for improve quality and reliability and to make the software predictable
behavior.
Software testing always takes part to improving the standard of the product.
Static testing: Under the static testing the code is never

Quality Assurance, Testing, and Implementation
Quality Assurance, Testing, and Implementation Frequent Shopper Program, Part III Quality
Assurance Process and Procedures While developing and implementing the Kudler Fine Foods
Frequent Shopper Program, Smith Systems Consulting proposes to adhere to a well planned,
comprehensive, and lifecycle–encompassing quality assurance process to assure the minimal
standards of quality, as defined by Kudler Fine Foods within the functionality and performance
requirements are met. This process goes well beyond debugging the software itself. Rather, the
quality assurance process will begin on day one of the project lifecycle and will be completed the
day the software is retired. That said, though, the goal and guiding principle of the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Testing Procedures Testing has two main objectives: 1. Detect and fix errors 2. Correct operation of
the software Of greater concern to this paper is the correct operation of the Frequent Shopper
Program at all levels: program, network, systems, and interfaces. Testing procedures that can help
guarantee this include: 1. Drawing up a test plan 2. Writing test cases 3. Static testing 4. Functional
testing 5. Structured (non–functional) testing 6. Performance testing The first procedure that needs
to be followed if testing is to be effective in accomplishing these goals is drawing up a test plan
which would include an "overall test plan description" and "detailed test execution instructions"
(Everett & McLeod, 2007, p. 79). The test plan should take each level of the system into
consideration including when parts of the test should be conducted (test schedule), what, in
particular, should be tested, test data (drawn up with the help of business analysts), expected results,
and so on. In effect, the test plan determines what will be tested and why it needs to be tested.
Drawing up a test plan involves writing test cases per development phase. Test cases describe how
testing will be conducted and are usually based on use cases. Just as with use cases, test cases
become more and more detailed as details about the program, system, network, or interfaces are
developed and become evident. In fact, the fleshing–out of use

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Software Testing
4 TESTING: Software testing is an investigation conducted to provide information about the quality
of the product under the test.Software testing also allows the testers to appreciate and understand the
risks of software implementation .Test technique include the process of executing a programme or
application to find software bugs. 4.2 Testing Objective: Objective of testing is to find maximum
errors in the software. So, a good testing strategy is the one with high potential of finding errors and
bugs. The main testing objectives are: Are the component meet the requirements that guided it
design and development. Respond correctly to all kind of inputs. Perform its function within in a
specific time. Sufficiently useable. Achieves ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is no need for the tester to have detailed functional knowledge of system. Tests will be done
from an end user's point of view, because the end user should accept the system. (This testing
technique is sometimes also called Acceptance testing.) Testing helps to identify errors and
contradictions in functional specifications. Test cases can be designed as soon as the functional
specifications are complete. Disadvantages of Black Box Testing Test cases are challenging to
design without having clear functional specifications. It is difficult to identify tricky inputs if the test
cases are not developed based on specifications. It is difficult to identify all possible inputs in
limited testing time. As a result, writing test cases may be slow and difficult. There are chances of
having unidentified paths during the testing process. There is a high probability of repeating tests
already performed by the programmer. 4.4 Testing Levels: Different levels of testing were employed
for software to make it error free, fault free and reliable. i. Unit

Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Activities Of Software...
Activities of Software Developments:
The activities below used to resolve any software issue and involve in its development: Issue
understanding, Determining a strategy for the solution, Coding the strategic resolution and Program
testing. In larger systems, activities followed in order to create it are enlarge. The large activities
includes sub–activities in order to ease each step. It is suitable to perfectly do those steps rather than
doing the whole activity at once. In most, the main steps could be: analyzing the requirement,
making the design, writing the cods and testing the project.
In fact the last step – maintenance – is the stage where the mistake corrected or the enhancement
added in order to hit the rank of the expectation. In contrast to the hardware the software doesn't
broke down but may contained performance issues which called errors. After clarifying the errors
from the software codes then the software tends to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is very humble and easy to comprehend and use. Such a model is easy to manage because of the
inflexibility of the model where every stage has precise receivable and an evaluation process. The
stages of this type of models are managed and accomplished one by one. Stages is not intersection
or overlap. Waterfall model perfectly perform for smaller projects when desires are perfectly
understandable.
Disadvantages of waterfall model:
As waterfall model has many advantages it is carrying a lot of disadvantages. It is hard to make
changes after testing the stage. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go
back and change something that was not well–thought out in the concept stage. The software never
work tile the few last steps and it is very hard to identify the errors at the beginning. It is gambling
operation to make a software and successful of the software is unknown. It is not suitable for a large
complex project.
Incremental

Testing As A Service Provider
Testing as a Service @ Optum Global Solutions Introduction: Testing as a Service (TaaS) is an
outsourcing model in which testing activities associated with some of an organization's business
activities are performed by a service provider rather than employees. TaaS may involve engaging
consultants to help and advice employees or simply outsourcing an area of testing to a service
provider. Usually, a company will still do some testing in–house. TaaS is most suitable for
specialized testing efforts that don't require a lot of in–depth knowledge of the design or the system.
Services that are well–suited for the TaaS model include automated regression testing, performance
tests, security testing. TaaS is also sometimes known as on–demand ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
And some companies cannot afford to invest in best–of–breed solutions when testing and
automation is not their core competency. One model used to handle specialized test efforts is to
augment the staff with highly–skilled consultants. Another option is to use "Managed Service"
solutions where organizations pay for full–service testing efforts, paying for the people resources
needed during the period of time when specialized skills are necessary. "As a Service" solutions are
becoming a popular way for organizations to get a service, without the investments or risks
necessary by doing the work in–house. Often taking advantage of cloud computing and utility
pricing, this model allows organizations to buy what they need, when they need it. Testing as a
Service (TaaS) solutions are popular for complex testing efforts requiring a specialized skill set,
expensive testing tools or a large amount of resources. When would you want to use TaaS? Certainly
TaaS will not cover all of your testing needs. Regardless of test efforts that are outsourced, a good
amount of testing should be done in–house when a project is under development. Unit tests,
functional tests, and integration tests that require knowledge of the system should be performed
throughout the lifecycle with a strong partnership between developers and testers. However, for
tasks that can be automated, but require a specialized skill set or tools, it may be best to use an
outsourced solution rather than try to hire

Feb 2013Lesson 38 Software Acquisition Development
Feb 2013 Lesson 3.8: Software Acquisition: Development and Management The Linkage Between
Systems Engineering and Software Development The DOD policy is to design and develop software
based on Systems Engineering principles. Some examples of the linkages based on these principles
are shown below. Why Worry About Software? Software is an integral part of most defense systems.
Following are two reasons why software development requires special attention: ● ● Software
development can be difficult to monitor because it is a complex, changeable, and invisible product.
Once software development is late, adding more resources typically results in making the project
even later. Software Risk Management Most software development projects are ... Show more
When using this model, special emphasis should be placed on the selection of the items to be
included in the last increment. Sometimes the last increment can be the hardest to complete! When
incremental development is used, an Integrated Product Team (IPT) may be used to help define the
number, size, and phasing of the increments. Involving the IPT can reduce risk and ensure that all of
the user's requirement will be satisfied by the increments. 4 Feb 2013 Spiral Model The Spiral
Model is a risk–driven prototyping approach to software development. This model: ● ● ● Identifies
high–risk areas (e.g., user interface, cost, performance constraints, evolving requirements, etc.) and
develops software prototypes starting with the highest risk first. Allows development to begin before
the final design is fully evolved. Uses feedback from these prototypes for mitigating risks. Spiral
Model development is especially appropriate for unprecedented software–intensive systems. Key
characteristics of the Spiral Model include: ● ● ● ● Risk based–prototyping. Feedback from
prototype. Elaboration of draft documentation during the life cycle. Repetition until risk is at an
acceptable level. 5 Feb 2013 Unprecedented System An Unprecedented System is one that has not
been developed before. No models of previous system(s) or experience base exist on which to base
the

Testing Is A Viable Software Verification Technique
Abstract–Although Concolic testing is increasingly being explored as a viable software verification
technique, its adoption in mainstream software development and testing in the industry is not yet
extensive. In this paper, we discuss challenges to widespread adoption of Concolic testing in an
industrial setting and highlight further opportunities where Concolic testing can find renewed
applicability.
Keywords – concolic testing; security testing; dynamic analysis; pre–silicon validation; malware
analysis; firmware testing;
I. INTRODUCTION
The growing complexity of today's software demands sophisticated software analysis tools and
techniques to enable the development of robust, reliable and secure software. Moreover, increasing
usage of third party libraries or plugins where source code is not readily available presents
additional challenges to effective software testing [11]. The cost to fix bugs prior to releasing the
software is often times much lower than the cost to fix bugs post release, especially in the case of
security bugs. A number of automated software testing tools and techniques are commonly used in
the industry. While automation significantly reduces the overhead of manual testing, finding deeply
embedded security defects is not always automatable. Furthermore, automated software testing is
prone to false positives or false negatives. Hence, there is a burgeoning need to advance the state of
the art in software testing. In this context, Concolic testing is

A Master Test Plan Attributes
Appendix A Master Test Plan Attributes The purpose of the master test plan is to outline the test
activities at a programme level and therefore the information held with the master test plan will be at
a high level. Attribute: Description: Document Control: The version control of the document and
various revisions. Approvals: The attribute used to sign off the document and approve the approach.
Distribution List: A list of resources which need to visibility the master test plan. Executive
Summary: An overall view of the document and its purpose. Introduction: An introduction to way
the document is required and the project background. This attribute will also include test standards
used and a reference to acronyms. Test Definitions: The master test plan will include the various test
work streams on the project with a description of what each work stream will achieve. Scope of
Testing: The master test plan will include the scope of the test activities clearly delineating what will
be out of scope and any limiting factors. Test Approach: The test approach will outlined which four
main activities will be required namely the analysis, preparation, execution and the final activities
when test complete. This section will also include entry, suspension, resumption and exit criteria
supporting the test approach. Test Schedule: This section includes a high level view of the testing to
be carried out and the apportioned time to each high level milestone. Defect Management:

Software Testing Jobs At California
SOFTWARE TESTING JOBS IN CALIFORNIA
In this survey, I'm going to explain or give a small survey about the software testing jobs available
in California and what all different qualifications or skills one needs to have to get these jobs.
Everyone who is studying software engineering or has done software engineering has the same
question in their mind "what are the skills and qualities that a software company looks for in a
candidate". So to find out about different software testing jobs, I had to go to this website called as
"monster".
In this website, one can find any job they need. So through this website, I have researched and found
out different software tester jobs that are available in California. In most of my research I have
found out that
Software testing jobs require a candidate to have good communication and writing skills.
They also need to have good knowledge on programming languages like java script, PHP, C and
C++.
They need to have at least 3 years of experience in software testing.
They should have a bachelor's degree from computer science.
They need to be familiar with using the black box and white box test planning and testing.
In indeed.com, I have found a software quality assurance testing job in Kaiser Permanente located in
San Diego. This job is looking for many different skills from a candidate, like
They are looking for a software quality tester who will be responsible for writing test plans,
documenting bugs and communicating with

New Approaches to Software Testing Essay
INTRODUCTION
Software Testing can be termed as process of validating and verifying a computer program with
intent to check whether it meets the requirements which guided in design and development, ensure
that system works as expected, system is implemented with desired characteristics and satisfies the
needs of its stake holders. This process consumes nearly 50% of product development costs, hence
is a costly and time consuming process. The growing complexity of modern software applications
has triggered tester's interest in leveraging new approaches to improve software quality.
Software Testing is classified into following types based on the various criteria:
Source of test generation.
Life cycle phase in which testing takes place
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Test process models classify testing process based on the various Software Development Lifecycle
models adopted in development process like Waterfall model, Spiral model, Agile model, Test
driven development. The testing includes the corresponding tailored models of testing for the model
used in SDLC.
Software testing is intended to find errors and defects during the software product development.
Therefore sufficient effort is required to ensure that system is in line with the requirements of the
corresponding phase. Manual generation of test cases and applying them on the System under Test
(SUT) is a laborious process and depends on skill and expertise of the tester performing the process
of testing. A test Engineer has to keep track of several issues during testing like what test cases shall
exercise the program, ensure maximum coveragability, determine whether adequate testing has been
done, check whether sufficient test cases are available to meet the testing requirements on time,
approaches and methods involved in testing, extent of automation in testing etc.. As the above
process involves much human intervention, the efficacy of the process is not consistent.
To ensure the better outcome as for the result of the efforts, the process of software testing needs to
be automated. Automation of software testing involves testing the software with robust

Bt0092
Spring 2012
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BScIT) – Semester 1
BT0092 – Software Project Management – 4 Credits (Book ID:)
Assignment Set – 1 (60 Marks)
Answer all questions 10 x 6 = 60
1. Explain the IT and its organizational structures in detail?
Ans:
Traditional organizations are hierarchical, flat or matrix in design. (Fig. 1.1)
In hierarchical organizations, middle managers tell subordinates what to do and tell superiors the
outcomes. IS supports this hierarchy.
In flat structured organizations, work is more flexible and employee do whatever is needed. It allows
offloading extra work and supports intra–firm communications.
In matrix organizations, work is organized into small work groups and integrated ... Show more
Act as the central point of contact on those projects. Involve or aware of virtually every issue or
decision in project. Team Leader is responsible for all aspects of the project. Work with all other
positions.
Product Management
Work with clients to define requirements and resolve issues. Design and maintain functional
specifications and other documentation. Often provide prototypes for user interfaces or design
interface of services. Work with Team Leadership and Software Development.
Logistics
Manage hardware/software requirements for development, testing, validation, and production
environments. Perform or oversee installations. Own the installation process and any installation
utilities.
Work with resource teams to obtain servers/software and address issues within the environments.
Work with Team Leader.

Software Development (Programming)
Design and code the software to match the specifications, prototypes, and other documentation.
Define timelines. Work with Product Management to refine expectations and clarify requirements.
Often interact with Team Leader, Tester, User Documentation, and User Education.
Software Testing
Define testing procedures and certification process. Define timelines. Create and execute tests on
software. Manage a bug–tracking procedure. Work with Team Leadership. Collaborate with Product
Management to define areas and specifics of testing. Often

Software Analysis : Software Project Management Essay
Software Testing Techniques
Introduction: (12Bold) Materials:
Method:
Discussion: Introduction:
Software project management is necessary to develop a high quality software product. Software
project management involves the activities of planning, organizing, directing, monitoring and
controlling. We are concerned with the risk factors which will affect the management activities and
the developing project will not proceed according to the plan. The term "Risk" is a problem which
can threaten the success of the software project. But we often assume that everything will go
exactly, it is planned [1]. A challenge for IT industry is to develop software system that meets
business needs. The fact is we have to deliver software that is free of bugs. The bugs in software can
cause major loss in IT organization if they are not removed before delivery. Software testing is as
old as the hills in the history of digital computers. The testing of software is an important means of
assessing the software to determine its quality. Since testing typically consumes 40 – 50% of
development efforts, and consumes more effort for systems that require higher levels of reliability, it
is a significant part of the software engineering. Software testing is performed to support quality
assurance [2].Good quality software can be made by using an efficient test method. Statistics say
that 50% of the total cost of software development is devoted to software testing even it is more in

School Of Computing Engineering & Mathematics
School of Computing Engineering & Mathematics
ASSIGNMENT / REPORT COVER SHEET
This sheet must be attached to all material being submitted for marking.
Student name: Nivriti Sood
Student number: 17758390
Unit name and number: IT Project Management (300260)
Tutorial day and time: –––
Lecturer/Tutor: Dr. Bahman Javadi
Title of Assignment: Individual Essay: Software Testing Methods
Length:
(Optional)
1800 words
Date due: 22nd June 2015
Date submitted: 22nd June 2015
Student Declaration (must be signed)
Declaration:
I hold a copy of this assignment if the original is lost or damaged.
I hereby certify that no part of this assignment or product has been copied from any other student's
work or from any other source except where due acknowledgement is made in the assignment.
No part of the assignment/product has been written / produced for me by any other person except
where collaboration has been authorised by the subject lecturer/tutor concerned
I am aware that this work may be reproduced and submitted to plagiarism detection software
programs for the purpose of detecting possible plagiarism (which may retain a copy on its database
for future plagiarism checking))

I hereby certify that no part of this assignment or product has been submitted by me in another
(previous or current) assessment, except where appropriately referenced, and with prior permission
from the Lecturer/Tutor/ Unit Co–ordinator for this unit.

Smith Consulting Intro to Software Engineer
Team B Smith Consulting Week Five Draft
University of Phoenix
Intro To Software Engineering
BSA/385
Frederick Douglas Taylor Jr.
June 4, 2012
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 3
Software Development Process 3
Quality Assurance Process 4
Procedures 4
Engagement Approach Description 4
Table 1.1 GUIDELINE FOR DECIDING DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES 6
Management Projects Description 7
Figure 1.1 Major Project Management Activities 7
Client Relationship Description 7
Program Specification Documentation 8
Figure 1.3 9
Test Planning 14
Test Strategy 14
Static Testing 15
Figure 1.4 15
Functional Testing 15
Structural Testing 16
Performance Testing 16
Hardware 17
Software 17
Testing Procedures 18
Conclusion 19 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
SC will compare traditional and various iterative implementations of the SDLC. For example,
Braude and Bernstein (2011) state that the popular and mature waterfall process model promotes
simple comprehension, project management, and resource distribution of small project development
lifecycles. The serial nature of the traditional SDLC leans toward the gathering of all requirements
at the beginning of the project whereas the majority of testing occurs at the end of the lifecycle. The

waterfall model's linear design creates disastrous risks for large projects if the project team does not
understand the core requirements during the initial phase of the project or the detection of major
problems occurs toward the end of the project. On the other hand, a spiral model significantly
reduces risks for large projects whereas complexity causes overkill for smaller projects. The
project's physical scope, timeline, budget, and resource determine which the most optimal process
model for a project. Table 1.1 displays a comparison chart that SC uses to weigh advantages and
disadvantages of traditional SDLC and Agile development methodologies. SC will utilize this chart
to determine which development methodology is utilized based on the primary amount of questions
answered positively weighed with the clients business case requirements. "Agile software
development is a

Testing And Quality Assurance Mechanism Essay
Making a real system is all about quality control, with the quality assurance mechanism in place, a
good–written code can feel like a good job on the system but testing plays the key role in keeping
code straight and narrow and filtering with its own technique will be the perfect blend on the cutting
edge system. In main point testing and quality assurance plays its key roles to detect faults and
making them right if someone ask a question like "Will the customer going to be happy with the
system?" Well obviously, you need that testing techniques to determine the system requirements but
testing is not the only one which is going to cover all the requirements There may be some questions
like "Is it pity ", "is it innovative " or "does it gets the job done " in this case you need the quality
assurance to evaluate the actions on a such a system that it will get the established requirements. 1.1
Testing More over testing is evaluating each and every system requirement by using its own
techniques to identify the different between given input and expected output in such a manner. In
testing we can see two different basics testing and they are black box testing and white box testing
1.1.1 Black Box testing Also Known as functional testing or specification based testing is a method
of evaluate the system functionality by ignoring internal mechanism, by a set of valid and invalid
data input and code execution conditions the tester tests the systems output response and this
method

How Does Design Patterns Support High Level And Reuse...
22. How do design patterns contribute to reuse? Patterns support high–level and reuse concept. By
using these patterns we can adapt the implementation to suit the system that we are developing.
Patterns are a great idea but we need experience of software design to use this pattern in effective
way. We need to recognize situations where a pattern can be applied. The one who don't have any
experience also read the pattern books, should always able to find it hard to decide whether they can
reuse a pattern or need to develop a special purpose solution. 7.2 design pattern 23. What are the 4
levels at which software reuse is possible? 1. The abstraction level: We don't reuse software directly
but we the use knowledge of successful abstractions in the design of software. 2. The object level:
Instead of writing the code own we reuse the objects from library. To implement this type of reuse,
we have to find appropriate libraries and discover if the objects and methods offer the functionality
that you need. 3. The component level: Components are collections of objects and object classes that
operate together to provide related functions and services. We often have to adapt and extend the
component by adding some of own code. 4. The system level: We reuse the entire application
systems at this system level. It involves some kind of configuration of these systems. This can be
achieved by adding and modifying code or by using the system's own configuration interface. 7.3.1
reuse

Quality And Capacity Of Software Testing
5.0 Introduction
Testing is the process to execute the program and find the bugs and fix on the spot. It evaluates the
quality of the software, and done during the development and after the implementation process.
Software testing is the process of executing the program with intend to find the errors.
It is a verification and validation process.
Verification is the process which make sure the product to satisfy the specific requirements at the
start of the project.
Validation it is the process to make sure the product which satisfies the specific requirements at the
end of the development phase.
5.1 Software Testing Basics
In the start of testing process the basic and primary thing is requirements of development cycle, this
phase the testing will be easier for testing.
The quality and capacity of software can be examining by executing the code and check the code at
different conditions such as software testing by subjecting it to different sources as input and
evaluating the results with respect to the inputs.
There are two basics types of software testing.
Black box testing
White box testing
These two basic types of testing are explained at lower part of this chapter.
5.1.1 Functional and Non–Functional Testing
Functional testing defines the specific function of a particular code in the program. The functional
testing gives us the information about the performance and security of a program.
Non–functional testing defines the capabilities of a specific software, and it

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