Viva Questions for Engineering Dawing and Graphics

1. Full form of CAD
Computer-Aided Design
2.Full form of CAM
Computer-Aided Manufacturing
3.difference between cad and cam
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) and CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing) are two
distinct but closely related technologies that are often used together in the design
and manufacturing processes. Here's a brief overview of the key differences between
CAD and CAM:
1. Purpose:
 CAD (Computer-Aided Design): CAD is primarily focused on the
creation, modification, and optimization of a design. It is used for
generating detailed 2D or 3D models of products or structures.
 CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): CAM, on the other hand, is
focused on the manufacturing phase. It involves the use of computer
systems to control and automate the production process based on the
design created in CAD.
2. Functionality:
 CAD: CAD software allows designers and engineers to create digital
models of products, visualize them, and make modifications before the
actual production process begins.
 CAM: CAM software takes the digital design created in CAD and
translates it into instructions for manufacturing machines. It involves
toolpath generation, determining cutting speeds, and other parameters
for machining or fabrication.
3. Output:
 CAD: CAD produces digital representations of the design, including
drawings, 3D models, and specifications.
 CAM: CAM generates toolpaths, instructions, and code that can be
directly used by manufacturing equipment such as CNC (Computer
Numerical Control) machines.
4. User Involvement:
 CAD: CAD is typically used by designers, engineers, and architects who
focus on the conceptualization and refinement of the design.
 CAM: CAM is more relevant to manufacturing engineers and
technicians who are responsible for setting up and operating the
machinery that will produce the physical object.
5. Integration:

 CAD and CAM Integration: In many workflows, CAD and CAM are
integrated to create a seamless transition from design to
manufacturing. This integration helps in reducing errors, improving
accuracy, and accelerating the production process.
4.Tool bar and command of tool bar
In AutoCAD, the toolbar has been largely replaced by the Ribbon interface. The
Ribbon contains tabs, panels, and tools organized into a visually appealing and
functionally efficient design. However, some users may still refer to the Ribbon and
its components as a type of toolbar. Here are some key elements of the Ribbon and
common commands found in AutoCAD:
1. Tabs:
 Home: Contains common commands for drawing and editing.
 Insert: Deals with attaching external references, images, and blocks.
 Annotate: Includes tools for adding text, dimensions, and annotations.
 View: Manages the display settings and viewports.
 Manage: Deals with file management, customization, and drawing
utilities.
2. Panels:
 Within each tab, you have panels that group related commands
together. For example, the "Modify" panel in the Home tab includes
commands for modifying objects.
3. Commands and Tools:
 Line, Circle, Rectangle, etc.: Found in the "Draw" panel of the "Home"
tab. These are basic drawing tools.
 Modify Commands (e.g., Copy, Move, Rotate): Located in the
"Modify" panel under the "Home" tab. These commands allow you to
modify existing objects.
 Layer Properties: In the "Layers" panel under the "Home" tab, used for
managing layers in your drawing.
 Hatch: In the "Draw" panel under the "Home" tab, used for creating
hatched patterns within closed boundaries.
 Dimensioning Tools (e.g., Linear, Radial, Angular): Found in the
"Dimension" panel under the "Annotate" tab. Used for adding
dimensions to your drawing.
4. Quick Access Toolbar:
 Above the Ribbon, there is a small toolbar known as the Quick Access
Toolbar. You can customize this toolbar to include commonly used
commands for quick access.

5. Command Line:
 Although not a traditional toolbar, the command line at the bottom of
the AutoCAD window is a powerful interface for entering commands
directly.
5.offset
In AutoCAD, the "OFFSET" command is used to create parallel copies of a line,
polyline, or other geometric objects at a specified distance. This command is
particularly useful when you need to create concentric shapes or maintain a
consistent distance between objects. Here's how you can use the OFFSET command:
1. Accessing the OFFSET Command:
 There are multiple ways to start the OFFSET command:
 Type "OFFSET" in the command line and press Enter.
 Click on the "Offset" button in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
2. Specifying the Offset Distance:
 After starting the OFFSET command, you will be prompted to specify
the offset distance. Enter the desired distance and press Enter.
3. Selecting the Object to Offset:
 Next, select the object you want to offset. This can be a line, polyline, or
other geometric entities.
4. Choosing Side:
 Specify whether you want the offset to be on the inside or outside of
the selected object. This is done by clicking on one side or the other.
5. Creating Multiple Offsets:
 You can continue to create additional offsets by selecting the next
object or pressing Enter to exit the command.
6.fillet
In AutoCAD, the "FILLET" command is used to create a rounded corner between two
lines, polylines, or arcs. Filleting helps in creating smooth transitions between
different geometric entities. Here's how you can use the FILLET command:
1. Accessing the FILLET Command:
 There are multiple ways to start the FILLET command:
 Type "FILLET" in the command line and press Enter.
 Click on the "Fillet" button in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
2. Selecting Fillet Radius:

 After starting the FILLET command, you will be prompted to specify the
fillet radius. Enter the desired fillet radius and press Enter. This is the
radius of the arc that will be created to fillet the corner.
3. Selecting First Object:
 Select the first line, polyline, or arc that you want to fillet.
4. Selecting Second Object:
 Select the second line, polyline, or arc that you want to fillet. AutoCAD
will then create a rounded corner between these two entities.
5. Repeat the Process:
 If you have more corners to fillet, you can either press Enter to repeat
the FILLET command or select the "Multiple" option during the
command to fillet multiple corners in one go.
7.chamfer
In AutoCAD, the "CHAMFER" command is used to create beveled edges at the
intersection of two lines, polylines, or arcs. A chamfer removes a portion of the
corner, creating a flat or angled transition between the two selected entities. Here's
how you can use the CHAMFER command:
1. Accessing the CHAMFER Command:
 There are multiple ways to start the CHAMFER command:
 Type "CHAMFER" in the command line and press Enter.
 Click on the "Chamfer" button in the Home tab of the Ribbon.
2. Specify Chamfer Lengths:
 After starting the CHAMFER command, you will be prompted to specify
the chamfer distances. You can either enter two distances (Distance 1
and Distance 2) or specify a distance and an angle.
3. Selecting First Object:
 Select the first line, polyline, or arc where you want to apply the
chamfer.
4. Selecting Second Object:
 Select the second line, polyline, or arc where you want to apply the
chamfer. AutoCAD will then create a chamfer at the intersection of the
two selected entities.
5. Repeat the Process:
 If you have more corners to chamfer, you can either press Enter to
repeat the CHAMFER command or select the "Multiple" option during
the command to chamfer multiple corners in one go.

8.line and polyline
In AutoCAD, both "LINE" and "POLYLINE" are drawing commands used to create
straight or segmented linear geometry, but they have some key differences:
1. LINE:
 The "LINE" command creates individual, separate line segments.
 Each time you use the "LINE" command, you specify the start and end
points for a single line.
 Lines created with the "LINE" command do not automatically connect
unless you specifically use the "CLOSE" option.
Usage:
 Type "LINE" in the command line and press Enter.
 Specify the start point by clicking in the drawing area or entering
coordinates.
 Specify the end point by clicking in the drawing area or entering
coordinates.
 Repeat the process to create additional line segments.
2. POLYLINE:
 The "POLYLINE" command, short for "polygonal line," is used to create
a single, connected object consisting of multiple line or arc segments.
 Unlike the "LINE" command, polylines are treated as a single entity, and
you can edit them as a whole.
 Polylines can be open or closed (i.e., they can form a closed loop).
Usage:
 Type "PLINE" or "POLYLINE" in the command line and press Enter.
coordinates.
 Continue specifying additional points for each segment.
 Press Enter to finish the polyline, or type "C" and press Enter to close
the polyline.
9.snap setting
In AutoCAD, the SNAP setting is a crucial feature that helps you create precise and
accurate drawings by enabling or disabling a grid-based snapping system. The SNAP
setting allows you to align your cursor with specific points on the drawing grid or
snap to existing points on objects, such as endpoints, midpoints, intersections, and
more. Here's how you can manage and use the SNAP setting:

1. Accessing SNAP Settings:
 You can access the SNAP settings through the status bar at the bottom
of the AutoCAD window. Look for the "SNAP" button in the status bar
and click on it to toggle the snap mode on or off.
2. Configuring SNAP Settings:
 To configure the SNAP settings, right-click on the SNAP button in the
status bar or type "SNAP" in the command line and press Enter. This
will open the Drafting Settings dialog box.
3. Drafting Settings Dialog Box:
 In the Drafting Settings dialog box, you can adjust various snap-related
settings. Common options include:
 Snap Mode: Enables or disables snap mode. When snap mode
is enabled, your cursor will snap to specified points on the grid
or objects.
 Snap Style: Specifies the appearance of the snap marker.
 Snap Increment: Sets the distance between snap points on the
grid.
4. Specific Snap Points:
 While working in AutoCAD, you can use specific snap points by
pressing the "F3" key to toggle snap mode on or off. When snap mode
is active, you can hover your cursor near key points (endpoints,
midpoints, intersections) to snap to those locations.
5. Object Snap (OSNAP):
 Object Snap (OSNAP) is closely related to SNAP. It allows you to snap
to specific points on existing objects. To configure OSNAP settings,
right-click on the OSNAP button in the status bar or type "OSNAP" in
the command line. You can then enable or disable various object snap
modes.
10.Annotation
In AutoCAD EGD (Engineering Graphics Design), annotation refers to the process of
adding text, dimensions, and other symbols to your drawings to convey information
about the design or engineering details. Here's how you can use annotation tools in
AutoCAD EGD:
1. Text:
 To add text annotations to your drawing:
 Use the "TEXT" command by typing "TEXT" in the command line
and pressing Enter.
 Specify the insertion point and enter the text.

 Adjust the text style, height, rotation, and other properties as
needed.
2. Multiline Text (MTEXT):
 The "MTEXT" command is used for multiline text, which is useful for
paragraphs or larger blocks of text.
 Type "MTEXT" in the command line and press Enter.
 Specify the first corner and opposite corner of the text box.
 Enter your text and adjust formatting options as needed.
3. Dimensions:
 Use the "DIM" command to add dimensions to your drawing:
 Type "DIM" in the command line and press Enter.
 Select the type of dimension you want (linear, angular, radial,
etc.).
 Specify the points or entities to dimension.
 Position and adjust the dimension text as needed.
4. Leader (Leader Line with Text):
 The "LEADER" command is used to create leader lines with associated
text:
 Type "LEADER" in the command line and press Enter.
 Specify the starting point of the leader line.
 Specify the landing point of the leader line.
 Enter the annotation text.
5. Hatch Patterns and Fills:
 Use the "HATCH" command to add hatch patterns or fills to specific
areas of your drawing.
 Type "HATCH" in the command line and press Enter.
 Select the area to hatch, and specify the hatch pattern, scale, and
angle.
6. Symbols and Blocks:
 Insert symbols or blocks for specific annotations:
 Use the "INSERT" command to insert pre-defined blocks or
symbols into your drawing.
 Create or download custom blocks for common symbols used in
engineering graphics.
7. Tables:
 AutoCAD also supports the creation of tables for organizing and
presenting tabular information.
 Use the "TABLE" command to create tables and enter data.
8. Annotations Scale:
 Pay attention to the annotation scale to ensure that text, dimensions,
and other annotations are appropriately sized based on the scale of
your drawing.

11.short keys
AutoCAD includes a variety of keyboard shortcuts, also known as "shortcuts" or
"hotkeys," to help users navigate the software more efficiently. Here are some
commonly used keyboard shortcuts in AutoCAD:
1. General Commands:
 Ctrl + N: New Drawing
 Ctrl + O: Open Drawing
 Ctrl + S: Save Drawing
 Ctrl + C: Copy
 Ctrl + X: Cut
 Ctrl + V: Paste
 Ctrl + Z: Undo
 Ctrl + Y: Redo
2. Drawing Navigation:
 Z + Enter: Zoom Extents
 Pan: Press and hold the mouse wheel to pan
 Ctrl + Sroll Wheel: Zoom In/Out
 Ctrl + Shift + Sroll Wheel: Pan horizontally
3. Editing Commands:
 E: Erase
 M: Move
 C: Copy
 R: Rotate
 S: Stretch
 P: Pan
4. Object Snaps:
 F3: Toggle Object Snap
 F7: Toggle Grid
 F8: Toggle Ortho
5. Text and Dimension Commands:
 DTEXT or MTEXT: Start Single-Line or Multiline Text
 DIMLINEAR: Linear Dimension
 DIMANGULAR: Angular Dimension
 DIMRADIUS: Radius Dimension
6. Layer Management:
 LA: Layer Properties
 LAYWALK: Layer Walk
 LAYISO: Isolate Layers

7. Drawing Aids:
 OSNAP: Object Snap
 OTRACK: Object Snap Tracking
 F9: Toggle Snap Mode
8. Blocks and Attributes:
 BLOCK: Create a Block
 INSERT: Insert Block
 ATTDEF: Define Attribute
9. View Commands:
 V + Enter: Viewports
 VPORTS: Viewport Configuration
10. Command Line:
 F2: Display the Command History window
 F3: Toggle Object Snap
 F12: Toggle Dynamic Input
12.difference between drawing and design
In the context of AutoCAD, "drawing" and "design" have specific meanings related to
the use of the software:
1. Drawing in AutoCAD:
 Definition: In AutoCAD, a drawing refers to the digital representation
of a design or concept. It can include various graphical elements such
as lines, arcs, circles, text, and symbols.
 Purpose: Drawings in AutoCAD can serve different purposes, including
architectural plans, engineering schematics, mechanical drawings, and
more. These drawings are created to convey information about the
design, dimensions, and specifications of a project.
 Attributes: AutoCAD drawings are typically made up of various entities
(lines, polylines, circles, etc.) and are organized into layers. Drawings
can be 2D or 3D, depending on the nature of the design.
2. Design in AutoCAD:
 Definition: In AutoCAD, design refers to the process of
conceptualizing, planning, and creating the elements that will be
represented in a drawing. Design involves making decisions about the
layout, dimensions, and structure of the objects to be depicted in the
drawing.
 Purpose: The design phase in AutoCAD is where you make decisions
about the form and function of your project. This includes determining
the layout, relationships between objects, and overall aesthetics.

 Attributes: Design in AutoCAD involves using various commands and
tools to create and manipulate geometric entities. This can include
creating and editing shapes, specifying dimensions, adding
annotations, and organizing the drawing elements.
Key Differences in AutoCAD:
 Drawing is the Output: In AutoCAD, a drawing is the end result—the digital
representation of the design that can be plotted, printed, or shared
electronically.
 Design is the Process: Design, on the other hand, is the ongoing process of
creating and refining the elements that will be represented in the drawing. It
involves making decisions about what the drawing will contain and how it will
be organized.
13.graphics
In AutoCAD, graphics play a fundamental role in creating visual representations of
designs, plans, and technical drawings. Here are some key aspects of graphics in
AutoCAD:
1. Geometric Entities:
 AutoCAD allows users to create various geometric entities, including
lines, polylines, circles, arcs, ellipses, and more.
 These geometric entities form the building blocks of drawings and
represent the physical or conceptual elements of a design.
2. Line Types and Lineweights:
 AutoCAD supports different line types and lineweights to enhance the
visual representation of drawings.
 Users can assign specific linetypes (such as continuous, dashed, or
dotted) to different layers or objects. Lineweights control the thickness
of the lines.
3. Layers:
 Layers in AutoCAD are used to organize and manage graphic elements
within a drawing.
 Each layer can have a specific color, linetype, and lineweight, allowing
for better control and organization of the drawing elements.
4. Annotations and Text:
 AutoCAD supports text and annotation tools for adding information,
labels, dimensions, and other textual elements to drawings.

 Users can control the font, size, style, and alignment of text to meet
specific drafting standards.
5. Hatching and Fills:
 Hatching is the process of adding patterns or fills to closed areas in a
drawing. AutoCAD provides a variety of hatch patterns and
customization options.
 Fills can be applied to 2D objects, such as circles or polygons, to
represent different materials or areas.
6. Viewport and Layouts:
 AutoCAD allows users to create multiple layouts and viewports within a
drawing.
 Viewports enable users to display different views of the model space
within a single layout, allowing for detailed annotations and
presentation.
7. Blocks and Symbols:
 Blocks are reusable, pre-defined sets of geometry that can represent
symbols, furniture, equipment, or any other design elements.
 Blocks enhance efficiency by allowing users to insert complex objects
multiple times without recreating them.
8. Dynamic Blocks:
 Dynamic blocks in AutoCAD are blocks with added intelligence. They
can have adjustable parameters and actions, making them more
versatile and adaptable to different situations.
9. 3D Modeling:
 AutoCAD supports 3D modeling, allowing users to create three-
dimensional representations of designs.
 Users can apply materials, renderings, and lighting effects to create
realistic 3D graphics.
14.type of pencil

15.types of line
16.define point and line
Point - A point is a precise location in space, often represented by a dot. It has no size or
dimensions but serves as a reference for indicating specific locations. Points in EGD drawings
are often denoted by a small dot at the specified location. Points are commonly used as
reference markers, key locations, or vertices for defining the geometry of other objects in
technical drawings.
Point - A line is a straight path between two points. It is defined by its start point and end
point and is used to represent linear features, edges, or connections between specific
locations. Lines in EGD drawings are typically represented by straight segments connecting
two points. They may be used to represent boundaries, outlines, or linear features of objects.
-----------or in AutoCad ----------------------

In AutoCAD Engineering Graphics Design (EGD), a point and a line are fundamental
geometric entities used to define positions and relationships within a drawing. Here
are definitions and explanations of point and line in AutoCAD EGD:
1. Point:
 Definition: In AutoCAD, a point is a basic geometric entity that
represents a single location in space. It has no size, shape, or dimension
but serves as a precise reference position.
 Creation in AutoCAD: Points can be created using the "POINT"
command in AutoCAD. You can specify the coordinates (X, Y, Z) where
the point will be located.
 Use in EGD: Points are often used as reference markers, key locations,
or to define the vertices of other geometric objects.
2. Line:
 Definition: A line is a straight path between two points in space. It is
defined by its start point and end point and has length but no width or
thickness.
 Creation in AutoCAD: Lines can be created using the "LINE" command
in AutoCAD. You specify the start and end points to define the line.
 Use in EGD: Lines are fundamental for representing outlines, edges,
and connections between points in technical drawings. They are used
to convey the geometry and structure of objects.
Creating Points and Lines in AutoCAD: Here's a basic guide on how to create
points and lines in AutoCAD:
1. Creating a Point:
 Type "POINT" in the AutoCAD command line and press Enter.
 Specify the location for the point by entering the X, Y, and Z
coordinates, and press Enter.
2. Creating a Line:
 Type "LINE" in the command line and press Enter.
coordinates.
 Specify the end point by clicking in the drawing area or entering
coordinates.

17 orthographic and isometric projection
Orthographic projection and isometric projection are two different methods used in
technical and engineering drawing to represent three-dimensional objects on a two-
dimensional plane.
1. Orthographic Projection:
 Definition: Orthographic projection is a method of representing a
three-dimensional object in two dimensions by projecting its views
onto three mutually perpendicular planes: front, top, and side (or right-
side). These views are typically drawn in a 2D space.
 Key Points:
 Each view shows only two dimensions (length and width or
width and height).
 The views are aligned with the axes (X, Y, and Z) of the object.
 It is a standard method used in technical drawings, such as
plans, elevations, and sections.
 Types of Orthographic Projections:
 First Angle Projection: Common in Europe and many other
parts of the world.
 Third Angle Projection: Commonly used in the United States.
2. Isometric Projection:
 Definition: Isometric projection is a method of representing a three-
dimensional object in two dimensions, emphasizing the depth and
providing a more realistic view. In isometric projection, all three axes
are equally foreshortened, and lines parallel to the axes remain parallel
in the drawing.
 Key Points:
 The angles between the axes are 120 degrees.
 The object is rotated to show three sides: front, top, and side.
 Isometric drawings give a clearer representation of an object's
appearance.

18.version of cad
Name Version Release Date
AutoCAD Version 1.0 1.0 December 1982
AutoCAD Version 1.2 1.2 April 1983
AutoCAD Version 1.3 1.3 August 1983
AutoCAD Version 1.4 1.4 October 1983
AutoCAD Version 2.0 2.0 October 1984
AutoCAD Version 2.1 2.1 May 1985
AutoCAD Version 2.5 2.5 June 1986
AutoCAD Version 2.6 2.6 April 1987
AutoCAD Release 9 9.0 September 1987
AutoCAD Release 10 10.0 October 1988
AutoCAD Release 11 11.0 October 1990
AutoCAD Release 12 12.0 June 1992
AutoCAD Release 13 13.0 November 1994
AutoCAD Release 14 14.0 February 1997
AutoCAD 2000 15.0 March 1999
AutoCAD 2000i 15.1 July 2000
AutoCAD 2002 15.2 June 2001

AutoCAD 2010 18.0 March 24, 2009
AutoCAD 2011 18.1 March 25, 2010
AutoCAD 2012 18.2 March 22, 2011
AutoCAD 2013 19.0 March 27, 2012
AutoCAD 2014 19.1 March 26, 2013
AutoCAD 2015 20.0 March 27, 2014
AutoCAD 2016 20.1 March 23, 2015
AutoCAD 2017 21.0 March 21, 2016
AutoCAD 2018 22.0 March 21, 2017
AutoCAD 2019 23.0 March 22, 2018
AutoCAD 2020 23.1 March 27, 2019
AutoCAD 2021 24.0 March 25, 2020
AutoCAD 2022 24.1 March 23, 2021
AutoCAD 2023 24.2 March 28, 2022
AutoCAD 2024 24.3 March 27, 2023
19.coordinate system in auto cad
1. Coordinate Axes:
 X-Axis: Represents the horizontal direction, typically from left to right.
 Y-Axis: Represents the vertical direction, usually from bottom to top.
 Z-Axis: Represents the perpendicular direction, pointing towards or
away from the viewer, representing depth.
2. Origin (0,0,0):
 The point where the three axes intersect is known as the origin. It has
coordinates (0, 0, 0) and serves as the reference point for all other
points in the drawing.
3. Absolute Coordinates:
 Points can be specified using absolute coordinates (X, Y, Z), where the
values are measured from the origin. For example, the point (5, 10, 0) is
five units to the right, ten units up, and at the same level as the origin.
4. Relative Coordinates:

 Relative coordinates are specified based on the last point picked. For
example, if you are at the point (3, 4, 0) and specify a relative
coordinate of (2, 3), you will end up at the point (5, 7, 0).
5. Polar Coordinates:
 Polar coordinates are used to specify points based on a distance and an
angle relative to a reference direction, usually the positive X-axis. For
example, to specify a point that is 8 units away from the origin at an
angle of 45 degrees, you would use the polar coordinate (8, 45).
6. Dynamic Input:
 AutoCAD provides a feature called Dynamic Input, allowing you to
input coordinates and distances directly in the command line as you
draw. This feature can be toggled on or off using the "DYNMODE"
system variable.
7. Grid and Snap:
 AutoCAD allows you to enable a grid and snap to grid points, making it
easier to create drawings with precision. The grid is a visual aid, and the
snap feature ensures that your cursor jumps to specified intervals on
the grid.
8. Orthographic Views and UCS (User Coordinate System):
 AutoCAD supports orthographic views (Front, Top, Right, etc.) and
allows users to define custom coordinate systems using the UCS
command. This is useful for working with objects in different
orientations.
20.isometric scale
Isometric scale is a type of engineering scale used in engineering graphics to draw three-
dimensional objects. It is used to create an isometric projection, which is a 3D representation
of an object on a 2D surface. Isometric scales are used to measure distances in isometric
drawings.

21.difference between 1st and 3rd quad.

22.Size of drawing sheet
23.size of drawing board

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