unit-1 notes
- 1. 1 Unit I Dr Gnanasekaran Thangavel
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- 3. What is mobile computing? 3 ❖ Mobile computing is to describe technologies that ❖ enable people to access network services anyplace, anytime, and anywhere, ❖ with portable and wireless computing and communication devices. ❖ Aspects of mobility ❖ User mobility ❖ Between different geographical locations ❖ Between different networks ❖ Between different communication devices ❖ Between different applications ❖ Device portability ❖ Between different geographical locations ❖ Between different networks
- 4. Mobile Computing vs. Ubiquitous Computing/Pervasive Computing 4 Mobile Computing is a generic term describing the application of small, portable, and wireless computing and communication devices. This includes devices like laptops with wireless LAN technology, mobile phones, wearable computers and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) with Bluetooth or IRDA interfaces, and USB flash drives. Ubiquitous computing (ubicomp, or sometimes ubiqcomp) integrates computation into the environment, rather than having computers which are distinct objects. Pervasive computing. Promoters of this idea hope that embedding computation into the environment would enable people to move around and interact with computers more naturally than they currently do.
- 5. 5 Challenges • Disconnection • Low bandwidth • High bandwidth variability • Low power and resources • Security risks • Wide variety terminals and devices with different capabilities • Device attributes • Fit more functionality into single, smaller device
- 6. 6 Future of Mobile Computing • Use of Artificial Intelligence • Integrated Circuitry -> Compact Size • Increases in Computer Processor speeds
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- 8. 8 UNIT I INTRODUCTION Mobile Computing – Mobile Computing Vs wireless Networking – Mobile Computing Applications – Characteristics of Mobile computing – Structure of Mobile Computing Application. MAC Protocols – Wireless MAC Issues – Fixed Assignment Schemes – Random Assignment Schemes – Reservation Based Schemes.
- 9. 9 What is Mobile Computing? ❑ What is computing? The capability to automatically carry out certain processing related to service invocations on a remote computer . ❑ What is the mobility ? The capability to change location while communicating to invoke computing service at some remote computers. ❑ What is mobile computing? Ability to compute remotely while on the move. It is possible to access information from anywhere and at anytime.
- 10. 10 • A simple definition could be: Mobile Computing is using a computer (of one kind or another) while on the move • Another definition could be: Mobile Computing is when a (work) process is moved from a normal fixed position to a more dynamic position. • A third definition could be: Mobile Computing is when a work process is carried out somewhere where it was not previously possible. • Mobile Computing is an umbrella term used to describe technologies that enable people to access network services anyplace, anytime, and anywhere.
- 11. Mobile computing vs Wireless networking ❖ Mobile computing is based on wireless networking and helps to invoke computing services on remote servers while on the move. ❖ So Wireless networking is an important and necessary ingredient of mobile computing. ❖ Mobile computing also requires the applications themselves – their design and development, the hardware at the client and server sides 11
- 12. Classification of Wireless networks Wireless networks can be classified into basic types ❑ Infrastructure network -One is extension of wired networks. It uses fixed infrastructure such as base station to provide single hop wireless communication with wired network as shown in figure 2.1. ❖ Two-hop cellular communication as shown in figure 3. 12
- 13. 13 Figure 3- Two-hop cellular communication
- 14. ❑ Ad Hoc network It does not use any fixed infrastructure and is based on multi-hop wireless communication as shown in figure 2.2 14
- 15. 15 Applications of Mobile Computing Stock Information Collection/Control Emergency services For Estate Agents In courts In companies Credit Card Verification Taxi/Truck Dispatch Electronic Mail/Paging
- 16. 16 Applications Conti… • Vehicles ● transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB ● personal communication using GSM ● position via GPS ● local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy ● vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance • Medical ● Nurses/Doctors in Medical offices are now using Wireless Tablet PCs/WLAN to collect and share patient information. • Sales ● Sales representatives are using Tablet PCs with Smart phones for presentation, transmitting/access information among office, hotel, and customer location. • Emergencies ● Early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis ● Provide mobile infrastructure in dealing with Natural Disaster (earthquake, hurricane, fire), terrorist attacks, war, ... 16
- 17. Characteristics of Mobile Computing • Ubiquity – The ability of a user to perform computation from anywhere and at anytime. • Location awareness – Many applications requires or value additions by location based services. • Adaptation- Ability to adjust to bandwidth fluctuations without inconveniencing the user. 17
- 18. • Broadcast- Efficient delivery of data can be made simultaneously to hundreds of mobile users • Personalization – Services in a mobile environment can be easily personalized according to a user’s profile. 18
- 19. Structure of Mobile Computing Application 19 A mobile computing application is usually structured In terms of the functionalities implemented . As shown in the figures 2.3 and 2.4 the three tiers are named presentation tier, application tier and data tier.
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- 21. • Presentation tier – The topmost level, concerns the user interface. It facilitates the users to issue requests and to present the results meaningfully. It includes web browsers and client programs. • Application tier – It is responsible for making logical decisions and performing calculations. Implemented using Java, .NET services, cold fusion etc. Implemented on a fixed server. • Data tier – Responsible for data storage, access and manipulation. Implemented on a fixed server. 21
- 22. MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL(MAC) • A channel-access scheme is also based on a multiple access protocol and control mechanism, also known as media access control (MAC). This protocol deals with issues such as addressing, assigning multiplex channels to different users, and avoiding collisions. 22
- 23. Responsibility and objective of MAC Protocol • Responsibility :Enforce discipline in the access of a shared channel when multiple nodes contend to access that channel. • Objective: Maximization of the utilization of the channel and minimization of average latency of transmission . 23
- 24. 24 The Hidden Terminal Problem ❖ Wireless stations have transmission ranges and not all stations are within radio range of each other. ❖ Simple CSMA will not work! ❖ C transmits to B. ❖ If A “senses” the channel, it will not hear C’s transmission and falsely conclude that A can begin a transmission to B. ❖ Create a very difficult and important arbitration problem that a MAC protocol needs to resolve.
- 25. 25 Figure 4-26.(a)The hidden station problem. (b) The exposed station problem.
- 26. 26 The Exposed Station Problem ❖ The inverse problem. ❖ B wants to send to C and listens to the channel. ❖ When B hears A’s transmission, B falsely assumes that it cannot send to C. ❖ It leads to inefficient spectrum usage as well as unnecessary transmission delays.
- 27. Classification of wireless MAC protocols Wireless MAC protocols Fixed-assignment schemes Random-access schemes Reservation - based schemes Circuit-switched CL packet-switched CO packet-switched CL – Connection Less. CO – Connection Oriented 27
- 28. Channel Partitioning MAC protocols TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access Frequency time Frequency time FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access Same frequency and time but different codes. 4 users Example: 28
- 29. Classification of wireless MAC protocols Wireless MAC protocols Fixed-assignment schemes Random-access schemes Reservation - based schemes Circuit-switched CL packet-switched CO packet-switched CL – Connection Less. CO – Connection Oriented 29
- 30. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ❖ In an FDMA system, each user has its own frequency channel. This implies that relatively narrow filters are needed in each receiver and transmitter. ❖ Most duplex FDMA systems must transmit and receive simultaneously. (Frequency Division Duplex, FDD). ❖ It does not achieve a high channel utilization. 30
- 31. 31 Frequency Division Multiple Access
- 33. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) In TDMA, a set of N users share the same radio channel, but each user only uses the channel during predetermined slots. A frame consists of N slots, one for each user. Frames are repeated continuously. Time slots are allocated to users in a round robin manner . Un used time slots go idle, leading to low channel utilization 33
- 35. TDMA Time Frequency 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Channel Time Slot 35
- 36. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Multiple users use the same frequency at the same time. All the senders send signals simultaneously. The signals can be distinguished from each other by frequency spreading code known as the m bit pseudo-noise(PN) sequence. Using m bits 2m -1codes obtained Each user will use only one code. 36
- 38. Classification of wireless MAC protocols Wireless MAC protocols Fixed-assignment schemes Random-access schemes Reservation - based schemes Circuit-switched CL packet-switched CO packet-switched CL – Connection Less. CO – Connection Oriented 38
- 39. Random access MAC Schemes Number of random assignment schemes . A few important. ALOHA Slotted ALOHA CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CA 39
- 40. ALOHA Simplest scheme True free-for-all. When a node needs to send, it does so. It listens for an amount of time equal to the maximum round trip delay plus a fixed increment. If it hears an acknowledgment, fine; otherwise it resends after waiting a random amount of time. After several attempts, it gives up. Low delay if light load Max. utilization: 18% 40
- 41. Slotted ALOHA ❖ An improvement over pure ALOHA. ❖ Time is divided into equal sized slots in which a packet can be sent. The size of pocket is restricted. ❖ Send packet only at the beginning of a slot. ❖ Employ beacon signals to mark the beginning of a slot. ❖ Does not work well if the number of stations contending to send data is high. ❖ In such case CSMA scheme works better. 41
- 42. Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA ❖ Carrier Sense Multiple Access ❖ sense carrier ❖ if idle, send ❖ wait for ack ❖ If there isn’t one, assume there was a collision, retransmit ❖ Vulnerable period: one tprop 42
- 43. Extension of CSMA ❖ The extension of CSMA are the collision detection CSMA/CD and the collision avoidance CSMA/CA techniques. ❖ Why CA and CD? ❖ Difficult to detect collisions in a radio environment – why? ❖ A transmitting station cannot effectively distinguish incoming weak signals from noise and the effects of its own transmission; need a full duplex radio to listen and transmit on same frequency (not true in FDD systems) ❖ Hidden station problem: ❖ Two mutually far away stations A and C want to send to B. ❖ At A and C, channel appears idle ❖ But collision occurs at B 43
- 44. • CSMA/CD multi-access control protocol. 1. Each station listens before it transmits. 2. If the channel is busy, it waits until the channel goes idle, and then it transmits. 3. If the channel is idle it transmits immediately. Continue sensing. 4. If collision is detected, transmit a brief jamming signal, then cease transmission, wait for a random time, and retransmit. • collision detection is not by waiting for an ACK 44 CSMA/CD
- 45. CSMA/CA ❖ Prevent collision at the moment they are most likely occur, when bus is released after a packet transmission. ❖ During the time a node is transmitting on the channel, several nodes might be wanting to transmit and waiting for it to become free. ❖ The moment the transmitting node completes its transmission and would all starts transmitting at the same time. ❖ To overcome in the collision avoidance scheme, all nodes are forced to wait for a random time and then sense the medium again before starting their transmission. ❖ If the medium is sensed to be busy, further random amount of time and so on. ❖ Thus the chance of two nodes starting to transmit at the same time would be greatly reduced. 45
- 46. Classification of wireless MAC protocols Wireless MAC protocols Fixed-assignment schemes Random-access schemes Reservation - based schemes Circuit-switched CL packet-switched CO packet-switched CL – Connection Less. CO – Connection Oriented 46
- 47. Reservation based schemes • Basic form of the reservation scheme is RTS/CTS scheme. • A sender transmits an RTS (Ready to Send) packet to the receiver before the actual data transmission. • On receiving this the receiver sends CTS (Clear to Send) packet. • The actual data transfer commences only after that. • The other nodes sharing the medium sense the CTS packet, they refrain from transmitting until the transmission from the sending node is completes. 47
- 48. Contention-based protocol MACA(Multiple Access Collision Avoidance) Protocol MACA solves the hidden/ exposed terminal problems When a node wants to transmit a data packet, it first transmit a RTS (Request To Send) frame. The receiver node, on receiving the RTS packet, if it is ready to receive the data packet, transmits a CTS (Clear to Send) packet. Once the sender receives the CTS packet without any error, it starts transmitting the data packet. If a packet transmitted by a node is lost, the node uses the binary exponential back-off (BEB) algorithm to back off a random interval of time before retrying. The binary exponential back-off mechanism used in MACA might starves flows sometimes. The problem is solved by MACAW. 48
- 49. MACA Protocol The MACA protocol. ❑ A sending an RTS to B. ❑ B responding with a CTS to A. 49
- 50. 50 ❖ MACA avoids the problem of hidden terminals ❖A and C want to send to B ❖A sends RTS first ❖C waits after receiving CTS from B ❖ MACA avoids the problem of exposed terminals ❖B wants to send to A, C to another terminal ❖now C does not have to wait for it cannot receive CTS from A MACA examples A B C RTS CTS CTS A B C RTS CTS RTS
- 51. References Book: Prasant Kumar Pattnaik, Rajib Mall, “Fundamentals of Mobile Computing”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi – 2012. Web:http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/vk5/report.html PPT: http://www.slideshare.net/tapeshchalisgaonkar1/mobile-computing-25723678 https://cs.uccs.edu/~chow/pub/master/ycai/mobile_computing_mtu.ppt http://www.slideshare.net/SukumarNayak/snsecurity-architecture-for-mobile-computi ng-and-iot 51
- 52. 52 Thank You Questions and Comments?