Von Sivers 4e PPT Chapter 20 pdf Lecture
- 1. Chapter 20 The Mughal Empire: Muslim Rulers and Hindu Subjects, 1400-1750
- 2. History and Political Life of the Mughals • Mughals were an ethnic and religious minority ruling a diverse population • The Empire of Timur was an attempt to recreate the Mongol Empire • Centered on Samarkand, a Silk Road trading city • His empire didn’t survive his death
- 3. From Samarkand to Hindustan • Babur was a descendent of both Timur and Genghis Khan • Conquered northern India and founded an empire • Organizing and administering his conquests was the problem • Succession crises compounded these problems Portrait of Babur
- 4. 4 The Conquests of Babur
- 5. Consolidation and Expansion • Babur’s son Humayun was uninterested in ruling, barely managed to maintain his dynasty in the face of Afghan invasions • Jalal ud-Din Akbar pursued conquest, also attempted to reconcile Muslims and Hindus • Resistance plagued his conquests Humayun’s tomb complex
- 6. Mughal India under Akbar
- 7. The Summer and Autumn of Empire • Akbar fought to maintain hold on the Silk Road cities, especially Kandahar • While he was on campaign his son rebelled against him • Under Jahangir the empire continued to be based on conquest • Under Shah Jahan the Mughals began to have difficulty maintaining their territory • Shah Jahan began to legally favor Muslims over Hindus Visions of Akbar
- 8. Patterns Up Close AKBAR AND RELIGIOUS SYNTHESIS The struggle of the Mughals was to rule a variety of religious groups. Akbar attempted to create an Indian religious synthesis His fascination with Sufi Islam led him to mystical strains of other religions, including Hinduism, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. His personal philosophy of such-i kull (peace with all) led him to try to create this new faith. The attempt to overcome the religious and cultural divisions within his empire was a failure, and did not survive his death.
- 9. The Pinnacle of Power ● Aurangzeb ruled the Mughal empire at its height ● Expanded imperial control ● Attempted to Islamify the empire ● Reimposed the jizya ● Began to lose trade to British, French, and Dutch traders in the Indian Ocean
- 10. The Maratha Revolt and the East India Companies • The Maratha Revolt • Result of Islamization policies of Aurangzeb • Constant campaigning reduced trade and wealth of the empire • The East India Companies • Acted as independent states • Naval technology surpassed the Mughals • Dominated trade Salim Chishti’s tomb at Fatehpur Sikri
- 11. Administration, Society, and Economics • Development of centralization • Timurids began as Muslim nomads attempting to govern a settled, Hindu society • Hybrid institutions necessary to govern society worked well under tolerant rulers • Akbar created military, taxation, legal, and royal ministries to rule the state • Power of the nobility was the greatest threat to royal powe
- 12. Mansabdars and Bureaucracy • Timurids created hybrid institutions • Adapted their institutions to new situations • Akbar split control among four different ministries • Mansabdars were granted land in return for paying taxes and supplying the military
- 13. The Mughals and Early Modern Economics • Agrarian based economy, but with vital trade and manufacturing sectors • Careful records were kept of land values for taxation • Expansion of agriculture expanded the economy • Population increased between 1600 and 1800 • Expansion of Atlantic states into Indian Ocean trade had a profound impact on the Mughals • Exports like spices and silk grew astronomically
- 14. 14 European Trading Posts in India and Southeast Asia, ca. 1690
- 15. Society, Family, and Gender • Caste and clan remained important to Hindus, especially rural • Created friction with Muslim authorities, especially under Aurangzeb • Separation of inner and outer worlds • Women primarily ran house and family, were kept secluded • Timurid women had more influence and independence Nur Jahan, Influential Wife of Jahangir
- 16. Science and Technology • Spread of firearms led to development of lighter cannon, guns with multiple barrels • Merging of Hindu and Muslim scholarship led to advances in mathematics and astronomy
- 17. Religion: In Search of Balance • Non-believers had protected status in Mughal India • Actual accommodations depended on the ruler • Timurids were Sunni, but Shi’a influence existed
- 18. Literature and Art • New Literary Directions • Influence of Turkic, Arabic, and Persian on Sanskrit created Hindi and Urdu • Art and Painting • Combined Persian miniature work with bold Hindu styles • Architecture • Monumental architecture was a favorite of the Mughals The Hamzanama, 1562