Unity and Coherence Original in English Language.ppt

What is Unity?
Unity means single idea. In other words,
unity in writing is the connection all ideas to
a single topic. In an essay all ideas should
relate to the thesis statement, and the
supporting ideas in a main body paragraph
should relate to the topic sentence. For
example, if your essay is about the
advantages of nuclear power, discuss only
that. Do not discuss about the
disadvantages.
2

Keeping Unity in an Essay
One way to keep unity in an essay is to edit
the outline for ideas that are not relevant to
the thesis statement or topic sentence. Also,
after you have written the essay, it is helpful
to review the text and look for ideas that do
not relate to the thesis statement or the topic
sentence.
3

What is Coherence?
Coherence is related to unity. Ideas that are
arranged in a clear and logical way are
coherent. The purpose of coherence is to
make the readers can easily understand the
main points.
4

How to Make Our Essay Coherence?
When organising your ideas, think about what type of
organisation is the best for your topic or essay type. Here are
some examples of types of writing and good ways to organise
them
5
Type of Writing Type of Organisation
Chronology Order by time or order of events/ steps
Description Order by position, size, and shape of things
Classification
Group of ideas and explain them in a
logical order
Comparison/ Contrast Organise in point-by-point or block style
Argumentation/ persuasion/
cause effect
Order from least important to most
important

Cohesive Devices
Cohesive devices are words and phrases that connect sentences and paragraphs together, creating a
smooth flow of ideas. Here are three kinds of cohesive devices that can be used:
1.
transition signals
2.
pronoun references
3.
repetion of key noun
6

Cohesive Devices (Transition Signals)
Transition signals can be categorized into three groups by grammatical function. The three groups are:
a.
sentence connectors (including transition phrases and conjunctive adverbs) ,
b.
clause connectors (including coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions), and
c.
mixed group called others.
7

8
Meaning/ Function
Sentence
Connectors
Clause Connectors
Others (Adjectives, Verbs,
and Prepositions)
Coordinators Subordinators
To introduce similar
additional idea
also
besides
furthermore
in addition
moreover
too
and
nor
(“and not)
another
an additional
To compare things also
likewise
similarly
too
and
both ... and
not only ... but also
neither ... nor
as
just as
as ... as
like/ alike
just like
similar to
be alike
be similar
To introduce an
opposite idea, and to
contrast things
however
in contrast
instead
in/ by comparison
nevertheless
nonetheless
on the other hand
on the contrary
still
but
yet
although
even though
though
whereas
while
despite
in spite of
compared to/ with
be different (from)
be dissimilar
be unlike
differ (from)

9
Meaning/ Function
Sentence
Connectors
Clause Connectors
and Prepositions)
To introduce an
example
for example
for instance
such as
an example of
To emphasize in fact
To explain and
restate
indeed
that is
To introduce an
alternative
otherwise or if
unless
To signal
chronological order
first, second, etc.
first of all
then, next
now, then, soon
last finally
meanwhile
gradually
after that
since then
after
as
as soon as
before
since
until
when
while
the first, the second
the next, the last, the final
before lunch
after the war
since ....
in the year ...

10
Meaning/ Function
Sentence
Connectors
Clause Connectors
and Prepositions)
To indicate order of
importance
above all
first and foremost
more/ most
importantly/
significantly
primarily
a more important
the most important
the second most significant
the primaily
To introduce a cause
or reason
for because
since
as
result from
be the result of
due to
because of
the effect of
the consequence of
as a result of
as a consequence of
To introduce an
effect or result
accordingly
as a result
as a consequence
consequently
hence, thus
therefore
So result in
cause
have an effect on
affect
the cause of
the reason for

11
Meaning/ Function
Sentence
Connectors
Clause Connectors
and Prepositions)
To conclude all in all,
in brief,
in conclusion,
in short,
in summary,
indeed,
It is clear that ...
We can see that ...
The evidence suggets that ...
These examples show that ...

Cohesive Devices (Pronoun References)
12
Two sentences can be connected by the use of
pronoun. A pronoun (he, she, it, they, etc.) takes the
place of a noun (a person, place, thing, or idea) or
noun phrase (several words that refer to a person,
place, thing, or idea).
Example:
Gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion.
Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental
puposes.
The pronoun it refers back to the subject, Gold, and
connects the two sentence together.

Cohesive Devices (Repetition of Key Noun)
13
Another way to connect ideas in an essay is by
repeating important words and phrases. This will help
the reader remember the main ideas in the text.
Example:
Modern medicine focuses on illness. If a patient with a
cough visits a modern doctor, then the doctor will give the
patient a medicine to stop the cough. If the patient also has
a fever, the doctor may give a different medicine to stop
the fever. For every person with a cough, the doctor will
probably recommend the same cough medicine. The
philosophy of modern medicine is to stop problems like
coughing and fever as quickly as possible.

14
Example:

15
Example:

Exercise
16
Zemach and Rumisek, 2005:83, 84, 85

References:
17
1. Oshima, Alice and Hogue, Ann. 1998. Writing
Academic English. New York: Longman. (Page: 40-50)
2. Zemach, Dorothy E and Rumisek Lisa A. 2003.
Academic Writing form Paragraph to Essay.
Macmillan. (Page: 78-86)
Many of the materials are directly quoted.

Unity and Coherence Original in English Language.ppt

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