VBscript

2
What We’ve learned last session?
 What is OOP and the OOP model.
 What is an object, how to create an object, use
methods, properties and attribures
 How to set object to variables, and how to free the
variables.
 What is a collection and a container object.
 What is COM objects, how do they defined
 The FileSystem object, how to create,delete,read,copy
files and directories, how to get system information.
Last session was for begginers

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Subjects for session 12
 Error Handling
 On Error statements
 On Error Goto 0
 On Error Resume Next
 Err Object
 Methods.
 Properties.
 vbObjectError constant

4
Error Handling
Expect the Unexpected!
There are two ways of producing error-free software.
But only the third will work ...
Unknown Author
What we anticipate seldom occurs; what we least
expected generally happens.
Benjamin Disraeli

5
Error Handling
Why?
 There are bugs than can eliminate an entire project.
 There are also bugs that can kill people.
 Reliability is a major characteristic of high-quality
software.
 Software should behave well in nearly every situation.
 During the development process we try to avoid, detect
and remove as many errors as possible.
 We cannot assume that the delivered software is free
of errors. Therefore, we have to think about
mechanisms to protect the productive system from
unacceptable behaviour while erroneous situations
occurs.

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Error Handling
Goals
 We want to be prepared for the program changing
into a bad state.
 In most cases there will be no return from the bad
state to a good state and the program has to be
terminated in a controlled way.
 Of course, whenever possible the program tries to
get out of trouble by itself, but normally it would be
very difficult to recover from a serious error
situation.
 During specification the boundary between the
normal, abnormal and erroneous behaviour is drawn
and this boundary remains visible down to the code.

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Error Handling
Goals
 We want to minimize the set of disastrous
states by foreseeing these situations and
thus converting them to expected
situations.
 An error handling concept defines which
errors must be distinguished and how the
system reacts to these errors.
 Such a concept can be very simple or very
complicated.

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Error Handling
Terminology
Fault Error Failure
Detector Exception
Causes Causes
RaisesDetects
Detects

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Error Handling
Terminology - Fault
 A fault is the origin of any
misbehaviour.
 One can distinguish between design
faults (software bugs), hardware
faults, lower level service faults,
and specification faults.

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Error Handling
Terminology - Error
 A user error is a mistake made by a user when
operating a software system.
 The system is able to react to these mistakes,
because it is designed to expect such situations
and it is a part of the required functionality.
 The handling of those situations, which of course
can be abnormal, should be treated in the user
interface component of the system.
 In contrast to an error, a user error (hopefully)
can not result in a system crash, but like a
system error, a user error normally can result in
an exception raised by a system component.

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Error Handling
Terminology - Failure
 A failure is a deviation of the
delivered service from compliance
with the specification.
 Whereas an error characterizes a
particular state of a system, a
failure is a particular event namely
the transition from correct service
delivery to incorrect service.

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Error Handling
Terminology - Detector
 Before software can react to any error it has to
detect one first.
 If we look at the error handling as a separate
software system, errors and failures of an
application are the phenomena the error handling
system observes.
 Thus a detector is the interface between the error
and failures happening outside and their internal
handling.
 The number, place and kind of detectors have
great impact on the quality of an error handling
system.

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Error Handling
Terminology - Exception
 Generally, any occurrence of an abnormal condition that
causes an interruption in normal control flow is called an
exception.
 It is said that an exception is raised (thrown) when such a
condition is signaled by a software unit.
 In response to an exception, the control is immediately given
to a designated handler for the exception, which reacts to
that situation (exception handler).
 The handler can try to recover from that exception in order to
continue at a prede-fined location or it cleans up the
environment and further escalates the exception.
 exceptions are not only a mechanism which can be used to
handle errors and program failures.

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Error Handling
Summary
 No software system can be assumed to behave totally
correct.
 Even careful testing and the use of formal methods
does not guarantee error-free software, hence we
cannot rely on a “perfect world” assumption.
 Because we cannot prevent errors we have to live with
them.
 The software must be able to detect errors and to
defeat them with appropriate recovery techniques and
mechanisms in order to restore normal operation.

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On Error Statements
 Enables or disables error-handling.
 If you don't use an On Error Resume Next
statement anywhere in your code, any run-time
error that occurs can cause an error message to
be displayed and code execution stopped.
 This sample of error message generated when
trying to open a file that not exists.

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On Error Statements
 However, the host running the code determines
the exact behavior.
 The host can sometimes opt to handle such errors
differently.
 In some cases, the script debugger may be
invoked at the point of the error.
 n still other cases, there may be no apparent
indication that any error occurred because the
host does not to notify the user.
 Again, this is purely a function of how the host
handles any errors that occur.

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On Error Statements
 Within any particular procedure, an error is not
necessarily fatal as long as error-handling is
enabled somewhere along the call stack.
 If local error-handling is not enabled in a
procedure and an error occurs, control is passed
back through the call stack until a procedure with
error-handling enabled is found and the error is
handled at that point.
 If no procedure in the call stack is found to have
error-handling enabled, an error message is
displayed at that point and execution stops or the
host handles the error as appropriate.

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On Error Resume Next
 uses execution to continue with the statement immediately
following the statement that caused the run-time error, or
with the statement immediately following the most recent call
out of the procedure containing the On Error Resume Next
statement.
 his allows execution to continue despite a run-time error.
 You can then build the error-handling routine inline within the
procedure.
 An On Error Resume Next statement becomes inactive
when another procedure is called, so you should execute an
On Error Resume Next statement in each called routine if
you want inline error handling within that routine.

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 hen a procedure is exited, the error-
handling capability reverts to whatever
error-handling was in place before
entering the exited procedure.
 Use On Error GoTo 0 to disable error
handling if you have previously enabled it
using On Error Resume Next.

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 hen a procedure is exited, the error-
handling capability reverts to whatever
error-handling was in place before
entering the exited procedure.
 Use On Error GoTo 0 to disable error
handling if you have previously enabled it
using On Error Resume Next.

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Pros and Cons
 Episode of the Simpsons (Notes)
 Problem: On Error Resume Next doesn’t actually fix the
problem, it merely removes it from view.
 On Error Resume Next is no miracle cure for scripting.
 When you start a script, assuming there are no syntax
errors that would cause the script to crash before it
ever gets going, WSH tries to run the first line of code.
 If the line runs successfully, WSH then tries to run the
second line of code.
 This process continues until each line of code has been
executed.
 At that point, the script automatically terminates.

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Pros and Cons
 But what if WSH encounters a line of code that it can’t
run successfully? Without On Error Resume Next, the
script would come to a crashing halt, the script process
would end, and an error message would be displayed.
 If you’ve included On Error Resume Next, however, the
script typically won’t blow up; instead, WSH will simply
skip the line it can’t run and try running the next line.
 100-line script sample.
 There’s definitely value in having a script that can
recover from errors, especially when that script is being
used by other people.

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Why? When? How?
 We have here a simple code :
 Notice the mistake we made in line 3: instead of
typing b = 2, we typed b 2:
Dim a
a = 1
b 2
MsgBox a+b
 The answer you will get is 1
 we’ve managed to turn our fancy new computer
into a machine that can’t even add 2 and 1!

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Why? When? How?
 B 2 is not a valid statement, and when WSH
encounters this line an error occurs.
 However, On Error Resume Next suppresses this
error.
 WSH then attempts to run the next line of code,
something which, in this case, leads to problems.
 Because of that, B is not assigned the value 2.
 And because no value has been assigned to B, it
automatically assumes the value of 0.

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Why? When? How?
 Because you know that this answer is wrong (I
hope) and because this script is so short, you
probably know that the script needs debugging
 In this case, then, debugging the script is easy.
 But suppose this script was several hundred lines
long, and suppose this was a much more
complicated mathematical equation.
 In that case, you might not know that the answer
was wrong; even if you did, you might have
trouble tracking down the problem.

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Why? When? How?
 Running now tge script again will cause the follow
message to be displayed
 This time there’s no question about whether the script
worked or not, and we don’t have to puzzle over whether
2 + 1 actually does equal 1. We know for sure that we
have problems.

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Why? When? How?
 Often in larger scripts we move to step 2
 There are two things we need to do here.
 First, read the error message.
 Second, pay attention to the line number reported
in the error message.
 Step 3 figure out the problem based on the error
message, one thing you can do is look up the
error code (800A000D) at the Microsoft Support
site or VBScript documenatation, don’t forget that
the value is hexadecimal so convert only the last
4 digits (000D) to a decimal number (13)
 For this Error in the VBScript documentation you
will get “Type Mismatch”

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Why? When? How?
 For larger scripts is recommended
to implement the following routines
 Break your script into sections and test
each section separately. Make sure
each individual section is working
before you re-test the script as a
whole.
 Implement a Trace Routine using
msgboxes, acommand-line tool or
displaying messages to the screen.

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Why? When? How?
 Step 1: Get Rid of On Error Resume Next
 whenever you are working on a script and
whenever you suspect something has
gone wrong, your first step should always
be to remove or remark On Error Resume
Next.
 A better moral might be this: On Error
Resume Next should typically be the last
thing you add to a script, not the first
thing.

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Err Object
 Contains information about run-time errors.
 The Err object is an intrinsic object with global
scope — there is no need to create an instance of
it in your code.
 The properties of the Err object are set by the
generator of an error — Visual Basic, an
Automation object, or the VBScript programmer.
 The default property of the Err object is Number.
 Err.Number contains an integer and can be used
by an Automation object to return an SCODE.

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Err Object
 When a run-time error occurs, the properties of
the Err object are filled with information that
uniquely identifies the error and information that
can be used to handle it.
 To generate a run-time error in your code, use
the Raise method.
 The Err object's properties are reset to zero or
zero-length strings ("") after an On Error
Resume Next statement.
 The Clear method can be used to explicitly reset
Err.

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Err Object Properties and Methods
Number Property
 object.Number [= errornumber]
 Returns or sets a numeric value specifying an
error.
 Number is the Err object's default property.
 When returning a user-defined error from an
Automation object, set Err.Number by adding
the number you selected as an error code to the
constant vbObjectError.

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Description Property
 object.Description [= stringexpression]
 Returns or sets a descriptive string associated with an error.
 The Description property consists of a short description of
the error.
 Use this property to alert the user to an error that you can't
or don't want to handle.
 When generating a user-defined error, assign a short
description of your error to this property.
 If Description isn't filled in, and the value of Number
corresponds to a VBScript run-time error, the descriptive
string associated with the error is returned.

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Source Property
 object.Source [= stringexpression]
 Returns or sets the name of the object or application that
originally generated the error.
 The Source property specifies a string expression that is
usually the class name or programmatic ID of the object that
caused the error.
 Use Source to provide your users with information when
your code is unable to handle an error generated in an
accessed object.
 For example, if you access Microsoft Excel and it generates a
Division by zero error, Microsoft Excel sets Err.Number to its
error code for that error and sets Source to
Excel.Application.

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Source Property
 Source always contains the name of the object
that originally generated the error.
 your code can try to handle the error according to
the error documentation of the object you
accessed.
 If your error handler fails, you can use the Err
object information to describe the error to your
user, using Source and the other Err to inform
the user which object originally caused the error,
its description of the error, and so forth.

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Help File Property
 object.HelpFile [= contextID]
 Sets or returns a fully qualified path to a Help File.
 The contextID is a fully qualified path to the Help file.
 If a Help file is specified in HelpFile, it is automatically
called when the user clicks the Help button (or presses
the F1 key) in the error message dialog box.
 If the HelpContext property contains a valid context
ID for the specified file, that topic is automatically
displayed.
 If no HelpFile is specified, the VBScript Help file is
displayed.

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Help Context Property
 object.HelpContext [= contextID]
 Sets or returns a context ID for a topic in a Help File.
 The contextID is a valid identifier for a Help topic within the Help
file.
 If a Help file is specified in HelpFile, the HelpContext property
is used to automatically display the Help topic identified.
 If both HelpFile and HelpContext are empty, the value of the
Number property is checked.
 If it corresponds to a VBScript run-time error value, then the
VBScript Help context ID for the error is used.
 If the Number property doesn't correspond to a VBScript error,
the contents screen for the VBScript Help file is displayed.

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Clear Method
 object.Clear
 Clears all property settings of the Err object.
 Use Clear to explicitly clear the Err object after an
error has been handled.
 This is necessary, for example, when you use deferred
error handling with On Error Resume Next.
 VBScript calls the Clear method automatically
whenever any of the following statements is executed:
 On Error Resume Next
 Exit Sub
 Exit Function

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Raise Method
 object.Raise(number, source, description, helpfile, helpcontext)
 Generates a run-time error.
 All the arguments are optional except number.
 If you use Raise, however, without specifying some
arguments, and the property settings of the Err object
contain values that have not been cleared, those values
become the values for your error.
 When setting the number property to your own error code in
an Automation object, you add your error code number to the
constant vbObjectError.
 For example, to generate the error number 1050, assign
vbObjectError + 1050 to the number property.

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What’s Next?
 Regulars Expressions.
 Methods and properties.
 How to use the object and the
object collections.
 How to create complex patterns.

VBscript

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