UNIT-1.pptx that contains the web and internet of tecnology

Part-A
1. Brief Introduction about Internet
2. WWW
3. Web Browsers
4. Web Servers
5. URL
6. MIME
7. HTTP
2

The Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that enables the exchange of data and information across
the world. Its history is a story of innovation, collaboration, and technological advancement. Here's a brief overview of
the Internet and its history:
1. Precursors to the Internet:
- The idea of a global communication network can be traced back to the early 1960s, with visionary thinkers like J.C.R.
Licklider and Leonard Kleinrock proposing the concept of a "Galactic Network."
- In 1962, J.C.R. Licklider of MIT proposed the idea of an "Intergalactic Network" of computers to allow information
sharing.
2. ARPANET - The Birth of the Internet:
- The first practical schematics for the Internet came from the work of Leonard Kleinrock, who developed the
mathematical theory behind packet switching, an essential part of the Internet's design.
- ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, was created in
the late 1960s by a team of engineers and scientists.
- On October 29, 1969, ARPANET delivered its first message: "LOGIN." The system crashed after only two letters, but a
revolution had begun.
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3. Development and Growth:
- The early Internet was used by the military and researchers to communicate and share
information.
- In 1973, the first international connections to the ARPANET were established with the
University College of London and the Royal Radar Establishment in the Netherlands.
- Email was developed in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson.
- In 1974, the first TCP specification was published. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is a
fundamental communication protocol used on the Internet.
- In 1983, the ARPANET transitioned to using TCP/IP protocols, marking the birth of the Internet
as we know it.
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◦ 4. World Wide Web (WWW):
◦ - In 1989, British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee, working at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear
Research), proposed the concept of the World Wide Web.
◦ - In 1990, he wrote the first web browser and web server software.
◦ - In 1991, the first website was created.
◦ 5. Commercialization and Expansion:
◦ - The 1990s saw the commercialization of the Internet, with the introduction of Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
and the World Wide Web.
◦ - E-commerce, online banking, and the dot-com bubble characterized this period.
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6. The Modern Internet:
- The Internet has continued to evolve with the advent of social media, cloud computing, streaming
services, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
- Security and privacy concerns have become significant issues in the digital age.
- Advances in high-speed Internet technology, including fiber optics and 5G, continue to shape the
Internet's capabilities.
7. Future Directions:
- The future of the Internet includes developments in areas like artificial intelligence, blockchain
technology, and expanded Internet access to underserved regions.
The Internet's history is a testament to human innovation and cooperation. What began as a research
project has transformed into an integral part of modern life, affecting how we communicate, conduct
business, and access information. Its continued development and adaptation to new technologies
ensure that it will remain a cornerstone of the digital age.
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2.WWW
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the web, is a subset of the Internet and a fundamental component of
how we access and interact with information online. It was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 and became publicly
accessible in the early 1990s. Here's an overview of the World Wide Web:
1. Basic Structure:
- The web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content.
- It uses the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to transmit data between web servers and web browsers.
2. Key Concepts:
Hypertext: Hypertext is text that contains links to other documents, allowing users to navigate between related pieces of
information. These links are often represented as hyperlinks or simply "links."
Web Page: A web page is a single document or resource on the web. It can contain various types of content, including text,
images, videos, and interactive elements.
Website: A website is a collection of related web pages, often organized around a common theme or purpose.
3.Web Addresses:
- Web addresses, also known as Uniform Resource Locators (URLs), are used to specify the location of web resources. A
typical URL includes the protocol (e.g., "http" or "https"), the domain name (e.g., "www.example.com"), and a path to the
specific resource (e.g., "/page").
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4. Web Browsers:
- Web browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge) are software applications that allow users to view
and interact with web pages.
- They render HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and other web technologies to display content.
5. Web Servers:
- Web servers are computers that store and serve web content to users.
- They listen for incoming requests from web browsers and send the requested web pages and
resources in response.
6. HTML and Markup Languages:
- HTML is the primary language used to create web pages. It defines the structure and content of a
web page using tags.
- Markup languages like HTML use tags (enclosed in angle brackets) to describe elements on a web
page, such as headings, paragraphs, links, and images.
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7. Hyperlinks:
- Hyperlinks are a fundamental aspect of the web. They allow users to navigate between web
pages and resources by clicking on text or images.
8. Multimedia and Interactive Content:
- In addition to text and images, the web supports various multimedia content, including audio
and video.
- Interactive elements like forms and JavaScript enable user input and dynamic features.
9. HTTP and HTTPS:
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol for transmitting web data.
- HTTPS (HTTP Secure) is a secure version of HTTP that encrypts data for secure online
transactions.
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10. Web Development:
- Web developers create and maintain websites and web applications.
- They use various web technologies, including HTML, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and JavaScript.
11. Web Standards:
- Organizations like the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) establish and promote web standards to ensure
compatibility and consistency across different web platforms.
12. Web Search Engines:
- Search engines like Google, Bing, and Yahoo provide a way for users to find information on the web by
entering search queries.
13. Web Accessibility:
- Web accessibility standards aim to make the web usable by people with disabilities by ensuring that web
content is perceivable, operable, and understandable.
The World Wide Web has transformed the way we access and share information, conduct business, and
communicate with others. It has become an integral part of modern life and continues to evolve with the
introduction of new technologies and web standards.
10

3.Web Browsers
Web browsers are software applications that provide users with the means to access and interact with information on the
World Wide Web. They serve as a gateway to the internet, allowing users to view websites, access web-based applications,
and consume various forms of digital content. Here's an in-depth look at web browsers:
Key Functions of Web Browsers:
1. Rendering Web Pages: Web browsers are responsible for interpreting and displaying web content, which is primarily
composed of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They render text, images, videos, and interactive elements, ensuring that web pages
appear as intended.
2. Managing User Interaction: Browsers allow users to interact with web pages through actions such as clicking on links,
filling out forms, and submitting data. They also handle events like mouse clicks and keyboard inputs.
3. Navigation: Browsers provide navigation tools, such as the address bar and forward/backward buttons, to help users
move between web pages. Bookmarks and history features help users save and revisit their favorite sites.
4. Extensions and Add-ons: Most modern browsers support extensions and add-ons that enhance functionality. These can
include ad-blockers, password managers, and productivity tools.
5. Privacy and Security: Browsers offer security features like anti-phishing protection, automatic updates, and the ability to
disable tracking cookies. They also enable secure connections to websites through HTTPS.
6. Download Management: Browsers allow users to download files from the web. They provide download progress
information and a place to manage downloaded content.
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Common Web Browsers:
1. Google Chrome: Developed by Google, Chrome is known for its speed, simplicity, and extensive
support for web technologies. It is the most widely used web browser globally.
2. Mozilla Firefox: An open-source browser known for its privacy features, customization options, and
support for web standards. Firefox is developed by the Mozilla Foundation.
3. Microsoft Edge: Edge is the default browser on Windows operating systems. It offers a smooth
browsing experience and integration with Microsoft services.
4. Apple Safari: Safari is the default browser on Apple devices. It's known for its speed and performance
performance on macOS and iOS.
5. Opera: Opera is a browser that focuses on speed and privacy. It offers a built-in ad blocker and a free
VPN service.
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Web Standards Compliance:
Web browsers must adhere to web standards established by organizations like the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) to
ensure consistent and cross-compatible rendering of web content. Compliance with these standards is essential to maintain a
consistent user experience across different browsers.
Mobile Browsing:
In addition to desktop browsers, there are mobile browsers designed specifically for smartphones and tablets. Mobile
browsers optimize web content for smaller screens and touch interfaces. Examples include Chrome for Android, Safari for iOS,
and Opera Mini.
Web Browser Extensions:
Extensions and add-ons are small software programs that users can install to customize and enhance their browsing
experience. They can block ads, improve productivity, or add functionality to the browser.
Privacy and Security:
Modern web browsers prioritize user privacy and security. They include features like private browsing modes, pop-up
blockers, and protection against malware and phishing attacks. The shift toward HTTPS encryption has also become standard
to ensure secure data transmission.
Web browsers have evolved significantly since the early days of the World Wide Web. They continue to play a critical role in
how people access and interact with online content, and they are central to the digital experience in today's interconnected
world.
13

WEB SERVER
Web servers are essential components of the World Wide Web, responsible for serving web content to
users who request it through web browsers. They play a critical role in facilitating the delivery of
websites, applications, and various digital resources over the internet. Here's an in-depth look at web
servers:
Key Functions of Web Servers:
1. Handling Client Requests: Web servers receive and respond to requests from clients, which are
typically web browsers. These requests can include loading web pages, accessing files, submitting
forms, or retrieving data from a database.
2. Content Delivery: Web servers store and serve various types of content, including HTML web
pages, images, videos, CSS stylesheets, JavaScript files, and downloadable documents. When a user
requests a web page, the server assembles and delivers the necessary resources to the client's browser
for rendering.
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3. Processing Dynamic Content: Web servers can execute server-side scripts and applications to generate
dynamic content. This allows for personalization, database queries, user authentication, and more. Common
server-side scripting languages include PHP, Python, Ruby, and Node.js.
4. Load Balancing: In high-traffic environments, web servers often work in conjunction with load balancers to
to distribute incoming requests among multiple servers. Load balancing ensures even distribution of traffic,
improves performance, and enhances fault tolerance.
5. Logging and Monitoring: Web servers maintain logs of client requests and server responses. These logs are
crucial for diagnosing issues, analyzing traffic patterns, and ensuring server security.
6. Security and Access Control: Web servers implement security measures to protect against unauthorized
access and malicious activity. This includes firewalls, encryption (HTTPS), and access control mechanisms.
7. Caching: To optimize performance, web servers can cache frequently accessed content. Caching reduces
the need to generate the same content repeatedly and speeds up response times.
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Common Web Servers:
1. Apache HTTP Server: Apache is one of the most widely used open-source web servers. It is known for its
flexibility and extensibility, supporting a range of programming languages and modules.
2. Nginx: Nginx is a high-performance, open-source web server that excels in serving static content and
acting as a reverse proxy for dynamic content. It is favored for its efficiency and scalability.
3. Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS): IIS is a web server developed by Microsoft for Windows
servers. It offers integration with Microsoft technologies and is commonly used for hosting ASP.NET
applications.
4. LiteSpeed: LiteSpeed is known for its speed and efficiency. It is often used in shared hosting environments
and is compatible with Apache configurations.
5. Tomcat: Apache Tomcat is an open-source application server designed to serve Java-based web
applications. It is commonly used in Java web development.
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Web Hosting:
Web hosting companies provide server resources and infrastructure to host websites. They maintain web servers
and related services, enabling individuals and businesses to publish their websites on the internet without
managing the server hardware themselves.
Virtual Hosting:
Web servers can host multiple websites on the same physical server through virtual hosting. Each website has its
own configuration and resources, ensuring isolation and security.
Web Server Security:
Securing web servers is a critical aspect of web infrastructure. Regular updates, firewalls, security patches, and best
practices like setting proper permissions help protect against threats and vulnerabilities.
Web servers are the backbone of the World Wide Web, ensuring that websites and web applications are accessible
to users around the globe. They are integral to the functioning of the internet and are a foundational technology
in the digital age.
17

URL-Uniform Resource Locator
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is a fundamental concept in web technology, serving as the address used to
locate and identify resources on the internet. URLs are what you type into your web browser's address bar to
access websites, web pages, files, and more. Here's a comprehensive overview of URLs:
Components of a URL:
A URL consists of several components, each serving a specific purpose:
1. Scheme (or Protocol): This component specifies the protocol used to access the resource. Common
schemes include:
- HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol, used for standard web pages.
- HTTPS: HTTP Secure, the encrypted version of HTTP for secure communication.
- FTP: File Transfer Protocol, used for file transfers.
- mailto: For email addresses.
- file: For local file access.
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2. Host: The host component specifies the domain or IP address of the server where the
resource is located. For web addresses, it typically looks like "www.example.com" or just
"example.com."
3. Port: The port number, if specified, indicates the communication port on the host where the
resource is available. For example, "http://example.com:8080" indicates port 8080.
4. Path: The path component identifies the specific location or file on the host server. It often
resembles a file directory structure, such as "/folder/subfolder/resource.html."
5. Query: The query component, if present, provides parameters to the resource. It starts with a
question mark "?" and may include key-value pairs, often used for data retrieval or search
operations.
6. Fragment (or Anchor): The fragment component, indicated by a hash symbol "#," specifies a
specific section or anchor point within the resource, often used in web pages.
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Examples of URLs:
https://www.example.com/index.html : In this URL, "https" is the scheme, "www.example.com" is the host, and
and "index.html" is the path.
ftp://ftp.example.com/public/documents/file.txt : This URL specifies the FTP protocol, the host
"ftp.example.com," and the file path "public/documents/file.txt.“
https://www.example.com/search?q=url+example: This URL includes a query component "?q=url+example,"
which might be used for a search function.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator : This URL for a Wikipedia article includes a path
specifying the resource's location.
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URL Encoding:
Special characters, spaces, and non-ASCII characters are encoded in URLs to ensure proper
transmission and interpretation by web servers and browsers. URL encoding replaces these characters
with specific codes, such as "%20" for space.
Relative and Absolute URLs:
- Absolute URLs: Provide the full path from the root domain, including the scheme, host, and path.
- Relative URLs: Specify the resource's location relative to the current page or resource. They don't
include the scheme and host and can be useful within a website to link to other pages or resources.
URL Shortening:
URL shortening services, like bit.ly or tinyurl.com, provide shorter versions of long URLs. These services
redirect users to the original, longer URL when the shortened URL is accessed.
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Importance of URLs:
- URLs are the foundation of web navigation and resource access.
- They enable linking between web pages and resources, creating the interconnected structure of the World
Wide Web.
- Properly structured and user-friendly URLs can enhance search engine optimization (SEO) and user
experience.
URLs are a fundamental element of the internet, enabling users to access information, navigate the web, and
share resources. Understanding how to read and create URLs is essential for anyone working with web
technology or browsing the internet.
22

MIME
MIME stands for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. It is a standard that extends the format of
email messages to support text in character sets other than ASCII, as well as attachments of audio,
video, images, and application programs.
Here's how MIME works:
1. Header Information: MIME is primarily used in the context of email, and it works by adding
information to the headers of email messages. This information describes the type of data contained in
the message and how it should be processed.
2. Content-Type: The key MIME header is "Content-Type." It specifies the type and sometimes the
subtype of data contained in the body of the email. For example, "text/plain" indicates plain text, and
"image/jpeg" indicates a JPEG image.
3. Content-Disposition: Another important MIME header is "Content-Disposition," which provides
instructions on how the email client should display or handle the attachment. For instance, it might
specify whether an attachment should be displayed inline or treated as a separate file for download.
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4. Content-Transfer-Encoding: MIME also includes a "Content-Transfer-Encoding" header, which
specifies how the data is encoded for transport. Common encoding methods include Base64 for
binary data and quoted-printable for text.
5. Multipart Messages: MIME allows for the grouping of multiple message parts into a single
message. This is commonly used for email attachments. For example, a message might have a
plain text part and an HTML part, or an email might have both text and image attachments.
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Here's a simple example of a MIME header in an email:
```plaintext
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
```
This header indicates that the content of the email is plain text encoded in UTF-8 using quoted-
printable encoding.
In summary, MIME provides a standardized way to include various types of content in email
messages and other internet communications. It allows different email clients to understand how
to display or handle the content, making it a crucial part of modern email communication and
web protocols.
25

HTT
PHTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol. It's the foundation of data communication on the World Wide
Web. Essentially, it's a protocol or set of rules that governs the transfer of data between a web server and a
web browser (or any client device).
Here's how it works:
1. Client-Server Model: HTTP operates on a client-server model. When you, as a user, open a web browser
and type a URL or click a link, your browser becomes the client, and it sends a request to the server for a
particular resource (like a webpage, image, video, etc.).
2. Request-Response Cycle: The client sends an HTTP request to the server specifying the type of action it
wants to perform (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) and the resource it's requesting.
3. Server Processing: The server receives this request and processes it. It retrieves the requested resource,
generates an HTTP response, and sends it back to the client.
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4. Response: The server's response contains important information, including the status of the request (success,
error, redirection, etc.) and the actual requested data.
5. Data Transfer: HTTP uses a simple text-based format to structure requests and responses. It works on top of
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol), which ensures reliable data delivery across the internet.
6. Stateless Protocol: HTTP is stateless, meaning each request-response cycle is independent. The server doesn’t
retain information about previous requests from the same client. This statelessness simplifies implementation but
requires additional mechanisms (like cookies or sessions) for maintaining user sessions.
7. Versions and Security: There are different versions of HTTP, with HTTP/1.1 being widely used. Recently, there's
been a shift towards HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 for improved performance and security. Additionally, HTTPS (HTTP
Secure) uses encryption (SSL/TLS) to secure the data transmitted between the client and the server.
8. Headers: Both requests and responses include headers, which contain metadata about the data being
transferred. Headers provide information like content type, caching instructions, cookies, authentication details,
and more.
Overall, HTTP is the backbone of communication on the web, enabling the retrieval and display of web content in
browsers and facilitating the exchange of data between clients and servers.
27

HTML5
HTML5 is the latest version of Hypertext Markup Language used for structuring and presenting content on the
World Wide Web. It introduced many new elements and APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) that allow for
easier multimedia embedding, better semantic structuring, improved forms, and enhanced accessibility.
HTML5 brought significant advancements such as native video and audio support, canvas for drawing graphics,
new structural elements like `<header>`, `<footer>`, `<section>`, `<article>`, `<nav>`, `<aside>`, etc., and more
capable form elements like `<input type="date">`, `<input type="email">`, and `<input type="range">`.
Developers often use HTML5 alongside CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) and JavaScript to create interactive and
visually appealing web pages and applications. It's widely supported by modern browsers and has become the
standard for web development.
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◦ HTML5 and XHTML are both versions of the markup language HTML, but they differ in their syntax and approach to
coding.
◦ XHTML (Extensible Hypertext Markup Language) is a reformulation of HTML as an XML-based language. It aimed to
create a stricter, more well-formed version of HTML by adhering to XML syntax rules. XHTML documents had to be
properly nested, all tags had to be lowercase, attribute values had to be quoted, and so on. XHTML was an evolution of
HTML that followed the rules of XML, making it more consistent and compatible with other XML-based technologies.
◦ HTML5, on the other hand, focuses on improving the language with new features and capabilities while maintaining
backward compatibility with older HTML versions. It introduces new elements, attributes, and APIs to make web
development more efficient and to accommodate modern web standards and practices. Unlike XHTML, HTML5 is not
based on XML syntax, allowing for a more forgiving and flexible coding style.
◦ One of the key differences between XHTML and HTML5 is in error handling. XHTML is more strict; even minor errors can
cause the entire document to fail. HTML5, however, is designed to be more forgiving. It attempts to render the content
even in the presence of minor errors, making it more suitable for the evolving nature of web content creation.
◦ In practical terms, HTML5 has become the preferred choice for web development due to its flexibility and the ease of
creating and maintaining web content compared to the stricter syntax requirements of XHTML. Most modern browsers
support HTML5, making it the de facto standard for building web pages and applications.
29
EVOLUTION OF HTML 5 AND XHTML

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