URBANIZATION_Its Features, Definitions, Demography, Migration
- 1. D E F I N I T I O N S , D E M O G R AP H Y, M I G R AT I O N URBAN – ITS FEATURES BY V. MAHESH – DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL WORK, MG UNIVERSITY, NALGONDA
- 2. WHAT IS AN URBAN AREA? Urban Area Urban Area = Is a built-up area such as a town or city.
- 3. Definition of Urban Area • All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc. These towns are known as Statutory Towns. • All other places which satisfied the following criteria: • A minimum population of 5,000; • At least 75 per cent of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and • A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. • These towns, which in fact are villages, are known as Census Towns.
- 4. URBAN AGGLOMERATIONS • Urban Agglomerations (UAs): • An Urban Agglomeration forms a continuous urban spread and normally consists of a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns . An UA must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) shouldn’t be less than 20,000 as per 2001 Census.
- 5. Out Growths (OG) • An Out Growth (OG) is a viable unit such as village or hamlet or an enumeration block made up of such village or hamlet and clearly identifiable interms of its boundaries and location. Ex: railway colony, university campus, port area, military camps etc. Characteristic 2001 2011 Out Growth 962 982 Urban Agglomerations 384 475
- 6. URBAN - FEATURES • An urban settlement’s population size and civic status are important parameters considered by the government for determining fund support under various development schemes • Census Towns are in fact villages with urban characteristics as defined by the Census • As a consequence they are not eligible for development aids as like Statutory Towns
- 7. URBAN DEMOGRAPHY Number of Administrative Units in Census 2011 States/UTs 35 Districts 640 Sub-districts 5,924 Towns 7,936 Villages 0.64 million
- 8. Type of Urban Units 2011 Census 2001 Census Addition in 2001-11 1. Towns: 7,935 5,161 2,774 (a) Statutory Towns 4,041 3,811 242 (b) Census Towns 3,894 1,350 2,532 2. Urban Agglomerations 475 384 91 3. Out Growths (OGs) 981 962 19 Number of UAs/Towns and OGs in India Quick Estimates : Provisional
- 9. Type of Urban Units 2011 2001 Change 1. Statutory Towns (incl OGs): (a) Number 4,041 3,809 232 (b) Population (in million) 319 265 58 ( c) Proportion to total Urban 86% 93% - 7 PPT 2. Census Towns: (a) Number 3,894 1,352 2,542 (b) Population (in million) 54 21 +33 ( c) Proportion to total Urban 14% 7% 7 PPT Number of Statutory and Census Towns and Their Population in India Quick Estimates : Provisional
- 10. URBAN DEMOGRAPHY 2001 2011 Difference India 102.9 121.0 18.1 Rural 74.3 (72.19%) 83.3 (68.84%) 9.0 Urban 28.6 (27.81%) 37.7 (31.16%) 9.1 Population (In crore) Source: Census 2011
- 11. TRENDS IN URBAN POPULATION • Number and Percentage of Urban Households in Census 2001 and 2011 (in millions) Characteristics Number of Households in Growth (%) Census 2001 Census 2011 Total 191.96 246.69 28.51 Rural 138.27 (72%) 167.83 (68%) 21.38 Urban 53.69 (28%) 78.86 (32%) 46.88 Source: Census of India, 2011: Houses Households Amenities and Assets
- 12. 12 Decade Rural Urban Urban-Rural Growth Differentials Speed of Urbanization (%) 1971-81 1.76 3.79 2.03 1.72 1981-91 1.80 3.09 1.29 1.01 1991-2001 1.69 2.75 1.06 0.83 2001-2011 1.15 2.76 1.61 1.20 Urban-Rural Growth Differentials, 1971- 2011 (annual exponential growth rate in %)
- 14. Source: The World Bank data on value added by agriculture (% of GDP)
- 16. 16 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Urban Population Urban Children (0-14) Slum Population Children Living in Slum 377 98 65 17 Slum Population and Children Living in Slums, 2011 ( in million) Note : Every fifth urban resident living in slum
- 18. DEFINITION OF URBAN AREA IN OTHER COUNTRIES • The definition of urban areas varies from country to country. • Taking note of this UN (Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2 (2008) had noted that: “Because of national differences in the characteristics that distinguish urban from rural areas, the distinction between the urban and the rural population is not yet amenable to a single definition that would be applicable to all countries or, for the most part, even to the countries within a region..”
- 19. RURAL URBAN DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION – WORLD SCENARIO • According to the latest report on World Urbanization Prospects prepared by the United Nations (2010), the total population living in the urban areas in the world is more than those living in rural areas. • Out of 6,829 million persons inhabiting this planet as per 2009 estimates, 3,421 million persons lived in urban areas and 3,408 million persons in the rural areas. • The share of urban population in the total population is estimated as 50.1%, just above the half-way mark.
- 20. URBAN POPULATION – CONTINENTS
- 21. WHAT IS URBANISATION? Urbanisation = Urbanisation = a process where an increasing proportion of the population lives in towns and cities (and there is a reduction living in rural areas).
- 22. URBANIZATION • Growth rate of Population (in %) Source:2011 census 1991-2001 2001-2011 Difference India 21.5 17.6 -3.9 Rural 18.1 12.2 -5.9 Urban 31.5 31.8 +0.3
- 23. WHAT CAUSES URBANISATION? There are 3 main factors of urbanisation: 1. Rural – urban migration 2. Natural increase (birth rate-death rate) 3. Reclassification from rural to urban
- 24. NATURAL INCREASE A process resulting from rural to urban migration. A high proportion of young adults migrating into a town resulting in high levels of birth. Falling death rates due to improved medical care and more babies being born than people dying.
- 25. COMPONENTS OF URBAN GROWTH 39.3 39.9 57.6 43.8 14.2 18.7 20.8 20.8 14.7 32.3 21.5 35.6 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 1991-2001 2001-2011 1991-2001 2001-2011 million million % % Net reclassification from rural to urban including jurisdictional changes and out growths Net rural-urban migration Natural increase (of initial population plus inter-censal migrants) 25
- 27. MIGRATION - DEFINITION • Migration in the Census of India is of two types – Migration by Birth place and Migration by place of last residence. As per census procedure, if the POB/POLR is different from the place of enumeration (POE), the person is classified as migrant.
- 28. MIGRATION - DEFINITION IT IS THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE FROM RURAL AREAS TO TOWN AND CITIES In developed countries like United Kingdom, France or Germany, that migration started in the 19th century due to the Industrial Revolution
- 29. In other developed countries like Spain, Portugal or Russia, this migration started after the Second World War. The reason was that the Industrial Revolution was later in these countries In developing countries, the rural-urbal migration has started in the second half of the 20th century. Even though, most of those countries are still having that kind of migration However, the main question is... Why does this migration happen? The answer is in the rural push factors and the urban pull factors MIGRATION
- 30. RURAL PUSH FACTORS THEY ARE THE NEGATIVE FACTORS THAT MAKE PEOPLE MIGRATE FROM VILLAGES TO CITIES Lack of investments from the Goverments in rural areas Rural areas have high birth rates. Thus, those places are sometimes overpopulated in developing countries Sometimes crops are destroyed by natural disasters and people have to move to other places Rural areas have a lack of services like hospitals, transports and schools There are more jobs in the cities and people have better salaries Most of farmers in developing countries don’t have their own lands. Thus, they are poor
- 31. URBAN PULL FACTORS THEY ARE THE POSITIVE FACTORS FOR MIGRATING TO THE CITIES Governments invest more in cities There are more services like transports, hospitals and schools Cities are more attractive for people because they are plenty of shops, shows, entertaiment, parks... There are more jobs in the cities and people have better salaries. Thus, people have better standards of life Life expectancy is higher in cities People are able to study in the cities. So they can improve the way of life of their parents There are electricity, water and food supplies. In the countryside, sometimes they have a lack of those factors The effects of the natural disasters are smaller in cities Housing is better
- 32. MIGRATION TO CITIES/TOWNS • Migrants in cities and towns are predominantly engaged in the informal sector as construction workers, hawkers and vendors, domestic servants, rickshaw pullers/drivers, electricians, plumbers, masons, security personnel, etc. • A large number of these jobs are seasonal and temporary in nature and take place in cities and also in more distant urban destinations.
- 33. MIGRATION TO MILLION PLUS CITIES Percentage of Migrants in selected Million-plus Urban Agglomerations. Source: WMR 2015
- 34. INFANT MORTALITY RATE - URBAN IMR: the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.
- 35. URBAN DEMOGRAPHY Year Rural Urban 1971-1981 16.4 9.6 1981-1991 12.5 7.6 1991-2001 9.9 6.5 2001-2011 8.2 6 Crude Death Rate: the total number of deaths in an area in a year per 1,000 population
- 36. URBAN – DEMOGRAPHY (TFR) TFR: the average number of children expected to be born per woman during her entire span of reproductive period.
Editor's Notes
- #24: Natural Increase: People who move to the city are usually young and of child bearing age. They have children and the birth rate increases. Not only will the birth rate increase but with better medicine and healthcare the death rate will fall adding to population increase.