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HTML and XML,

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language
HTML is used to mark up text so it XML is used to mark up data so it
can be displayed to users can be processed by computers

HTML describes both structure (e.g. XML describes only content, or
, <h2>, ) and appearance “meaning”
(e.g. , , )

HTML uses a fixed, unchangeable In XML, you make up your own
set of tags tags

2

HTML and XML, II
• HTML and XML look similar, because they are
both SGML languages (SGML = Standard
Generalized Markup Language)
– Both HTML and XML use elements enclosed in tags
(e.g. <body>This is an element</body>)
– Both use tag attributes (e.g.,
)
– Both use entities (<, >, &, ",
')
• More precisely,
– HTML is defined in SGML
– XML is a (very small) subset of SGML
3

HTML and XML
• HTML is for humans
– HTML describes web pages
– You don’t want to see error messages about the
web pages you visit
– Browsers ignore and/or correct as many HTML
errors as they can, so HTML is often sloppy
• XML is for computers
– XML describes data
– The rules are strict and errors are not allowed
• In this way, XML is like a programming language
– Current versions of most browsers can display XML
• However, browser support of XML is spotty at best
4

XML-related technologies
• DTD (Document Type Definition) and XML Schemas are used
to define legal XML tags and their attributes for particular
purposes

• CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) describe how to display HTML or
XML in a browser

• XSLT (eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) and
XPath are used to translate from one form of XML to another

• DOM (Document Object Model), SAX (Simple API for XML, and
JAXP (Java API for XML Processing) are all APIs for XML parsing

5

Example XML document

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<weatherReport>
<date>7/14/97</date>
<city>North Place</city>, <state>NX</state>
<country>USA</country>
High Temp: <high scale="F">103</high>
Low Temp: <low scale="F">70</low>
Morning: <morning>Partly cloudy, Hazy</morning>
Afternoon: <afternoon>Sunny & hot</afternoon>
Evening: <evening>Clear and Cooler</evening>
</weatherReport>

6 From: XML: A Primer, by Simon St. Laurent

Overall structure
• An XML document may start with one or more
processing instructions (PIs) or directives:
<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="ss.css"?>
• Following the directives, there must be exactly
one root element containing all the rest of the
XML:
<weatherReport>
...
</weatherReport>
7

XML building blocks
• Aside from the directives, an XML document
is built from:
– elements: high in <high scale="F">103</high>
– tags, in pairs: <high scale="F">103</high>
– attributes: <high scale="F">103</high>
– entities: <afternoon>Sunny & hot</afternoon>
– character data, which may be:
• parsed (processed as XML)--this is the default
• unparsed (all characters stand for themselves)
8

Elements and attributes
• Attributes and elements are somewhat interchangeable
• Example using just elements:
<name>
<first>David</first>
<last>Matuszek</last>
</name>
• Example using attributes:
<name first="David" last="Matuszek"></name>
• You will find that elements are easier to use in your programs--this
is a good reason to prefer them
• Attributes often contain metadata, such as unique IDs
• Generally speaking, browsers display only elements (values
enclosed by tags), not tags and attributes

9

Well-formed XML
• Every element must have both a start tag and an end tag, e.g.
<name> ... </name>
– But empty elements can be abbreviated: <break />.
– XML tags are case sensitive
– XML tags may not begin with the letters xml, in any
combination of cases
• Elements must be properly nested, e.g. not bold and
italic
• Every XML document must have one and only one root element
• The values of attributes must be enclosed in single or double
quotes, e.g. <time unit="days">
• Character data cannot contain < or &

10

Entities
• Five special characters must be written as
entities:
& for & (almost always necessary)
< for < (almost always necessary)
> for > (not usually necessary)
" for " (necessary inside double quotes)
' for ' (necessary inside single quotes)
• These entities can be used even in places
where they are not absolutely required
• These are the only predefined entities in XML
11

XML declaration
• The XML declaration looks like this:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"
standalone="yes"?>
– The XML declaration is not required by browsers, but is required by
most XML processors (so include it!)
– If present, the XML declaration must be first--not even whitespace
should precede it
– Note that the brackets are <? and ?>
– version="1.0" is required (this is the only version so far)
– encoding can be "UTF-8" (ASCII) or "UTF-16" (Unicode), or
something else, or it can be omitted
– standalone tells whether there is a separate DTD

12

Processing instructions
• PIs (Processing Instructions) may occur anywhere in the XML
document (but usually first)
• A PI is a command to the program processing the XML
document to handle it in a certain way
• XML documents are typically processed by more than one
program
• Programs that do not recognize a given PI should just ignore it
• General format of a PI: <?target instructions?>
• Example: <?xml-stylesheet type="text/css"
href="mySheet.css"?>

13

Comments
• 
• Comments can be put anywhere in an XML document
• Comments are useful for:
– Explaining the structure of an XML document
– Commenting out parts of the XML during development and testing
• Comments are not elements and do not have an end tag
• The blanks after  are optional
• The character sequence -- cannot occur in the comment
• The closing bracket must be -->
• Comments are not displayed by browsers, but can be seen by
anyone who looks at the source code

14

CDATA
• By default, all text inside an XML document is parsed
• You can force text to be treated as unparsed character data by
enclosing it in <![CDATA[ ... ]]>
• Any characters, even & and <, can occur inside a CDATA
• Whitespace inside a CDATA is (usually) preserved
• The only real restriction is that the character sequence ]]>
cannot occur inside a CDATA
• CDATA is useful when your text has a lot of illegal characters
(for example, if your XML document contains some HTML
text)

15

Names in XML
• Names (as used for tags and attributes) must
begin with a letter or underscore, and can consist
of:
– Letters, both Roman (English) and foreign
– Digits, both Roman and foreign
. (dot)
- (hyphen)
_ (underscore)
: (colon) should be used only for namespaces
– Combining characters and extenders (not used in
English)

16

Namespaces
• Recall that DTDs are used to define the tags that
can be used in an XML document
• An XML document may reference more than one
DTD
• Namespaces are a way to specify which DTD
defines a given tag
• XML, like Java, uses qualified names
– This helps to avoid collisions between names
– Java: myObject.myVariable
– XML: myDTD:myTag
– Note that XML uses a colon (:) rather than a dot (.)
17

Namespaces and URIs
• A namespace is defined as a unique string
– To guarantee uniqueness, typically a URI
(Uniform Resource Indicator) is used, because
the author “owns” the domain
– It doesn't have to be a “real” URI; it just has to
be a unique string
– Example: http://www.matuszek.org/ns
There are two ways to use namespaces:
– Declare a default namespace
– Associate a prefix with a namespace, then use
the prefix in the XML to refer to the namespace
18

Namespace syntax
• In any start tag you can use the reserved attribute name xmlns:
<book xmlns="http://www.matuszek.org/ns">
– This namespace will be used as the default for all elements up to the
corresponding end tag
– You can override it with a specific prefix

• You can use almost this same form to declare a prefix:
<book xmlns:dave="http://www.matuszek.org/ns">
– Use this prefix on every tag and attribute you want to use from this
namespace, including end tags--it is not a default prefix
<dave:chapter dave:number="1">To Begin</dave:chapter>

• You can use the prefix in the start tag in which it is defined:
<dave:book xmlns:dave="http://www.matuszek.org/ns">

19

Review of XML rules
• Start with <?xml version="1"?>
• XML is case sensitive
• You must have exactly one root element that
encloses all the rest of the XML
• Every element must have a closing tag
• Elements must be properly nested
• Attribute values must be enclosed in double or
single quotation marks
• There are only five predeclared entities

20

Another well-structured example
<novel>
<foreword>
<paragraph> This is the great American novel.
</paragraph>
</foreword>
<chapter number="1">
<paragraph>It was a dark and stormy night.
</paragraph>
<paragraph>Suddenly, a shot rang out!
</paragraph>
</chapter>
</novel>

21

XML as a tree
• An XML document represents a hierarchy; a hierarchy is a tree

novel

foreword chapter
number="1"

paragraph paragraph paragraph

This is the great It was a dark Suddenly, a shot
American novel. and stormy night. rang out!
22

Valid XML
• You can make up your own XML tags and attributes, but...
– ...any program that uses the XML must know what to expect!
• A DTD (Document Type Definition) defines what tags are legal
and where they can occur in the XML
• An XML document does not require a DTD
• XML is well-structured if it follows the rules given earlier
• In addition, XML is valid if it declares a DTD and conforms to that
DTD
• A DTD can be included in the XML, but is typically a separate
document
• Errors in XML documents will stop XML programs
• Some alternatives to DTDs are XML Schemas and RELAX NG
23

Viewing XML
• XML is designed to be processed by computer
programs, not to be displayed to humans
• Nevertheless, almost all current browsers can
display XML documents
– They don’t all display it the same way
– They may not display it at all if it has errors
– For best results, update your browsers to the newest
available versions
• Remember:
HTML is designed to be viewed,
XML is designed to be used

24

Extended document standards
• You can define your own XML tag sets, but here
are some already available:
– XHTML: HTML redefined in XML
– SMIL: Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
– MathML: Mathematical Markup Language
– SVG: Scalable Vector Graphics
– DrawML: Drawing MetaLanguage
– ICE: Information and Content Exchange
– ebXML: Electronic Business with XML
– cxml: Commerce XML
– CBL: Common Business Library

25

Vocabulary
• SGML: Standard Generalized Markup Language
• XML : Extensible Markup Language
• DTD: Document Type Definition
• element: a start and end tag, along with their contents
• attribute: a value given in the start tag of an element
• entity: a representation of a particular character or string
• PI: a Processing Instruction, to possibly be used by a
program that processes this XML
• namespace: a unique string that references a DTD
• well-formed XML: XML that follows the basic syntax rules
• valid XML: well-formed XML that conforms to a DTD
26

XML Schemas
• “Schemas” is a general term--DTDs are a form
of XML schemas
– According to the dictionary, a schema is “a
structured framework or plan”
• DTDs and XML Schemas are all XML schema
languages

Why XML Schemas?
• DTDs provide a very weak specification language
– You can’t put any restrictions on text content
– You have very little control over mixed content (text plus elements)
– You have little control over ordering of elements
• DTDs are written in a strange (non-XML) format
– You need separate parsers for DTDs and XML
• The XML Schema Definition language solves these problems
– XSD gives you much more control over structure and content
– XSD is written in XML

Why not XML schemas?
• DTDs have been around longer than XSD
– Therefore they are more widely used
– Also, more tools support them
• XSD is very verbose, even by XML standards
• More advanced XML Schema instructions can
be non-intuitive and confusing

• Nevertheless, XSD is not likely to go away
quickly

Referring to a schema
• To refer to a DTD in an XML document, the reference goes before the root
element:
– <?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE rootElement SYSTEM "url">
<rootElement> ... </rootElement>
• To refer to an XML Schema in an XML document, the reference goes in the
root element:
<rootElement
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
(The XML Schema Instance reference is required)
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="url.xsd">
(This is where your XML Schema definition can be found)
...
</rootElement>

<schema>
• The <schema> element may have attributes:
– xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSche
ma"
• This is necessary to specify where all our XSD tags are
defined
– elementFormDefault="qualified"
• This means that all XML elements must be qualified

“Simple” and “complex” elements
• A “simple” element is one that contains text and
nothing else
– A simple element cannot have attributes
– A simple element cannot contain other elements
– A simple element cannot be empty
– However, the text can be of many different types, and
may have various restrictions applied to it
• If an element isn’t simple, it’s “complex”
– A complex element may have attributes
– A complex element may be empty, or it may contain
text, other elements, or both text and other elements

Defining a simple element
• A simple element is defined as
<xs:element name="name" type="type"
/>
where:
– name is the name of the element
– the most common values for type are
xs:boolean xs:integer
xs:date xs:string
xs:decimal xs:time
• Other attributes a simple element may have:
– default="default value" if no other value is
specified
– fixed="value" no other value may be
specified

Defining an attribute
• Attributes themselves are always declared as simple types
• An attribute is defined as
<xs:attribute name="name" type="type" />
where:
– name and type are the same as for xs:element
• Other attributes a simple element may have:
– default="default value" if no other value is specified
– fixed="value" no other value may be specified
– use="optional" the attribute is not required (default)
– use="required" the attribute must be present

Restrictions, or “facets”
• The general form for putting a restriction
on a text value is:
– <xs:element name="name"> (or
xs:attribute)
<xs:restriction base="type">
... the restrictions ...
</xs:restriction>
</xs:element>
• For example:
– <xs:element name="age">
<xs:restriction base="xs:integer">
<xs:minInclusive value="0">
<xs:maxInclusive value="140">
</xs:restriction>
</xs:element>

Restrictions on numbers
• minInclusive -- number must be ≥ the given value
• minExclusive -- number must be > the given value
• maxInclusive -- number must be ≤ the given value
• maxExclusive -- number must be < the given value
• totalDigits -- number must have exactly value digits
• fractionDigits -- number must have no more than value
digits after the decimal point

Restrictions on strings
• length -- the string must contain exactly value characters
• minLength -- the string must contain at least value characters
• maxLength -- the string must contain no more than value characters
• pattern -- the value is a regular expression that the string must match
• whiteSpace -- not really a “restriction”--tells what to do with whitespace
– value="preserve" Keep all whitespace
– value="replace" Change all whitespace characters to spaces
– value="collapse" Remove leading and trailing whitespace, and replace
all sequences of whitespace with a single space

Enumeration
• An enumeration restricts the value to be one
of a fixed set of values
• Example:
– <xs:element name="season">
<xs:simpleType>
<xs:restriction base="xs:string">
<xs:enumeration value="Spring"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Summer"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Autumn"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Fall"/>
<xs:enumeration value="Winter"/>
</xs:restriction>
</xs:simpleType>
</xs:element>

Complex elements
• A complex element is defined as
<xs:element name="name">
<xs:complexType>
... information about the complex type...
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
• Example:
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="firstName" type="xs:string" />
<xs:element name="lastName" type="xs:string" />
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
• <xs:sequence> says that elements must occur in this order
• Remember that attributes are always simple types

Global and local definitions
• Elements declared at the “top level” of a <schema> are available for
use throughout the schema
• Elements declared within a xs:complexType are local to that type
• Thus, in
<xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
the elements firstName and lastName are only locally declared
• The order of declarations at the “top level” of a <schema> do not
specify the order in the XML data document

Declaration and use
• So far we’ve been talking about how to
declare types, not how to use them
• To use a type we have declared, use it as the
value of type="..."
– Examples:
• <xs:element name="student" type="person"/>
• <xs:element name="professor" type="person"/>
– Scope is important: you cannot use a type if is
local to some other type

xs:sequence
• We’ve already seen an example of a complex
type whose elements must occur in a specific
order:
• <xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:sequence>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>

xs:all
• xs:all allows elements to appear in any order
• <xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:all>
</xs:all>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
• Despite the name, the members of an xs:all group can occur
once or not at all

Referencing
• Once you have defined an element or
attribute (with name="..."), you can refer to it
with ref="..."
• Example:
– <xs:element name="person">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:all>
</xs:all>
</xs:complexType>
</xs:element>
– <xs:element name="student" ref="person">
– Or just: <xs:element ref="person">

Text element with attributes
• If a text element has attributes, it is no longer
a simple type
– <xs:element name="population">
<xs:complexType>
<xs:simpleContent>
<xs:extension base="xs:integer">
<xs:attribute name="year" type="xs:integer">
</xs:extension>
</xs:simpleContent>
</xs:complexType>
– </xs:element>

Empty elements
• Empty elements are (ridiculously) complex

• <xs:complexType name="counter">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="xs:anyType"/>
<xs:attribute name="count" type="xs:integer"/>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>

Mixed elements
• Mixed elements may contain both text and
elements
• We add mixed="true" to the xs:complexType element
• The text itself is not mentioned in the element,
and may go anywhere (it is basically ignored)

• <xs:complexType name="paragraph" mixed="true">
<xs:sequence>
<xs:element name="someName" type="xs:anyType"/>
</xs:sequence>
</xs:complexType>

Extensions
• You can base a complex type on another
complex type
• <xs:complexType name="newType">
<xs:complexContent>
<xs:extension base="otherType">
...new stuff...
</xs:extension>
</xs:complexContent>
</xs:complexType>

Predefined string types
• Recall that a simple element is defined as:
<xs:element name="name" type="type"
/>
• Here are a few of the possible string types:
– xs:string -- a string
– xs:normalizedString -- a string that doesn’t
contain tabs, newlines, or carriage returns
– xs:token -- a string that doesn’t contain any
whitespace other than single spaces
• Allowable restrictions on strings:
– enumeration, length, maxLength, minLength,
pattern, whiteSpace

Predefined date and time types
• xs:date -- A date in the format CCYY-MM-
DD, for example, 2002-11-05
• xs:time -- A date in the format hh:mm:ss
(hours, minutes, seconds)
• xs:dateTime -- Format is CCYY-MM-
DDThh:mm:ss
• Allowable restrictions on dates and times:
–
enumeration, minInclusive, maxExclusive, maxInc
lusive, maxExclusive, pattern, whiteSpace

Predefined numeric types
• Here are some of the predefined numeric types:
xs:decimal xs:positiveInteger
xs:byte xs:negativeInteger
xs:short xs:nonPositiveInteger
xs:int xs:nonNegativeInteger
xs:long

• Allowable restrictions on numeric types:
– enumeration, minInclusive, maxExclusive, maxInclusive,
maxExclusive, fractionDigits, totalDigits, pattern,
whiteSpace

SAX and DOM
• SAX and DOM are standards for XML parsers--
program APIs to read and interpret XML files
– DOM is a W3C standard
– SAX is an ad-hoc (but very popular) standard
• There are various implementations available
• Java implementations are provided in JAXP
(Java API for XML Processing)
• Unlike many XML technologies, SAX and DOM
are relatively easy

Difference between SAX and DOM
• DOM reads the entire XML document into memory and
stores it as a tree data structure
• SAX reads the XML document and sends an event for each
element that it encounters
• Consequences:
– DOM provides “random access” into the XML document
– SAX provides only sequential access to the XML document
– DOM is slow and requires huge amounts of memory, so it cannot
be used for large XML documents
– SAX is fast and requires very little memory, so it can be used for
huge documents (or large numbers of documents)
• This makes SAX much more popular for web sites
– Some DOM implementations have methods for changing the XML
document in memory; SAX implementations do not

Simple DOM program, I

• import javax.xml.parsers.*;
import org.w3c.dom.*;
• public class SecondDom {
public static void main(String args[]) {
try {
...Main part of program goes here...
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace(System.out);
}
}
}

Simple DOM program, II
• First we need to create a DOM parser, called a
“DocumentBuilder”
• The parser is created, not by a constructor, but by
calling a static factory method
– This is a common technique in advanced Java
programming
– The use of a factory method makes it easier if you
later switch to a different parser
DocumentBuilderFactory factory =
DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder builder =
factory.newDocumentBuilder();

Simple DOM program, III
• The next step is to load in the XML file
• Here is the XML file, named hello.xml:
<display>Hello World!</display>
• To read this file in, we add the following line to our
program:
Document document = builder.parse("hello.xml");
• Notes:
– document contains the entire XML file (as a tree); it is the
Document Object Model
– If you run this from the command line, your XML file should be in
the same directory as your program
– An IDE may look in a different directory for your file; if you get a
java.io.FileNotFoundException, this is probably why

Simple DOM program, IV
• The following code finds the content of the root
element and prints it:
Element root = document.getDocumentElement();
Node textNode = root.getFirstChild();
System.out.println(textNode.getNodeValue());

• This code should be mostly self-explanatory; we’ll
get into the details shortly

• The output of the program is: Hello World!

Reading in the tree
• The parse method reads in the entire XML
document and represents it as a tree in memory
– For a large document, parsing could take a while
– If you want to interact with your program while it is
parsing, you need to parse in a separate thread
• Once parsing starts, you cannot interrupt or stop it
• Do not try to access the parse tree until parsing is done

• An XML parse tree may require up to ten times
as much memory as the original XML document
– If you have a lot of tree manipulation to do, DOM is
much more convenient than SAX
– If you don’t have a lot of tree manipulation to do,
consider using SAX instead

Structure of the DOM tree
• The DOM tree is composed of Node objects
• Node is an interface
– Some of the more important subinterfaces are
Element, Attr, and Text
• An Element node may have children
• Attr and Text nodes are leaves
– Additional types are Document,
ProcessingInstruction, Comment, Entity,
CDATASection and several others
• Hence, the DOM tree is composed entirely of
Node objects, but the Node objects can be
downcast into more specific types as needed

Operations on Nodes, I
• The results returned by getNodeName(), getNodeValue(),
getNodeType() and getAttributes() depend on the
subtype of the node, as follows:

Element Text Attr

getNodeName() tag name "#text" name of attribute

getNodeValue() null text contents value of attribute

getNodeType() ELEMENT_NODE TEXT_NODE ATTRIBUTE_NODE

getAttributes() NamedNodeMap null null

Distinguishing Node types
• Here’s an easy way to tell what kind of a node you are dealing with:
switch(node.getNodeType()) {
case Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
Element element = (Element)node;
...;
break;
case Node.TEXT_NODE:
Text text = (Text)node;
...
break;
case Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE:
Attr attr = (Attr)node;
...
break;
default: ...
}

Operations on Nodes, II
• Tree-walking operations that return a Node:
– getParentNode()
– getFirstChild()
– getNextSibling()
– getPreviousSibling()
– getLastChild()

• Tests that return a boolean:
– hasAttributes()
– hasChildNodes()

Operations for Elements
• String getTagName()
– Returns the name of the tag
• boolean hasAttribute(String name)
– Returns true if this Element has the named attribute
• String getAttribute(String name)
– Returns the (String) value of the named attribute
• boolean hasAttributes()
– Returns true if this Element has any attributes
– This method is actually inherited from Node
• Returns false if it is applied to a Node that isn’t an Element
• NamedNodeMap getAttributes()
– Returns a NamedNodeMap of all the Element’s attributes
– This method is actually inherited from Node
• Returns null if it is applied to a Node that isn’t an Element

NamedNodeMap
• The node.getAttributes() operation returns a
NamedNodeMap
– Because NamedNodeMaps are used for other kinds of nodes
(elsewhere in Java), the contents are treated as general Nodes, not
specifically as Attrs
• Some operations on a NamedNodeMap are:
– getNamedItem(String name) returns (as a Node) the attribute with
the given name
– getLength() returns (as an int) the number of Nodes in this
NamedNodeMap
– item(int index) returns (as a Node) the indexth item
• This operation lets you conveniently step through all the nodes in the
NamedNodeMap
• Java does not guarantee the order in which nodes are returned

Operations on Texts
• Text is a subinterface of CharacterData and
inherits the following operations (among others):
– public String getData() throws DOMException
• Returns the text contents of this Text node
– public int getLength()
• Returns the number of Unicode characters in the text
– public String substringData(int offset, int count)
throws DOMException
• Returns a substring of the text contents

Operations on Attrs
• String getName()
– Returns the name of this attribute.
• Element getOwnerElement()
– Returns the Element node this attribute is attached
to, or null if this attribute is not in use
• boolean getSpecified()
– Returns true if this attribute was explicitly given a
value in the original document
• String getValue()
– Returns the value of the attribute as a String

Preorder traversal
• The DOM is stored in memory as a tree
• An easy way to traverse a tree is in preorder
• You should remember how to do this from
your course in Data Structures
• The general form of a preorder traversal is:
– Visit the root
– Traverse each subtree, in order

Preorder traversal in Java
• static void simplePreorderPrint(String indent, Node node) {
printNode(indent, node);
if(node.hasChildNodes()) {
Node child = node.getFirstChild();
while (child != null) {
simplePreorderPrint(indent + " ", child);
child = child.getNextSibling();
}
}
}
• static void printNode(String indent, Node node) {
System.out.print(indent);
System.out.print(node.getNodeType() + " ");
System.out.print(node.getNodeName() + " ");
System.out.print(node.getNodeValue() + " ");
System.out.println(node.getAttributes());
}

Trying out the program

Input:

<novel>
<chapter num="1">The
Beginning</chapter>
Middle</chapter>
End</chapter>
</novel>

A DOM XML parser read below XML file and print out
each elements one by one.
file.xml
<company>
<staff>
<firstname>yong</firstname>
<lastname>mook kim</lastname> <nickname>mkyong</nickname>
<salary>100000</salary>
</staff>
<staff>
<firstname>low</firstname>
<lastname>yin fong</lastname>
<nickname>fong fong</nickname>
<salary>200000</salary>
</staff>
</company>

import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilderFactory;
import javax.xml.parsers.DocumentBuilder;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.NodeList;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
Import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import java.io.File;
public class ReadXMLFile {
public static void main(String argv[]) {
try { File fXmlFile = new File("c:file.xml");
DocumentBuilderFactory dbFactory = DocumentBuilderFactory.newInstance();
DocumentBuilder dBuilder = dbFactory.newDocumentBuilder();
Document doc = dBuilder.parse(fXmlFile); doc.getDocumentElement().normalize();
System.out.println("Root element :" + doc.getDocumentElement().getNodeName());
NodeList nList = doc.getElementsByTagName("staff");
System.out.println("-----------------------");
for (int temp = 0; temp < nList.getLength(); temp++) {
Node nNode = nList.item(temp);
if (nNode.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE)
{ Element eElement = (Element) nNode;
System.out.println("First Name : " + getTagValue("firstname", eElement));
System.out.println("Last Name : " + getTagValue("lastname", eElement));
System.out.println("Nick Name : " + getTagValue("nickname", eElement));
System.out.println("Salary : " + getTagValue("salary", eElement)); } } }
catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
private static String getTagValue(String sTag, Element eElement) {
NodeList nlList = eElement.getElementsByTagName(sTag).
item(0).getChildNodes();
Node nValue = (Node) nlList.item(0);

SAX

A parser for XML Documents

XML Parsers
• Two types of parser
– SAX (Simple API for XML)
• Event driven API
• Sends events to the application as the document is read
– DOM (Document Object Model)
• Reads the entire document into memory in a tree
structure

SAX Parser
• When should I use it?
– Large documents
– Memory constrained devices
• When should I use something else?
– If you need to modify the document
– SAX doesn’t remember previous events unless you
write explicit code to do so.

SAX Parser
• Which languages are supported?
– Java
– Perl
– C++
– Python

Difference between SAX and DOM
• DOM reads the entire XML document into memory and
stores it as a tree data structure
• SAX reads the XML document and calls one of your methods
for each element or block of text that it encounters
• Consequences:
– DOM provides “random access” into the XML document
– SAX provides only sequential access to the XML document
– DOM is slow and requires huge amounts of memory, so it cannot be
used for large XML documents
– SAX is fast and requires very little memory, so it can be used for huge
documents (or large numbers of documents)
• This makes SAX much more popular for web sites
– Some DOM implementations have methods for changing the XML
document in memory; SAX implementations do not

Callbacks
• SAX works through callbacks: you call the parser,
it calls methods that you supply
Your program

startDocument(...)
The SAX parser
startElement(...)
main(...)
parse(...) characters(...)
endElement( )
endDocument( )

Simple SAX program
• The following program is adapted from CodeNotes® for XML
by Gregory Brill, pages 158-159
• The program consists of two classes:
– Sample -- This class contains the main method; it
• Gets a factory to make parsers
• Gets a parser from the factory
• Creates a Handler object to handle callbacks from the parser
• Tells the parser which handler to send its callbacks to
• Reads and parses the input XML file
– Handler -- This class contains handlers for three kinds of callbacks:
• startElement callbacks, generated when a start tag is seen
• endElement callbacks, generated when an end tag is seen
• characters callbacks, generated for the contents of an element

The Sample class, I
• import javax.xml.parsers.*; // for both SAX and DOM
import org.xml.sax.*;
import org.xml.sax.helpers.*;

• // For simplicity, we let the operating system handle exceptions
// In "real life" this is poor programming practice
public class Sample {
public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {
• // Create a parser factory
SAXParserFactory factory = SAXParserFactory.newInstance();
• // Tell factory that the parser must understand namespaces
factory.setNamespaceAware(true);
• // Make the parser
SAXParser saxParser = factory.newSAXParser();
XMLReader parser = saxParser.getXMLReader();

The Sample class, II
• In the previous slide we made a parser, of type XMLReader

• // Create a handler
Handler handler = new Handler();
• // Tell the parser to use this handler
parser.setContentHandler(handler);
• // Finally, read and parse the document
parser.parse("hello.xml");
• } // end of Sample class

• You will need to put the file hello.xml :
– In the same directory, if you run the program from the command line
– Or where it can be found by the particular IDE you are using

The Handler class, I
• public class Handler extends DefaultHandler {
– DefaultHandler is an adapter class that defines these methods and
others as do-nothing methods, to be overridden as desired
– We will define three very similar methods to handle (1) start tags, (2)
contents, and (3) end tags--our methods will just print a line
– Each of these three methods could throw a SAXException

• // SAX calls this method when it encounters a start tag
public void startElement(String namespaceURI,
String localName,
String qualifiedName,
Attributes attributes)
throws SAXException {
System.out.println("startElement: " + qualifiedName);
}

The Handler class, II
• // SAX calls this method to pass in character data
public void characters(char ch[], int start, int length)
System.out.println("characters: "" +
new String(ch, start, length) + """);
}

• // SAX call this method when it encounters an end tag
public void endElement(String namespaceURI,
String localName,
String qualifiedName)
System.out.println("Element: /" + qualifiedName);
}
} // End of Handler class

Results
• If the file hello.xml contains:

<display>Hello World!</display>

• Then the output from running java Sample
will be:

startElement: display
characters: "Hello World!"
Element: /display

More results
• Now suppose the file startElement: display
hello.xml contains: characters: "" // empty string
– <?xml version="1.0"?> characters: "
<display> " // newline
Hello World! characters: " " // spaces
</display>
startElement: i
• Notice that the root element, characters: "Hello"
<display>, now contains a endElement: /i
nested element and characters: "World!"
some whitespace (including characters: "
newlines) " // another newline
• The result will be as shown at endElement: /display
the right:

Parser factories
• A factory is an alternative to constructors
• To create a SAX parser factory, call this method:
SAXParserFactory.newInstance()
– This returns an object of type SAXParserFactory
– It may throw a FactoryConfigurationError
• You can then say what kind of parser you want:
– public void setNamespaceAware(boolean awareness)
• Call this with true if you are using namespaces
• The default (if you don’t call this method) is false
– public void setValidating(boolean validating)
• Call this with true if you want to validate against a DTD
• The default (if you don’t call this method) is false
• Validation will give an error if you don’t have a DTD

Getting a parser
• Once you have a SAXParserFactory set up (say it’s named
factory), you can create a parser with:
SAXParser saxParser = factory.newSAXParser();

Declaring which handler to use
• Since the SAX parser will be calling our methods, we need to
supply these methods
• In the example these are in a separate class, Handler
• We need to tell the parser where to find the methods:
Handler handler = new Handler();
parser.setContentHandler(handler);
• These statements could be combined:
parser.setContentHandler(new Handler());
• Finally, we call the parser and tell it what file to parse:
parser.parse("hello.xml");
• Everything else will be done in the handler methods

SAX handlers
• A callback handler for SAX must implement these four interfaces:
– interface ContentHandler
• This is the most important interface--it handles basic parsing callbacks, such as
element starts and ends
– interface DTDHandler
• Handles only notation and unparsed entity declarations
– interface EntityResolver
• Does customized handling for external entities
– interface ErrorHandler
• Must be implemented or parsing errors will be ignored!
• You could implement all these interfaces yourself, but that’s a lot of
work--it’s easier to use an adapter class

Class DefaultHandler
• DefaultHandler is in package
org.xml.sax.helpers
• DefaultHandler implements ContentHandler,
DTDHandler, EntityResolver, and ErrorHandler
• DefaultHandler is an adapter class--it provides
empty methods for every method declared in
each of the four interfaces
– Empty methods don’t do anything
• To use this class, extend it and override the
methods that are important to your application
– We will cover some of the methods in the
ContentHandler and ErrorHandler interfaces

ContentHandler methods, I
• public void setDocumentLocator(Locator loc)
– This method is called once, when parsing first starts
– The Locator contains either a URL or a URN, or both, that specifies
where the document is located
– You may need this information if you need to find a document whose
position is specified relative to this XML document
– Locator methods include:
• public String getPublicId() returns the public identifier for the current
document
• public String getSystemId() returns the system identifier for the current
document
– Every ContentHandler method except this one may throw a
SAXException

ContentHandler methods, II
• public void processingInstruction(String target,
String data)
throws SAXException
• This method is called once for each processing instruction (PI)
that is encountered
• The PI is presented as two strings: <?target data?>
• According to XML rules, PIs may occur anywhere in the
document after the initial <?xml ...?> line
– This means calls to processingInstruction do not
necessarily occur before startElement is called
with the document root--they may occur later

ContentHandler methods, III
• public void startDocument()
throws SAXException
– This is called just once, at the beginning of parsing

• public void endDocument()
throws SAXException
– This is called just once, and is the last method called by the parser

• Remember: when you override a method, you can throw fewer kinds
of exceptions, but you can’t throw any new kinds
– In other words: your methods don’t have to throw a
SAXException
– But if they must throw an exception, it can only be a
SAXException

ContentHandler methods, IV
• public void startElement(String namespaceURI,
String localName,
String qualifiedName,
Attributes atts)
throws SAXException
• This method is called at the beginning of every element
• If the parser is namespace-aware,
– namespaceURI will hold the prefix (before the colon)
– localName will hold the element name (without a prefix)
– qualifiedName will be the empty string
• If the parser is not using namespaces,
– namespaceURI and localName will be empty strings
– qualifiedName will hold the element name (possibly with prefix)

Attributes, I
• When SAX calls startElement, it passes in a parameter of
type Attributes
• Attributes is an interface that defines a number of useful
methods; here are a few of them:
– getLength() returns the number of attributes
– getLocalName(index) returns the attribute’s local name
– getQName(index) returns the attribute’s qualified name
– getValue(index) returns the attribute’s value
– getType(index) returns the attribute’s type, which will be one of
the Strings "CDATA", "ID", "IDREF", "IDREFS", "NMTOKEN",
"NMTOKENS", "ENTITY", "ENTITIES", or "NOTATION"
• As with elements, if the local name is the empty string, then
the attribute’s name is in the qualified name

Attributes, II
• SAX does not guarantee that the attributes will be returned in
the same order they are written
– After all, the order is irrelevant in XML
• The following methods look up attributes by name rather than
by index:
– public int getIndex(String qualifiedName)
– public int getIndex(String uri, String localName)
– public String getValue(String qualifiedName)
– public String getValue(String uri, String localName)
• An Attributes object is valid only during the call to
characters
– If you need to remember attributes longer, use:
AttributesImpl attrImpl = new AttributesImpl(attributes);

ContentHandler methods, V
• endElement(String namespaceURI,
String localName,
String qualifiedName)
throws SAXException

• The parameters to endElement are the same as those to
startElement, except that the Attributes parameter is
omitted

ContentHandler methods, VI
• public void characters(char[] ch,
int start,
int length) throws SAXException

• ch is an array of characters
– Only length characters, starting from ch[start], are
the contents of the element
• The String constructor new String(ch, start, length) is an
easy way to extract the relevant characters from the char array
• characters may be called multiple times for one element
– Newlines and entities may break the data characters into separate calls
– characters may be called with length = 0
– All data characters of the element will eventually be given to characters

Example
• If hello.xml contains:
<display>
Hello World!
</display>
• Then the sample program we started with gives:
– startElement: display
characters: <-- zero length string
characters: <-- LF character (ASCII 10)
characters: Hello World! <-- spaces are preserved
characters: <-- LF character (ASCII 10)
Element: /display

Whitespace
• Whitespace is a major nuisance
– Whitespace is characters; characters are PCDATA
– IF you are validating, the parser will ignore whitespace
where PCDATA is not allowed by the DTD
– If you are not validating, the parser cannot ignore
whitespace
– If you ignore whitespace, you lose your indentation
• To ignore whitespace when validating:
– Happens automatically
• To ignore whitespace when not validating:
– Use the String function trim() to remove whitespace
– Check the result to see if it is the empty string

Handling ignorable whitespace
• A nonvalidating parser cannot ignore whitespace, because it
cannot distinguish it from real data
• A validating parser can, and does, ignore whitespace where
character data is not allowed
– For processing XML, this is usually what you want
– However, if you are manipulating and writing out XML, discarding
whitespace ruins your indentation
– To capture ignorable whitespace, you can override this method
(defined in DefaultHandler):
public void ignorableWhitespace(char[] ch,
int start,
int length)
throws SAXException
• Parameters are the same as those for characters

Error Handling, I
• SAX error handling is unusual
• Most errors are ignored unless you register
an error handler
(org.xml.sax.ErrorHandler)
– Ignored errors can cause bizarre behavior
– Failing to provide an error handler is unwise
• The ErrorHandler interface declares:
– public void fatalError (SAXParseException exception)
throws SAXException // XML not well structured
– public void error (SAXParseException exception)
throws SAXException // XML validation error
– public void warning (SAXParseException exception)
throws SAXException // minor problem

Error Handling, II
• If you are extending DefaultHandler, it implements ErrorHandler
and registers itself
– DefaultHandler’s version of fatalError() throws a SAXException, but...
– its error() and warning() methods do nothing!
• You can (and should) override these methods
• Note that the only kind of exception your override methods can
throw is a SAXException
– When you override a method, you cannot add exception types
– If you need to throw another kind of exception, say an IOException, you
can encapsulate it in a SAXException:
• catch (IOException ioException) {
throw new SAXException("I/O error: ", ioException)
}

Error Handling, III
• If you are not extending DefaultHandler:
– Create a new class (say, MyErrorHandler) that
implements ErrorHandler (by supplying the three
methods fatalError, error, and warning)
– Create a new object of this class
– Tell your XMLReader object about it by sending it the
following message:
setErrorHandler(ErrorHandler handler)
• Example:
parser.setErrorHandler(new MyErrorHandler());

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