![United States Patent 1151 3,706,855
[72]
[73]
[22]
[21]
[52]
[51]
[58]
[56]
3,435,149
ANALOG SIGNAL PAIRS
Inventors: Satyan G, Pitroda, Villa Park, 111..
Bernard J. Rekiere, Addison, Ill.’
Assignee: GTE Automatic Electric Laboratories
Incorporated, Northlake, Ill.
Filed: Oct. 2, 1970
Appl. No.2 77,487
US. Cl. ...........................179/18 ES, 1"79/15 BY .
Int. Cl. ............................................."H04; 3/12
Field of Search..l79/l5 BY, 18 J, 18 ES, 15 AT
References Cited
UNITED STATES PATENTS
3/1969 [nose at al. ......................._179/l5 BY
FROM C. PU.
MEMORY
I01
MEMORY
20!
Pitroda et al. 1451 Dec. 19, 1972
'[541 GENERATOR FOR DIGITAL PULSE 3,588,366 6/1971 Formenti et al..................179/1s BY
SIGNALS REPRESENTATIVE 0F . 8/1970 Pinet et al............................179/18 13,524,946
Primary Examiner-T. W. Brown
Attorney-Cyril A. Krenzer, K. Mullerheim, B. E.
Franz and Robert J. Black
[57] ABSTRACT
A technique of multifrequency pulsing consisting of
vtransmitting a digitally valid number over pulse code
'modulated carrier from a time division multiplex of
fice. The signals generated thereby after passing
through a conventional carrier channel bank would be
accepted 7 by conventional analog multifrequency
receivers as utilized in the telephone industry.
3 Claims, 7 Drawing Figures
DlGlT GEN.
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FIG. 3 is the analog-waveform indicated when a pulse
amplitude modulated sample of a 700 Hz. signal is
taken for a period of 2.5 milliseconds (sampled at an 8
kHz. rate). . .
FIG. 4 is an analog waveform of the pulse amplitude
modulated sample of 900 Hz. for 2.5 milliseconds
(sampled at an 8 kHz. rate).
FIG. 5 shows the analog waveform required to trans
mit the digit “ l ” for a period of 10 milliseconds.
' FIG. 6 shows the manner in which FIGS. 1 and 2
should be arranged in combination for the best un
derstanding ofthe present invention.
FIG. 7 is a table showing the coding of 21, 7-bit bi
nary words for the compressed pulse amplitude modu
lated sample, required to produce the digit “I.”
DESCRIPTION ‘OF THE PREFERRED
' EMBODIMENT
As was noted previously the transmission of tone in
signaling systems as described must be for a period of at
least 35 milliseconds. This period is required in order
that the signals be accepted and identi?ed by a receiver
at the distant end. Based on this arrangement at a sam
pling rate of 8 kHz. we will have one pulseamplitude
modulated sample every 125 microseconds. To trans
mit for 35 milliseconds we will need to store 280 sam
ples. This then requires 2,240 bits in the non-destruc
tive read-out memory for a single tone. Inasmuch as 12
tones are employed the size of the memory employed
would seem to render the system economically unat
tractive.
Fortunately all ?fteen combinations of two frequen
cies employed in high frequency tone signaling have a
common period of 10 milliseconds. Knowing this we
need to store only 80 samples instead of the 220 in
dicated and read it cyclically. FIG. 5 shows the analog
waveform required to transmit the digit 1. Above this
are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 pulse amplitude modulated
samples of 700 Hz and 900 Hz. each for period of 2.5
milliseconds (samples at an 8 kHz. rate). FIG. 5 is the
resulting linearly mixed analog wave based on FIGS. 3
and 4 for a period of 10 milliseconds. FIG. 7 shows the
binary equivalent of the compressed pulse amplitude
modulated sample.
The binary equivalents of compressed pulse am
plitude modulated sample of all tones normally em
ployed in telephone signaling were obtained by means
of computer synthesis. The computer was asked to plot
the compressed and uncompressed analog signals of all
?fteen combinations. From the plots obtained by com
puter simulation it was observed that the linearly mixed
waveforms are periodic and symmetric. The period in
dicated above of 10 milliseconds corresponds to ex
actly 80 samples. The waveform symmetry is such that
all even quarter periods such as T/4 (2) and T/4 (4) are
the mirror images of the corresponding odd quarter
periods T/4 (1) and T/4 (3) respectively. And every
half period T/2 (l) the waveform is inverted as shown
in FIG. 5 [T/2 (2)].
This observation means that instead of storing for the
entire period T which requires 80 sample stores, it is
possible to generate the same waveform by storing for
just the quarter period T/4 which requires only 20 sam
ple stores. The technique as suggested here is to store
only 21 samples, and read in a fashion as to form the
entire waveform from this. The encoding logic consist
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ing of gates 112, I13 and 114 associated with bit “ l ” of
digit I, 122, 123, 124 associated with bit “2” of digit 1,
etc. is shown in FIG. 1. This logic provides the format
for pulse code modulation transmission as employed in
present PCM carrier systems where conventionally
zero is represented by a particular level with each other
digit represented by a different speci?c amplitude
level. The amplitude transmitted for a positive sample
corresponds to the exact word stored in a memory such
as 101. The amplitude information for the negative
sample corresponds to the complement of the word
representing the amplitude. This technique therefore
provides all the basic functions with a minimum of
storage requirements. I _ . >
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 taken in combination
as shown in FIG. 6 the detailed circuit operation of the
present system will be discussed. -
Shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are digit generators 100,
200, 300, 700, 800 and 900; each of these covers the
speci?c circuitry associated with generation of the
digits 1, 2, 3, 0, KP signal and ST signal respectively.
Digits generators 4 through 9 inclusive are not shown.
As shown in digit generators 100 and 200 each digit
generator includes a 21 word 7-bit memory for the
digits to be produced by the particular digit generator.
One word is cyclically read from each memory every
125 microseconds. Initially a framing pulse from a cen
tral processing unit is received at the “up¢down”
counter 10. The “up-down” counter 10 then produces
a count of l and the first word is read out from all
memories. During this time because of the count up
condition of the “up-down” flip-?op consisting ofgates
18 and 19, the “up-down” counter 10 is counting in the
upward direction. Thus the second framing pulse in'the
“up-down” counter 10 from the central processing unit
counts 2 and the second word is read out of the memo
ries. “Up-down” counter 10 counts a maximum of-2I
frames which corresponds to a quarter period (see FIG.
5). A 21st sample corresponds to the end point and is
similar to the ?rst sample representing the zero level.
The 22nd framing pulse received at the IF input of
the “up-down” counter 10 sets the “up-down.” flip-flop
to count down and the counter then starts counting
down so that from the .memory the 20th word is then
read out. The counter then continues to count all the
way back down to 1 (corresponding to another quarter
period). At this time the information of all the samples
in a so-called halfperiod (T/2) has been read.
During the next framing pulse the “up-down” ?ip
flop consisting of gates 18 and 19 returns to the count
upstate and the counter 10 proceeds to count up. Dur
ing this half period the analog waveform as indicated in
FIG. 5 is the inverse of the ?rst half period. This
requires that the ?rst bit of every word which
represents the sign should be changed to its comple
ment during this half period. The “sign” ?ip-?op 20
and the complement circuits will provide this required
function. As may be observed the “sign” ?ip-?op 20
outputs are connected to gates 113 and 112 to deter
mine whether the output signal for each bit is of the
original polarity or the complement thereto associated
with bit 1. Subsequent operations are controlled by the
output of bit 1 from digit 1 either directly to gates such
as 122 associated with bit 2, 172 associated with-bit 7,
etc. of digit 1, or through inverter 115 which has its
output connected to gates such as 123, 173, etc.
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The process outlined above continues cyclically with
each and every framing pulse.
It should be noted that the seven bits representing
the amplitude of a particular sample stored in the form
of a binary word are identical from quarter period to
quarter period but the sign bit is complemented or
reversed every half period. The information is thus read
out of the memory through the indicated gating circuit
with the information available on a l2X7 bus structure '
for the entire frame period. Digital representations of , 10
the digits 1 through 0 inclusive as well as KP and ST
signals are available, and by means of gating circuitry
are applied to the telephone system as required. The
necessary timing required to transmit tones is built into
the central processing unit and in association with the
aforementioned switching equipment will determine
15
the utilization and duration of output signals derived -
from the present invention. The address to which the
tone digit is to be sent out to, is also provided from the
central processing unit.
What is claimed is:
1. Means for generating a plurality of different digital
signals, each representative of a different analog tone
signal pair, for use in signaling in a telephone system,
comprising: common equipment, including counting
means having a circuit connection to said telephone
system central processing unit, operated in response to
receipt of pulses from said central processing unit to
count sequentially in a ?rst direction to produce a nu
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merical sequence of output pulses; a plurality of digital
tone generators each connected to said common equip
ment and each including a non-destructive readout
memory having circuit connections to said counting
means and to said central processing unit, each
operated in response to a speci?c particular count
produced by said counting means in combination with
a signal from said central processing unit, to produce a
digital readout signal representative of a particular tone
signal pair corresponding to a particular signal used in a
telephone system; and said digital signal generators
each further including a plurality of gating circuits con
nected to said memories operated to control the digital
signal outputs of said memories.
2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein: said
counting means comprise a bidirectional counter and
wherein said common equipment further includes
directional control means connected to said
bidirectional counting means, operated in response to
receipt of a particular count from said counting means,
to condition said counting means to reverse the
direction of count from said ?rst direction.
3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein: said
common equipment further includes polarity control
means including circuit connections to said directional
control means and to said gating means, operated in
response to said directional control means to reverse
the polarity of signals transmitted from said memories.
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Us3706855 s generator for digital pulse signals representative of analog ignal pairs
- 1. United States Patent 1151 3,706,855 [72] [73] [22] [21] [52] [51] [58] [56] 3,435,149 ANALOG SIGNAL PAIRS Inventors: Satyan G, Pitroda, Villa Park, 111.. Bernard J. Rekiere, Addison, Ill.’ Assignee: GTE Automatic Electric Laboratories Incorporated, Northlake, Ill. Filed: Oct. 2, 1970 Appl. No.2 77,487 US. Cl. ...........................179/18 ES, 1"79/15 BY . Int. Cl. ............................................."H04; 3/12 Field of Search..l79/l5 BY, 18 J, 18 ES, 15 AT References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3/1969 [nose at al. ......................._179/l5 BY FROM C. PU. MEMORY I01 MEMORY 20! Pitroda et al. 1451 Dec. 19, 1972 '[541 GENERATOR FOR DIGITAL PULSE 3,588,366 6/1971 Formenti et al..................179/1s BY SIGNALS REPRESENTATIVE 0F . 8/1970 Pinet et al............................179/18 13,524,946 Primary Examiner-T. W. Brown Attorney-Cyril A. Krenzer, K. Mullerheim, B. E. Franz and Robert J. Black [57] ABSTRACT A technique of multifrequency pulsing consisting of vtransmitting a digitally valid number over pulse code 'modulated carrier from a time division multiplex of fice. The signals generated thereby after passing through a conventional carrier channel bank would be accepted 7 by conventional analog multifrequency receivers as utilized in the telephone industry. 3 Claims, 7 Drawing Figures DlGlT GEN. 200
- 2. 3.706.855PATENTED um 19 m2 SHEET 1 UF 3 0.0m.25:99? MP0 INVENTORS SATYAN G. P ITRODA .DE.0EOWEI J BY BERPIIAR/D ‘J. REKIERE L" ‘I AGENT '
- 3. 3.706.855PATENTED an: 19 1912 SHEET 2 [1F 3 com.zww995..00m2%:99? 04mm N@E
- 5. 3,706,855 1 GENERATOR FOR DIGITAL PULSE SIGNALS REPRESENTATIVE OF ANALOG SIGNAL PAIRS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates generally to signaling techniques in telephone communication systems and more particularly to the generation of digital code signals that are the equivalent of conventional analog multifrequency tone signals. At the‘present time the utilization of multifrequency pulsing for signaling in telephone systems has become quite common. The present analog multifrequency pulsing system utilizes various combinations of two out-of-six basic tone frequencies in the voice band. The six tone frequencies are from the 700 Hz. to 1,700 Hz. spaced 200 Hz. apart. These six frequencies provide 15 possible two-tone or two-frequency combinations. Each combination represents a tone pair which at the receiver end is interpreted as a transmitted digit. Obvi ously 10 combinations are used for the digits 0 through 9 inclusive and two additional are used to indicate the beginning (KP) and the stop (ST) signals. The remain ing three combinations are or may be used ‘for special signals. Inasmuch as the signals generated are within the voice frequency range, the information generated in this manner is sent over the regular talking channel. From the above it is obvious that in a conventional or 15 20 25 tandem central office some form must be utilized for - converting the analog tone signals into digital pulses for controlling the switching equipment. In the usual ar rangement at the central of?ce the digit or dialing signals, the end of dialing and party identi?cation signals after ampli?cation and amplitude limitation are separated or selected by means of tone circuits. The signals are then utilized to operate in registering relays. Now however for the pulse code modulated of?ce which would employ primary digital circuits it would be desirable to have digital tone generators to avoid sam pling and then quantizing the analog signals. The problem involved here is to design tone generators for a pulse code modulated of?ce which would be accepted after passing through a channel bank, by any other analog multifrequency receiver existing in a connected office. At the present pulse code modulated time divi sion multiplex of?ces do not exist. However for interof ?ce signaling on a pulse code modulated carrier the method described herein might be employed. The signi?cant increase in the utilization of pulse code modulation as a transmission technique for reduc ing costs by permitting a multiplicity of conversations to be transmitted over a single cable pair has become increasingly well-known. Translation of an analog signal into pulse code modulation normally begins by switching sequentially from one channel to another at a rapid rate, each channel occupying the transmission line for a fraction of the total time. Conversations are thus stacked in time rather than in frequency as in con ventional frequency division multiplex carrier systems. This method is referred to as time division multiplex ing. By synchronizing the sampling rate at the receive end each channel may be recreated in its original form. If periodic samples of the waveform are taken often enough the waveform can be perfectly reconstructed at the terminal. The necessary sampling rate is usually twice that of the highest frequency to be transmitted. Therefore if 4,000 Hz. is the highest frequency on a 30 35 40 45 65 2 telephone channel, samples taken at the rate of 8,000 Hz. will precisely and exactly duplicate the telephone conversation. Even though pulse code modulated time division multiplex offices do not exist at the present time in terof?ce signaling over pulse code modulated carrier can be employed. The indicated technique based on the current state of the art would befor an analog mul tifrequency pulse to be generated and then sampled at the rate of 8 kHz. (in a manner similar to that of sam pling of voice signals) and then quantized. At the distant officev or receiver end the pulse code modulated signal would then be decoded into the original pulse I amplitude modulated samples. These same pulse am plitude modulated samples would then be ?ltered resulting in an analog signal that will be passed on to the tone detectors referred to above for identi?cation. Obviously this technique requires considerable hard: ware. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Applicants’ recognition of the de?ciencies of analog signal conversion for interoffice signaling in a pulse code modulated transmission system, results in the signaling technique set forth in the present invention which reduces the amount of equipment required to originate pulse code modulated transmission of mul tifrequency tone pairs. The technique suggested is to store in a non-destruc tive read-out memory, blocks of 7-bit words for each tone pair. Each 7-bit word is the pulse code modulated code of a pulse amplitude modulated sample. Since pulse code modulated carrier employs compression techniques in encoding and decoding, the 7-bit word is a compressed coded pulse amplitude modulated sam ple. When a particular tone pair is required for trans mission the corresponding block is cyclically read. The stored information is then transmitted. Such a non destructive read-out memory would be common to a group of code transmitters employed in the switching system. . . Such a technique results in the production of tone signals that are generated in the form which are directly suitable for utilization in pulse code modulated trans mission. The transmitted frequency exhibits no changes in frequency over a protracted period of time and the phase difference between the two basic frequencies of a tone pair is always constant; that is to say, they are in phase. Economically the suggested system exhibits con siderable advantage because of its lack of analog cir cuits. Additional advantages of the present system are predicated on the fact that only one tone generator is required for the entire office and that this generator may be time shared. Thus the tone generator becomes economically very attractive as the number of senders employed in a particular office increase. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The nature of the present invention and a better un derstanding of its operation will be had in the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the ac companying drawings in which: FIGS. 1 and 2 in combination comprise a functional diagram of a tone signaling generation system for use in a pulse code modulated transmission communication system. I060“ 0473
- 6. 3,706,855 3 FIG. 3 is the analog-waveform indicated when a pulse amplitude modulated sample of a 700 Hz. signal is taken for a period of 2.5 milliseconds (sampled at an 8 kHz. rate). . . FIG. 4 is an analog waveform of the pulse amplitude modulated sample of 900 Hz. for 2.5 milliseconds (sampled at an 8 kHz. rate). FIG. 5 shows the analog waveform required to trans mit the digit “ l ” for a period of 10 milliseconds. ' FIG. 6 shows the manner in which FIGS. 1 and 2 should be arranged in combination for the best un derstanding ofthe present invention. FIG. 7 is a table showing the coding of 21, 7-bit bi nary words for the compressed pulse amplitude modu lated sample, required to produce the digit “I.” DESCRIPTION ‘OF THE PREFERRED ' EMBODIMENT As was noted previously the transmission of tone in signaling systems as described must be for a period of at least 35 milliseconds. This period is required in order that the signals be accepted and identi?ed by a receiver at the distant end. Based on this arrangement at a sam pling rate of 8 kHz. we will have one pulseamplitude modulated sample every 125 microseconds. To trans mit for 35 milliseconds we will need to store 280 sam ples. This then requires 2,240 bits in the non-destruc tive read-out memory for a single tone. Inasmuch as 12 tones are employed the size of the memory employed would seem to render the system economically unat tractive. Fortunately all ?fteen combinations of two frequen cies employed in high frequency tone signaling have a common period of 10 milliseconds. Knowing this we need to store only 80 samples instead of the 220 in dicated and read it cyclically. FIG. 5 shows the analog waveform required to transmit the digit 1. Above this are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 pulse amplitude modulated samples of 700 Hz and 900 Hz. each for period of 2.5 milliseconds (samples at an 8 kHz. rate). FIG. 5 is the resulting linearly mixed analog wave based on FIGS. 3 and 4 for a period of 10 milliseconds. FIG. 7 shows the binary equivalent of the compressed pulse amplitude modulated sample. The binary equivalents of compressed pulse am plitude modulated sample of all tones normally em ployed in telephone signaling were obtained by means of computer synthesis. The computer was asked to plot the compressed and uncompressed analog signals of all ?fteen combinations. From the plots obtained by com puter simulation it was observed that the linearly mixed waveforms are periodic and symmetric. The period in dicated above of 10 milliseconds corresponds to ex actly 80 samples. The waveform symmetry is such that all even quarter periods such as T/4 (2) and T/4 (4) are the mirror images of the corresponding odd quarter periods T/4 (1) and T/4 (3) respectively. And every half period T/2 (l) the waveform is inverted as shown in FIG. 5 [T/2 (2)]. This observation means that instead of storing for the entire period T which requires 80 sample stores, it is possible to generate the same waveform by storing for just the quarter period T/4 which requires only 20 sam ple stores. The technique as suggested here is to store only 21 samples, and read in a fashion as to form the entire waveform from this. The encoding logic consist 7526 10 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 65 4 ing of gates 112, I13 and 114 associated with bit “ l ” of digit I, 122, 123, 124 associated with bit “2” of digit 1, etc. is shown in FIG. 1. This logic provides the format for pulse code modulation transmission as employed in present PCM carrier systems where conventionally zero is represented by a particular level with each other digit represented by a different speci?c amplitude level. The amplitude transmitted for a positive sample corresponds to the exact word stored in a memory such as 101. The amplitude information for the negative sample corresponds to the complement of the word representing the amplitude. This technique therefore provides all the basic functions with a minimum of storage requirements. I _ . > Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2 taken in combination as shown in FIG. 6 the detailed circuit operation of the present system will be discussed. - Shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are digit generators 100, 200, 300, 700, 800 and 900; each of these covers the speci?c circuitry associated with generation of the digits 1, 2, 3, 0, KP signal and ST signal respectively. Digits generators 4 through 9 inclusive are not shown. As shown in digit generators 100 and 200 each digit generator includes a 21 word 7-bit memory for the digits to be produced by the particular digit generator. One word is cyclically read from each memory every 125 microseconds. Initially a framing pulse from a cen tral processing unit is received at the “up¢down” counter 10. The “up-down” counter 10 then produces a count of l and the first word is read out from all memories. During this time because of the count up condition of the “up-down” flip-?op consisting ofgates 18 and 19, the “up-down” counter 10 is counting in the upward direction. Thus the second framing pulse in'the “up-down” counter 10 from the central processing unit counts 2 and the second word is read out of the memo ries. “Up-down” counter 10 counts a maximum of-2I frames which corresponds to a quarter period (see FIG. 5). A 21st sample corresponds to the end point and is similar to the ?rst sample representing the zero level. The 22nd framing pulse received at the IF input of the “up-down” counter 10 sets the “up-down.” flip-flop to count down and the counter then starts counting down so that from the .memory the 20th word is then read out. The counter then continues to count all the way back down to 1 (corresponding to another quarter period). At this time the information of all the samples in a so-called halfperiod (T/2) has been read. During the next framing pulse the “up-down” ?ip flop consisting of gates 18 and 19 returns to the count upstate and the counter 10 proceeds to count up. Dur ing this half period the analog waveform as indicated in FIG. 5 is the inverse of the ?rst half period. This requires that the ?rst bit of every word which represents the sign should be changed to its comple ment during this half period. The “sign” ?ip-?op 20 and the complement circuits will provide this required function. As may be observed the “sign” ?ip-?op 20 outputs are connected to gates 113 and 112 to deter mine whether the output signal for each bit is of the original polarity or the complement thereto associated with bit 1. Subsequent operations are controlled by the output of bit 1 from digit 1 either directly to gates such as 122 associated with bit 2, 172 associated with-bit 7, etc. of digit 1, or through inverter 115 which has its output connected to gates such as 123, 173, etc. I060“ 0474
- 7. 3,706,855 5 The process outlined above continues cyclically with each and every framing pulse. It should be noted that the seven bits representing the amplitude of a particular sample stored in the form of a binary word are identical from quarter period to quarter period but the sign bit is complemented or reversed every half period. The information is thus read out of the memory through the indicated gating circuit with the information available on a l2X7 bus structure ' for the entire frame period. Digital representations of , 10 the digits 1 through 0 inclusive as well as KP and ST signals are available, and by means of gating circuitry are applied to the telephone system as required. The necessary timing required to transmit tones is built into the central processing unit and in association with the aforementioned switching equipment will determine 15 the utilization and duration of output signals derived - from the present invention. The address to which the tone digit is to be sent out to, is also provided from the central processing unit. What is claimed is: 1. Means for generating a plurality of different digital signals, each representative of a different analog tone signal pair, for use in signaling in a telephone system, comprising: common equipment, including counting means having a circuit connection to said telephone system central processing unit, operated in response to receipt of pulses from said central processing unit to count sequentially in a ?rst direction to produce a nu 7527 20 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 6 merical sequence of output pulses; a plurality of digital tone generators each connected to said common equip ment and each including a non-destructive readout memory having circuit connections to said counting means and to said central processing unit, each operated in response to a speci?c particular count produced by said counting means in combination with a signal from said central processing unit, to produce a digital readout signal representative of a particular tone signal pair corresponding to a particular signal used in a telephone system; and said digital signal generators each further including a plurality of gating circuits con nected to said memories operated to control the digital signal outputs of said memories. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein: said counting means comprise a bidirectional counter and wherein said common equipment further includes directional control means connected to said bidirectional counting means, operated in response to receipt of a particular count from said counting means, to condition said counting means to reverse the direction of count from said ?rst direction. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein: said common equipment further includes polarity control means including circuit connections to said directional control means and to said gating means, operated in response to said directional control means to reverse the polarity of signals transmitted from said memories. 10601] 0475