Unix commands

Unix Fundamentals and command references

Solaris

Linux

HP-UX

AIX

uname - It shows system identification information

showrev - System information with Host ID

# pwd – It shows the present working directory

ls - List of directories and files

date - it shows the current date

Date format :
mm dd hh mm yy . s

mkdir – to create a new directory

rmdir or rm –r - to remove the directory

mv – move or rename the directory or file

mv continues … ( if destination directory already exists
“ mv “ moves source directory to destination directory ).

cp - It copies directories and files from one location to
another location.

“ cp “command copies only files from one location to another
location. “ cp - r “ Can be used to copy directories.

“ cat “ command is used to create or read the contents
of the files.

To append some more content with the existing file “ >> “
can be used.

“ file “ is a command which tells you the property of file or
Directory.

“ more “ command displays the file contents page wise.

“ less “ command displays the file content like “ more “
command but, it has to be closed with “ q “.

“ touch “ is the command which creates zero length files or
it puts time stamp on the file or files which are already exist.

“ head “ command displays the file contents with “ – “option

“ tail “ command displays file contents like “ head “
with “ - , + “ option.

“ sort “ command displays file contents in ascending and
descending order.

“ wc - word count “ command displays words, lines, chars,
bytes, mem size and all.

“ which “ command shows the location of the commands,
which are set in environment variable “ PATH “

“ df – Disk free “ command shows the disk space level

“ clear “ command clears the screen

“ tty “ the terminal command shows the pseudo terminals.

“ echo “ command show the given value or shows the value
of the environment varriables.

“ grep “ is the command which displays the line with the
matching pattern. It can be executed with more options.

Option Definition
-i Searches for both uppercase and lowercase characters

-l Lists the names of files with matching lines

-n Precedes each line with the relative line number in the file

-v Inverts the search to display lines that do not match the
pattern
-c Counts the lines that contain the pattern

-w Searches for the expression as a complete word, ignoring
those matches that are substrings of larger words.

The “ grep “ command supports several regular expression
Meta characters to further define a search pattern. This table
describes some of the regular expression meta characters.
Regular expression meta characters:

Metacharacter Purpose Example Result

^ Beginning of ’^pattern’ Matches all lines
line anchor beginning
with “pattern”

$ End of line ’pattern$’ Matches all lines
anchor ending
with “pattern”

Additional regular expression meta characters:

Matches one ’p.....n’ Matches lines
.
character containing a
“p,” followed by
Five characters,
and followed
by an “n”

Matches the ’[a-z]*’ Matches
*
preceding Lowercase
item zero or Alphanumeric
more times characters or
nothing at all

“ grep “ continues …


Matches one Matches lines
character in ’[Pp]attern’ Containing
[] “Pattern” or
the pattern
“pattern”

Matches one Matches lines that
character not do not contain “a”
[^] ’[^am]
in the pattern through “m” and
attern’ followed by“attern”

Egrep

The egrep command searches the contents of one or more files
for a pattern using extended regular expression metacharacters.
Extended regular expression metacharacters include the regular
expression metacharacters that the grep command uses, plus
some additional metacharacters.

Egrep
Metacharacter Purpose Sample Result

+ Matches one or ’[a-z]+ark’ Matches one or more
more of the lowercase letters
preceding followed by “ark” (for
characters example, “airpark,”
“bark,” “dark,”
“landmark,” “shark,”
“sparkle,” “trademark”)

? Matches zero ‘patte[r?]’ Matches lines
or one Containing the literal
character character or
metacharacter it
follows

x|y Matches either x or ’apple | orange’ Matches for either
y expression

Pgrep The “ process grep “ command finds and displays the
process ID along with It’s parent process ID.

FIND

“ find “ is a command to find a file or directory in the
system globally.

“ w “ is a command which shows the particular user’s
Information in an elaborate manner.

“ SU “ command can be used to switch over from one user to
an other user physically.

“ who “ command shows a respective user’s information

“ id “ command shows user’s ID and primary group ID

“ finger “ command displays the user information along with
user’s status

“ Link “ is a command which creates link between source and
destination file. The following example shows the symbolic link.

“ Hard Link “ creates link between source and destination.

Changing file permissions in symbolic mode

“ chmod “ continues in octal mode …

“ chmod “ continues in octal mode…

The Default korn shell variables

Customizing Korn Shell Variable

To change the shell environment from Bourn shell to
Korn shell :

To change the prompt ..

To change the prompt variable…

Using VI Editor
Identifying the Fundamentals of vi Editor operation

• Introducing the vi editor modes of operation

• The command mode

• The edit mode

• The last line mode

• Switching between the command and edit modes

• Introducing the vi command

Remote Login using TELNET and RLOGIN

File Archives

tar
-c - to create tar archive
-v - to get verbose
-f - the out put device or directory
-t - table of contents
-x - extract from the tar archive

To create tar archive Example

To see the table of content

To extract from the tar archive

Compress
To compress the tar archive

gzip

To create gzip archive

To extract the tar archive by gunzip

Unix Administration

Solaris

Solaris User Administration

Each user account consists of five main components:

• User name

• Password

• User’s home directory

• User’s login shell

• User initialization files

Managing User Accounts
Before you can add user accounts to the system, you must
determine the following information for each new user:

• Login name

• User identification (UID) number

• Group identification (GID) number

• Comment

• home directory

• Login shell

• Password aging

Storing User and Group Account information

The Solaris Operating Environment stores user account and group account
information in the following system files:

• /etc/passwd – Authorized system users have login account entries in the
/etc/passwd file.

• /etc/shadow – All passwords are encrypted and maintained in a separate
shadow file named

/etc/shadow.

• /etc/group – The /etc/group file defines the default system group accounts.

The “ /etc/passwd “ file format

root:x:0:1:Super-User:/:/sbin/sh
daemon:x:1:1::/:
bin:x:2:2::/usr/bin:
sys:x:3:3::/:
adm:x:4:4:Admin:/var/adm:
lp:x:71:8:Line Printer Admin:/usr/spool/lp:
smtp:x:0:0:Mail Daemon User:/:
uucp:x:5:5:uucp Admin:/usr/lib/uucp:
nuucp:x:9:9:uucp Admin:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/
lib/uucp/uucico
listen:x:37:4:Network Admin:/usr/net/nls:
nobody:x:60001:60001:Nobody:/:
noaccess:x:60002:60002:No Access User:/:
nobody4:x:65534:65534:SunOS 4.x Nobody:/:

The “ /etc/shadow “ file format

root:LXeoktCoMtwZN:6445::::::
daemon:NP:6445::::::
bin:NP:6445::::::
sys:NP:6445::::::
adm:NP:6445::::::
lp:NP:6445::::::
smtp:NP:6445::::::
uucp:NP:6445::::::
nuucp:NP:6445::::::
listen:*LK*:::::::
nobody:NP:6445::::::
noaccess:NP:6445::::::
nobody4:NP:6445::::::

The “ /etc/group “ file format
root::0:root
other::1:
bin::2:root,bin,daemon
sys::3:root,bin,sys,adm
adm::4:root,adm,daemon
uucp::5:root,uucp
mail::6:root
tty::7:root,tty,adm
lp::8:root,lp,adm
nuucp::9:root,nuucp
staff::10:
daemon::12:root,daemon
sysadmin::14:lister,torey
nobody::60001:
noaccess::60002:
nogroup::65534:

Command line User Account Administration

The following command-line tools add, modify, and delete
user accounts and group accounts on the local system:

• useradd – Adds a new user account

• usermod – Modifies a user’s account

• userdel – Deletes a user’s account

• groupadd – Adds (creates) a new group account

• groupmod – Modifies a group account

• groupdel – Deletes a group account

Viewing current process status

Administering the active process

Unix commands

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Unix commands