Visualization Methods Overview Presentation Cambridge University Eppler September 2006
- 1. The Visualization SpectrumA Systematic Overview of Visualisation Methods for ManagersMartin J. EpplerUniversity of Lugano (USI)www.knowledge-communication.org / www.lets-focus.comMartin.Eppler@gmail.comCambridge, IfM, September 28th 2006
- 3. OutlineThe Realm of Visualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 4. The ABC of VisualizationSizeColor/ Texture..PositionAnimationOrientationFormSource: adapted from J. Bertin
- 5. Accuracy Ranking of Quantitative Perceptual TasksPositionMore AccurateLength Angle Slope Area Less AccurateVolumeColor DensitySource: Mackinlay 88 from Cleveland & McGill
- 6. Emprical Results: Use of visualization in management -> Quantitative charts dominate, what about conceptual visualization?Source: Meier, 1994
- 7. Overview of Quantitative DiagramsSource: www.corda.com; Howard Wainer, 2001
- 8. DiagramTypes(static) StructureTimeSeriesPhases / StepsRelationships(dynamic) ProcessClustering/PositioningcyclicalcontinuouslinearlinearhierarchicalNetworkVennMatrixCoordinatestTimeline Process Cycle Spectrum Pyramid Network Venn Matrix CartesianOverview of NineSimple Qualitative Business Diagrams
- 9. General Visualization ConventionsTime is shown from the left to right.
- 10. Important aspects are represented with larger shapes, stronger colors that indicate higher importance.
- 11. The pattern of grouping distinguishes between central and secondary information.
- 12. The arrangement corresponds to logical flow.
- 13. Proximity implies similarity, distance suggests differences
- 14. Identical shapes or colors designate identical types of objects (visualize different things differently)ABSource: adapted and expanded from Rhodes, 1991, p. 135.
- 15. OutlineThe Realm of Visualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 16. Kosslyn’s Classification:Types of Symbolic DisplaysFramework
- 17. sets the stage
- 18. kinds of measurements, scale, ...
- 19. Content
- 20. marks
- 21. point symbols, lines, areas, bars, …
- 22. Labels
- 23. title, axes, tic marks, ...GraphsChartsMapsDiagrams
- 24. An Empirical Taxonomy: Lohse et al. 1994structure diagrams: description of physical objectcartograms: spatial maps showing quantitative datamaps: symbolic representation of physical geographygraphic tablesprocess diagramsicons: e.g., logostime charts: e.g., Gantt chartsnetwork charts: flow chart, org chart, decision trees, pert treephoto-realistic picturestables: single to multiple rowsgraphs: quantitative information using position and magnitude of geometric objects. 1-3D, examples: cartesian or polar coordinate system: scatterplots, line bar, pie chart, Chernoff face graphs)
- 25. Horn´s elements of Visual Language
- 26. Other TaxonomiesShneiderman (1996) proposes a task by data type taxonomy of information visualization with seven data types:one-, two-, three-dimensional data, temporal and multi-dimensional data, tree and network data and seven tasks (overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts). Card, et al., 1998) constructed a data-oriented taxonomy for information visualization techniques, which is based on Card and MacKinlay (1997): This taxonomy divides the field of visualization into several subcategories: Scientific Visualization, GIS, Multi-dimensional Plots, Multi-dimensional Tables, Information Landscapes and Spaces, Node and Link, Trees,Text Transforms
- 27. OutlineThe Realm of Visualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 28. The KnowViz Framework (Eppler & Burkhard 2005)
- 29. Examples of the seven TypesEnvisioning: mental imagery, thinking aloudSketching: doodling, flip chartingExpressing: visual metaphor, cartoon Diagramming: Gantt chart, Toulmin chartMapping: geographic map, knowledge mapMaterializing: Lego serious play, Compad Exploring: treemap, parallel coordinates
- 30. 1. Examples of EnvisioningVerbal Metaphors: ‚Backwardparking‘Analogies: Benzol ring inventionParables: The Elephantandthe 4 blind manSimulation: Mentallyvisualizing an activity.
- 31. 2. Examples of Sketching
- 32. 3. Examples of Expressing: Visual Metaphor
- 33. 3. Examples of Expressing: Cartoons
- 34. 4. Examples of Diagramming
- 35. 5. Examples of Mapping
- 36. 6. Examples of Materializing
- 37. 7. Examples of Exploring
- 38. Comparative Description of each Activity Type+-
- 39. OutlineThe Realm of Visualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 40. When to use which quantitative chart type?Line graph x-axis requires quantitative variableVariables have continuous valuesfamiliar/conventional ordering among ordinalsBar graphcomparison of relative point valuesScatter plotconvey overall impression of relationship between two variablesPie Chart?Emphasizing differences in proportion among a few numbers
- 41. When to use which map?(Small, 1999)
- 42. Selecting the right Visualization Activity= i.e., Iceberg risk metaphor= i.e., scenario sketching = i.e., Gantt chart for project
- 43. The visualization spectrum contains quantitative and qualitative visualization formats.They can be used to depict structures or processes.In order to choose the right method, think about its main purpose, the content type, the target audience and communication situation.Conceive of visualization as an activity and choose among envisioning, sketching, ex-pressing, diagramming, mapping, materializing or exploring.!Conclusion
- 44. Great Books on Visualization
- 45. Further ReferencesBertin, J. (1974). The Semiologyof Graphics. Diagrams Networks, Maps.
- 46. Sachs-Hombach, K. (2005). Bildwissenschaft / Image Sciences.
- 47. Eppler, M. (2006) Managing Information Quality: Increasingthe Value of Information in knowledge-intensive Products andProcesses, 2nd ext. Edition.
- 48. Eppler, M. (2003) The Image of Insight: Using Visual MetaphorstoCommunicateKnowledge, in Journal of Universal Computer Science
- 49. Eppler, M. (2002) Making Knowledge Visible throughKnowledgeMaps, in: Holsapple (Ed.): Knowledge Management Handbook
- 50. M. Peterson (1995) Interactive and Animated Cartography
- 51. Eppler, M., Sukowski, O. (2000) Managing Team Knowledge, in: European Management Journal, June, Oxford.
- 52. Eppler, M. (2006) A comparison between concept maps, mind maps, conceptual diagrams and visual metaphors. In: Information Visualization, September Issue.
- 53. Eppler, M. (1999) Conceptual Management Tools, NetAcademy Press. Online at: www.analyst-academy.org & www.knowledge-communication.org
- 54. Galloway, D. (1994) : Mapping Work Processes
- 55. Horn, R.E. (1998) Visual Language. Global Communication for the 21st Century
- 56. Horn, R. (1989): Mapping Hypertext
- 57. Huff, A.(1990) Mapping Strategic Thought
- 58. Huff, A. (2001) Mapping Strategic Knowledge
- 59. Probst, G., Deussen, A., Eppler, M., Raub, S. (2000): Kompetenz-Management
- 60. Wurman, R. Information Architects, 1996
- 61. Wurman, R. Information Anxiety2, 2001VisualizationOverviewVisualMetaphorsKnowledgeMapsDiagrams