W10 UITM LECTURE- design of sanitary landfill and safe closure rev2.pdf

At the end of the lecture, students should be
able :
1. To identify various types of solid waste
and their sources
2. To explain the physical and chemical
composition of wastes
3. To discuss the elements involved in the
solid waste management

Solid wastes are all the waste arising from human
and animal activities that are normally solid and
that are discarded as useless or unwanted.

 An ever - expanding population and high rates of economic
development in Malaysia resulted in the generation of vast
amount of waste.
 Malaysia Population: 23.2 million (2000); Male (51.1%);
Female (48.9%).
 7,500 t/d or 7.5 mill. kg/d (1994); 2.7 million tons 15,000
t/day (2000) (Average:0.8 kg/p/d; 0.45-1.44 kg/p/d)
 Kuala Lumpur 2,325 t/d (> 1.56 kg/p/d) (2000) – can fill 88
floors of KLCC in 9 days
 Johor Bahru 2,000 tons/day (1995)
 Recycling Activity : 2 percent

1. Municipal wastes – also called urban solid
waste, is a waste type that includes
predominantly household waste (domestic
waste) with sometimes the addition of
commercial wastes collected by a municipality
within a given area.
2. Industrial wastes – those wastes arising from
industrial activities.
3. Hazardous wastes – wastes that pose a
substantial danger immediately or over a period
of time to human, plant or animal life.

 The major generators of industrial solid
wastes are the thermal power plants
producing coal ash;
 The integrated Iron and Steel mills
producing blast furnace slag and steel
melting slag;
 Pulp and paper industries producing lime
and fertilizer.
 sugar industries generating press mud etc;

 Put simply, a hazardous waste is waste that
poses substantial or potential threats to
public health or the environment and
generally exhibits one or more of these
characteristics:
 Ignitable (flammable), oxidizing, corrosive,
toxic, radioactive

 Normal composition by weight
 50% combustible
Waste Composition Percentage (%)
Organic material 40
Paper 25
Plastic 15
Wood 10
Metal 4
Textiles 3
Others 2

Country Organic
Waste
Paper Plastic Glass Metal Other
China 35.8 3.7 3.8 2.0 0.3 54.3
Hong Kong 37.2 21.6 15.7 3.9 3.9 17.6
Indonesia 70.2 10.9 8.7 1.7 1.8 6.2
Japan 17 40 20 10 6 7
Laos 54.3 3.3 7.8 8.5 3.8 22.5
Malaysia 43.2 23.7 11.2 3.2 4.2 14.5
Myanmar 80 4 2 0 0 14
Philippine 41.6 19.5 13.8 2.5 4.8 6.6
Singapore 44.4 28.3 11.8 4.1 4.8 6.6
South Korea 31 27 6 5 7 23
Thailand 48.6 14.6 13.9 5.1 3.6 14.2

Waste
Composition
Petaling
Jaya
Kuala
Lumpur
Shah Alam Bangi
Garbage 36.5 45.7 47.8 40
Plastic 16.4 9 14 15
Bottle / glass 3.1 3.9 4.3 4
Paper 27 29.9 20.6 18
Metal 3.9 5.1 6.9 4
Fabric 3.1 2.1 2.4 6
Miscellaneous 10 4.3 4 9

Physical Composition
1. Identification of the individual components
that make up municipal solid wastes
2. Analysis of particle size
3. Moisture content
4. Density of solid waste

Identification of component that typically make
most of MSW

Percentage of wet mass of the material.

 To obtain the dry mass, the solid – waste
material is dried in an oven at 77oC for 24 h.
 This temperature and time is used to
dehydrate the material completely and to
limit the vaporization of volatile materials.
 Typical data on the moisture content for the
solid waste components are given in the
table.

Component Moisture, %
Range Typical
Food Waste 50 – 80 70
Paper 4 – 10 6
Cardboard 4 – 8 5
Plastics 1 – 4 2
Textile 6 – 15 10
Rubber 1 – 4 2
Leathers 8 – 12 10
Garden Trimming 30 – 80 60
Wood 15 – 40 20
Misc Organics 10 – 60 25
Glass 1 – 4 2
Tin Cans 2 – 4 2
Dirt, Ashes 6 - 12 8

 The size of the component materials in solid wastes is
important for recovery of material especially with the
mechanical equipment such as trammel screens and magnetic
separator.
 Size can be define by several formula
Sc = size of components (mm)
l = length
w = width
h = height
 
  3
/
1
2
/
1
3
2
h
w
l
Sc
w
l
Sc
h
w
l
Sc
w
l
Sc
l
Sc












Densities of solid
waste vary
markedly with
geographical
location, season
of the year and
length of time in
storage.
Components
Density (kg/m3)
Range Typical
Food Waste 120 – 480 290
Paper 30 – 130 85
Cardboard 30 – 80 50
Plastics 30 – 130 65
Textile 30 – 100 65
Rubber 90 – 200 130
Leathers 90 – 260 160
Garden Trimming 60 – 225 105
Wood 120 – 320 240
Misc Organics 90 – 360 240
Glass 160 – 480 195
Tin Cans 45 – 160 90
Dirt, Ashes 320 – 960 480

◦ Calculation on waste per capita (kg/person/day)
◦ Example
 Municipal (0.75 – 2.5)
 Industrial (0.4 - 1.6)
 Demolition (0.05 - 0.4)
 Other municipal (0.05 - 0.03)
◦ Commercial/ industrial (kg/employee or tones/tonne of
raw product)
◦ Malaysia (0.4 - 1.9) –rural/urban (Johor Bharu 1.0 - 1.4)
◦ Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities:
 Load Count
 Mass-Volume Analysis
 Material Balance Analysis

◦ Load Count Analysis
 The number of individual load and the corresponding
waste characteristic are noted over a specific time
period
◦ Mass – volume analysis
 The weight and number of each load was record over
specific time period
 Example one truck (20 m3) can load 3 time in a day
with correspondent to 1200 people. Each load give 500
kg, 485 kg and 630 kg of weight.
◦ Material Balance Analysis
 Accumulation = inflow – outflow – generation

Continued pollution of our environment will,
if uncontrolled , be difficult to rectify in the
future.
What are the effects?

 Contaminants in the soil can hurt plants when they
grow in contaminated soil and take up the
pollutants through their roots.
 Contaminants in the soil can also adversely impact
the health of animals and humans

1. Waste generation
2. On-site handling, storage, and processing
3. Collection
4. Transfer and transport
5. Processing and recovery
6. Disposal

 It is estimated about 17,000 of waste generated
per day in Peninsular Malaysia in 2002; expected to
reach 30,000 tones per day in 2020;
 Estimated about 45% of the waste is made up of
food waste, 24% of plastic, 7% is paper, 6% of iron
and glass and others made of the rest.
 Estimation of Solid Waste Quantities:
◦ Load Count (estimated volume & each load of
wastes delivered to landfill, use of average
density data)
◦ Mass-Volume Analysis: similar but the mass of
each load is recorded.

Cities 1970
tonnes /
day
1980
tonnes
/ day
1990
tonnes /
day
2000
tonnes
/ day
Generation Rate
(kg / capita /
day)
Kuala
Lumpur
98.8 310.5 586.8 2257 1.62
Johor Bahru 41.1 99.5 174.8 550 1.29
Kuala
Terengganu
8.7 61.8 121.0 250 0.89
Kota Bahru 9.1 56.5 102.9 220 0.80

 The handling and separation of solid wastes at the
source before they are collected is a critical step in
the management of residential solid waste.
 Handling refers to the activities associated with
managing solid wastes until they are placed in the
containers used for their storage (before collection
to dumpsite/recycling centers).

1. Residential area
 Residential dwellings and building types can be
classified in various ways, a classification based on the
number of stories is adequate for the purpose
discussing the handling .
 Three (3) classifications most often used:
i. low rise under four stories,
ii. medium rise – from four to seven stories,
iii. high rise – over seven stories.

2. High rise residential
 Methods of handling solid wastes involve one or more
of the following:
i. wastes are picked up by building maintenance
personnel from the various floors and taken to the
basement or service area
ii. wastes usually bagged, are placed by the tenants in
specially designed vertical chutes, with opening
located on each floor.
iii. wastes taken to the basement by tenants

3. Commercial area;
 In most office and commercial buildings, solid
wastes that accumulated in individual offices or work
locations are collected in relatively large containers
mounted on rollers.
 The handling and separation of non- industrial solid
wastes at industrial facilities is the same as for
commercial facilities

What are the purposes of waste
separation at source?

 Storage of solid at site before being collected by
dumping truck.
 Factors that must be considered in the onsite
storage of solid wastes include;
1. The effects of storage on the waste components
2. The type of container to be used
3. The container location
4. Public health and aesthetics

Factor no 1: the effects of storage .
 An important consideration in the onsite storage
of waste are the effects of storage itself on the
characteristics of the wastes being stored.
 These effects of storing wastes include;
i. microbial decomposition
ii. the absorption of fluids
iii. the contamination of waste components
Solid waste management
2. Waste handling & storage

Microbial decomposition
 Food and other wastes placed in onsite
storage containers will almost
immediately start to undergo
microbiological decomposition
 Flies can start to breed and odorous
compounds can develop.

Absorption of fluids
 Because the components that comprise solid wastes
have differing initial moisture contents, re-
equilibration takes place as wastes are stored onsite
in containers.
 Where mixed wastes are stored together, paper
absorb moisture from food wastes and fresh garden
trimmings.
 The degree of absorption that takes place depends
on the length of time the wastes are stored until
collection.
 If wastes are followed to sit for more than a week in
enclosed containers, the moisture will become
distributed throughout the wastes.
 If watertight container lids are not used, wastes can
also absorb water from rainfall that enters partially
covered containers.

Contamination of waste components
 Serious effect is the contamination occurs.
 The major waste components may be
contaminated by small amounts of wastes
such as motor oils, household cleaners and
paints,

Factor no 2 : Types of Containers
Depend on:
 characteristics of SW to be collected,
e.g. large storage containers for
domestic SW (flats/apartment); large
containers on a roller
(Commercial/Industrial)
 Collection frequency
 Space available for the placement of
containers

Factor no 3 :Container Locations
 side/rear of house, alleys
 special enclosures (apartment/condos)
 Basement (apts. in foreign countries)/ newer
complexes
Factor no 4: Public Health & Aesthetics
 relates to on-time collection to avoid the
spread of diseases by vectors, etc.
 must be pleasing to the eye (containers must
be clean, shielded from public’s view).

On-site storage bin
Low rise residential
Apartments

 60-80 percent of total SWM costs.
 Major problems:
 Poor building layouts - e.g. squatters
 Road congestion - time cost, leachate,
transport costs.
 Old containers used (leaky/ damaged)
 Absence of systematic methods
(especially at apartments, markets with
large wst. volume).
3. Collection of SW

Types of collection systems
1. Hauled Container System (HCS)
• Container is hauled to disposal sites,
emptied, and returned to original
location or some other location
• Suitable for areas w/ higher waste
generation
2. Stationary Container System (SCS)
• the container used to store waste
remain at the point of generation;
except when moved to curb or other
location to be emptied.
• Used for residential/commercial sites.
3. Collection of SW

Pick up loaded container
Deposit loaded container
Truck from
Dispatch station, t1
Transfer station, processing station, or disposal
Site (contents emptied), s
Haul, h
Truck to
Dispatch station,
t2
Container
Location
Drive to next container, dbc
n
1 2

Pickup
Location
Transfer station, processing station, or
disposal Site, s
Drive to next pickup
location
n
1 2
Empty collection Vehicles from
Dispatch station, t1
Drive loaded collection
Vehicle To disposal site
Drive empty collection
To beginning of next collection
Route or return to dispatch station.
Load contents from container(s) at pickup
location into collection vehicle, uc

Solid waste hauling truck Kathmandu, Nepal.

 The functional element of transfer and
transport refers to the means, facilities,
and appearances used to effect the
transfer of wastes from;
 small collection vehicles larger
vehicles processing centers/disposal
sites.
4. Transfer and Transport of solid waste

Factors to consider in selection of vehicle;
 Waste quantities
 Truck body or container capacity
 Location of container
 Physical characteristics of the collection routes
 Residential, commercial or industrial: HCS for
large buildings (e.g. apt., industries, etc.)
 Safety and comfort - to minimize danger to
crews.

 Transfer station- more common as the
distance of landfill sites becomes greater
 Advantages;
 better haul roads for collection vehicles
 traffic control
 fewer truck on the sanitary landfill haul routes
 improved landfill operating efficiency
 Lower overall haul cost
 Material separation/recovery facilities/recycling

Recycle, Separation and Materials Recovery
Facility (MRF)
 MRF – a facility for separating
commingled recyclables by manual or
mechanical means.
 Some MRFs are designed to separate
recyclables from mixed MSW.
 MRFs then bale and market the
recovered materials.
5. Processing and Treatment of SW

5. Processing and Treatment of SW

The only viable method for the long term
handling.
Should only be carried out after;
1. solid wastes that are collected and are of no
further use;
2. the residual matter remaining after solid
wastes have been processed;
3. the residual matter remaining after the
recovery of conversion products and or energy
has been accomplished,
6. Disposal of SW

 Land filling is the method of disposal used most
commonly for municipal wastes, land farming and
deep well injection have been used for industrial
wastes.
 Why can’t we expand/increase Landfill Sites to
dispose Municipal Solid Wastes ?
i. Land is NOT limitless
ii. Landfill can produce pollution
6. Disposal of SW

 Modern landfills are well-engineered facilities that are located,
designed, operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with federal
regulations.
 Solid waste landfills must be designed to protect the environment from
contaminants which may be present in the solid waste stream.

 The landfill siting plan — which prevents
the siting of landfills in environmentally
sensitive areas
 On-site environmental monitoring systems
—which monitor for any sign of
groundwater contamination and for landfill
gas — provide additional safeguards.
 In addition, many new landfills collect
potentially harmful landfill gas emissions
and convert the gas into energy.
6. Disposal of SW

 Burning (MSW) can generate energy while reducing
the amount of waste by up to 90 percent in volume
and 75 percent in weight.
 To reduce waste volume, local governments or
private operators can implement a controlled
burning process called combustion or incineration.
 In addition to reducing volume, combustors, when
properly equipped, can convert water into steam to
fuel heating systems or generate electricity.
7. Incinerator

 Over one-fifth of the U.S. MSW incinerators use
refuse derived fuel (RDF).
 In contrast to mass burning — where the municipal
solid waste is introduced "as is" into the
combustion chamber, RDF facilities are equipped to
recover recyclables (e.g., metals, cans, glass) first,
then shred the combustible fraction into fluff for
incineration.
7. Incinerator

 Burning waste at extremely high temperatures also
destroys chemical compounds and disease-causing
bacteria.
 Regular testing ensures that residual ash is non-
hazardous before being landfilled.
 About ten percent of the total ash formed in the
combustion process is used for beneficial use such
as daily cover in landfills and road construction.
7. Incinerator

Schematic of typical mass-burn municipal waste
combustion facility with energy production
facilities

Issues in the implementation of incineration
facilities
1. Sitting
2. Management of emissions
3. Public health
4. economics

To assess the management possibilities it
is important to consider ;

1. Choose green process
2. Selection more on the environmental
material
3. Verified the final waste from the product

1. Reducing the amount of materials used in
the manufacture of a product.
2. Reducing the amount of materials used for
packaging and marketing of consumer
goods.
3. Increasing the useful life of a product (e.g.
doubling the useful life of tires).

 Using of materials for another purpose.
◦ paper bags for storage of wastes, newspapers to
start fires, tin cans, etc.
◦ Furniture
◦ Cloth
◦ Glass
◦ Car

 Waste can be chemically or physically treated
prior to disposal to improve their properties
 Treatment can reduce the toxicity of waste,
remove further useful components and
improve waste properties for disposal
 Example ash to be used as concrete material

 Combustible waste burn at 900 – 10000C
 Leave ash and non-combustible behind
 Can reduce waste volume by 75-95% but
usually 50%reduction to fuel burning for
electric power
 Air pollutant concern
◦ Acid rain
◦ Global warming

 Still used world wide
 New open dump banned in USA
 Typical site in abandoned quarries, low areas
and hillside
 Some allowed to burn
 Nuisance
 Pollutant of air, surface and ground

1. The Environmental Quality Act (EQA) of 1974
(Act 127) :
 The EQA - federal law (gives the mandate and
regulatory power to the DOE), clear regulations so as
to control the dumping of wastes.
i. Sec.24 (3) –
 Offence to establish refuse dump, garbage tip, soil and
rock disposal site, sludge disposal site or repository for
solid or liquid waste which is obnoxious or offensive to
human beings or pollute underground water or soil etc.
 Penalty max. RM 100,000 and/or 5 years jail (raised in
1996 (amendment) from RM 10,000 and 2 yrs).
ii. Sec. 29 – Prohibit discharge of waste in Malaysian waters.
Penalty of max.RM 500,000 and/or 5 yrs. (from RM10,000
and/2 yrs jail before 1996)

2. EQA, Scheduled Waste, 1989
◦ Notification of waste generation
◦ Treat and reduce waste
◦ Proper inventory, handling, labeling, disposal
◦ Categories of scheduled waste
◦ Proper training of waste disposal contractors;
consignment notes, emergency response plans
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (PRESCRIBED
CARRIER)(SCHEDULED WASTES) ORDER 2005

3. EQA, Chlorofluorocarbon, 1993.
4. Customs Order.
5. Transport Act.
6. Local Government Act, 1976:
 Prohibits deposit of filth, nuisance upon
stream, channel, public drain or other water
course (Sec.69)- RM2,000 and/or 1 yr, jail and
RM 500/day if continues after conviction;
 Prohibit trade refuse to pollute stream (Sec 70)
– Max. RM5,000 and/or 2 yrs, RM 500/day.

 MSW—more commonly known as trash or
garbage—consists of everyday items.
 Current disposals site is expected to be
closed in 2 years time.
 Cleaner and healthier communities can be
achieved by understanding and practicing
the ―3Rs‖ of solid waste management –
reduce, reuse, recycle; activities includes
source reduction, composting, combustion
etc.

Estimate the unit waste generation rate per
week for a resident area consists of 2500
homes. The observation location is a local
transfer station that receive all the waste
collected. The observation period was 1 week.
* Assume one house equal to 3.5 person
1. No of compactor truck = 8 , size = 20 m3
2. No of pick up truck = 3 , size = 2.5 m3
3. No load from individual resident private car
= 15 , size = 0.32 m3

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