WASTE MINIMISATION TECHNIQUES

WASTE MINIMIZATIONWASTE MINIMIZATION
TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES
MANISHA SONIMANISHA SONI
M.Sc. (Pre.)M.Sc. (Pre.)
ROLL NO. 1394ROLL NO. 1394
DEPPT. OF ENVIRONMENTALDEPPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE, M.D.U. ROHTAKSCIENCE, M.D.U. ROHTAK
PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY

WHAT IS WASTE ?WHAT IS WASTE ?
•Waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials
generated from combined residential, industrial and
commercial activities in a given area
• It may be categorized according to its origin (domestic,
industrial, commercial, construction or institutional)
•according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal,
plastic paper etc);
•according to hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin,
flammable, radioactive, infectious etc).

WHAT IS WASTE MINIMIZATION ?
 The reduction of waste; and
 the reuse, recycling, and
recovery of waste and diverted
material.

HOW MUCH WASTE IS CREATED BYHOW MUCH WASTE IS CREATED BY
INDIA CITIES ?INDIA CITIES ?
• About 0.1 million tonnes of municipal solid waste isAbout 0.1 million tonnes of municipal solid waste is
generated in India every day. That is per capita wastegenerated in India every day. That is per capita waste
generation in major Indian cities ranges from 0.2 kggeneration in major Indian cities ranges from 0.2 kg
to 0.6 kg.to 0.6 kg.
Urban India generates 188,500 tonnes perUrban India generates 188,500 tonnes per
day (68.8 million tonnes per year) ofday (68.8 million tonnes per year) of
municipal solid waste at a per capita wastemunicipal solid waste at a per capita waste
generation rate of 500 gm./ person/ day.generation rate of 500 gm./ person/ day.

 KOLKATA generates 12,060 tons perKOLKATA generates 12,060 tons per
day is the highest generator with aday is the highest generator with a
per capita generation of 660 gm./per capita generation of 660 gm./
day.day.
 PORT BLAIR, the capital city ofPORT BLAIR, the capital city of
Andaman and Nicobar IslandAndaman and Nicobar Island
generates 760 gm. Of waste pergenerates 760 gm. Of waste per
person per day , the highest amongperson per day , the highest among
Indian cities .Indian cities .

WASTES AND POSSIBLE RESOURCES
RESOURCESWASTES
Fly ash from power
plant
Raw material for cement or brick
manufacture
Bagasse wastes from sugar
manufacture
Fuel for boiler
CO2CO2
release from ammoniarelease from ammonia
plantplant
Raw material for UreaRaw material for Urea
manufacturemanufacture

WASTE MINIMIZATIONWASTE MINIMIZATION
TECHNIQUESTECHNIQUES

AVOIDAVOID
 Disposal of an item must beDisposal of an item must be
considered before you purchase it.considered before you purchase it.
 The most easier method of wasteThe most easier method of waste
management is to reduce creation ofmanagement is to reduce creation of
waste materials thereby reducingwaste materials thereby reducing
the amount of waste going tothe amount of waste going to
landfills. Waste reduction can belandfills. Waste reduction can be
done through recycling olddone through recycling old
materials like jar, bags, repairingmaterials like jar, bags, repairing
broken items instead of buying newbroken items instead of buying new
one, avoiding use of disposableone, avoiding use of disposable
products like plastic bags, reusingproducts like plastic bags, reusing
second hand items, and buyingsecond hand items, and buying
items that uses less designing.items that uses less designing.

REDUCEREDUCE
Source Reduction of waste – Stopping wasteSource Reduction of waste – Stopping waste
before it starts – way to enhancebefore it starts – way to enhance
environmental cleanliness:environmental cleanliness:
Source reduction, also known as wasteSource reduction, also known as waste
prevention or pollution prevention, is theprevention or pollution prevention, is the
elimination of waste before it is created.elimination of waste before it is created.
Source reduction is decreasing the amount ofSource reduction is decreasing the amount of
materials or energy used during thematerials or energy used during the
manufacturing or distribution of products andmanufacturing or distribution of products and
packages.Source reduction means stoppingpackages.Source reduction means stopping
waste before it happens.waste before it happens.

IT IS TWO TYPES
 Good Housekeeping
 Process Change
GOOD HOUSEKEEPINGGOOD HOUSEKEEPING - Systems to- Systems to
prevent leakages & spillages throughprevent leakages & spillages through
preventive maintenance schedules andpreventive maintenance schedules and
routine equipment inspections. Also, well-routine equipment inspections. Also, well-
written working instructions, supervision,written working instructions, supervision,
awareness and regular training of workforceawareness and regular training of workforce
would facilitate good housekeeping.would facilitate good housekeeping.

Process ChangeProcess Change - Under this head, four- Under this head, four
techniques are covered:techniques are covered:
Input Material ChangeInput Material Change
 Better Process ControlBetter Process Control
Equipment ModificationEquipment Modification
Technology ChangeTechnology Change

REUSEREUSE
 2nd hand goods, refillable2nd hand goods, refillable
containers, choose pre-lovedcontainers, choose pre-loved
items. Repair an item and extenditems. Repair an item and extend
its life. Make an old item intoits life. Make an old item into
something useful in a new waysomething useful in a new way.

EXAMPLEEXAMPLE
Plastic bottles (with LED lights)Plastic bottles (with LED lights)
repurposed as a chandelierrepurposed as a chandelier
during Ramadan in the Muslimduring Ramadan in the Muslim
Quarter, JerusalemQuarter, Jerusalem
Reuse of bulbs

Reusable glass bottles collected in Bishkek,Reusable glass bottles collected in Bishkek,
Kyrgyzstan. Deposit values (0.5-2 Kyrgyz som) areKyrgyzstan. Deposit values (0.5-2 Kyrgyz som) are
posted next to the sample bottles on the rackposted next to the sample bottles on the rack

RECYCLERECYCLE
 Recycling is the process of converting wasteRecycling is the process of converting waste
products into new products to prevent energyproducts into new products to prevent energy
usage and consumption of fresh rawusage and consumption of fresh raw
materials.materials.
 Recycling is the third component of Reduce,Recycling is the third component of Reduce,
Reuse and Recycle waste hierarchy.Reuse and Recycle waste hierarchy.
 The idea behind recycling is to reduce energyThe idea behind recycling is to reduce energy
usage, reduce volume of landfills, reduce airusage, reduce volume of landfills, reduce air
and water pollution, reduce greenhouse gasand water pollution, reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and preserve natural resources foremissions and preserve natural resources for
future use.future use.

IT IS OF TWO TYPESIT IS OF TWO TYPES:O
 ON SITE RECYCLING:-ON SITE RECYCLING:- Reuse of wasted materials inReuse of wasted materials in
the same process or forthe same process or for
another useful applicationanother useful application
within the industrywithin the industry.
 OFF SITE RECYCLINGOFF SITE RECYCLING Modification of the wasteModification of the waste
generation process in order togeneration process in order to
transform the wasted material intotransform the wasted material into
a material that can be reused ora material that can be reused or
recycled for another applicationrecycled for another application
within or outside the companywithin or outside the company.

EXAMPLE OF RECYCLINGEXAMPLE OF RECYCLING

RECOVERRECOVER
Resource recovery is the process of takingResource recovery is the process of taking
useful discarded items for a specific next use.useful discarded items for a specific next use.
These discarded items are then processed toThese discarded items are then processed to
extract or recover materials and resources orextract or recover materials and resources or
convert them to energy in the form of useableconvert them to energy in the form of useable
heat, electricity or fuel.heat, electricity or fuel.

EXAMPLE OF RECOVERYEXAMPLE OF RECOVERY
Incineration involves the burning of the solid waste at
very high temperature.

Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructorManlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. 1894 destructor
furnace. The use of incinerators for wastefurnace. The use of incinerators for waste
disposal became popular in the latedisposal became popular in the late

Anaerobic digestion component ofAnaerobic digestion component of
Lübeck mechanical biological treatmentLübeck mechanical biological treatment
plant in Germany, 2007plant in Germany, 2007
WASTE TO ENERGY RECOVERYWASTE TO ENERGY RECOVERY

TREATMENTTREATMENT
Waste is treated prior to disposalWaste is treated prior to disposal
to reduce its hazardous nature egto reduce its hazardous nature eg
Clinical waste, regulated waste,Clinical waste, regulated waste,
stabilise organic waste.stabilise organic waste.

TYPES OF TREATTYPES OF TREAT
 Land treatment;Land treatment;
 Physical treatment;Physical treatment;
Chemical treatment;Chemical treatment;
Biological treatmentBiological treatment

..
LAND TREATMENTLAND TREATMENT
 The best method of land treatmentThe best method of land treatment
is landfill.is landfill.
 Landfill-Landfill- The disposal of hazardous and toxic wastes,The disposal of hazardous and toxic wastes,
after appropriate treatment, to landfills is theafter appropriate treatment, to landfills is the
most common method of disposal .most common method of disposal .

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT-BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT-
 It is form of disposal in which theIt is form of disposal in which the
final state of the waste is mediated byfinal state of the waste is mediated by
microbial interventionmicrobial intervention.
 For some wastes like domestic sewage andFor some wastes like domestic sewage and
certain wastes from food processing, thecertain wastes from food processing, the
biological treatment is firmly establishedbiological treatment is firmly established
as the standard method of wasteas the standard method of waste
treatment.treatment.

PHYSICAL TREATMENTPHYSICAL TREATMENT
These methods are used to remove separateThese methods are used to remove separate
and concentrate hazardous and toxicand concentrate hazardous and toxic
materials. They are considered to bematerials. They are considered to be
conventional technologies and areconventional technologies and are
commonly used throughout the worldcommonly used throughout the world.

CHEMICAL TREATMENTCHEMICAL TREATMENT
.
This treatment would assist in theThis treatment would assist in the
application of physical treatmentapplication of physical treatment
technologies, and lower the toxicity of atechnologies, and lower the toxicity of a
hazardous waste by changing its chemicalhazardous waste by changing its chemical
nature, often yielding essentially non-nature, often yielding essentially non-
hazardous substances such as carbonhazardous substances such as carbon
dioxide, water and saltsdioxide, water and salts.

EXAMPLE OF WASTE TREATMENTEXAMPLE OF WASTE TREATMENT
LAND TREATMENTLAND TREATMENT
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTBIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
CompostCompost heapheap

PHYSICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEPHYSICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE

DISPOSAL OF WASTE
RESPONSIBLY
 Dispose of waste in a responsible manner.Dispose of waste in a responsible manner.
 For those things that cannot be reduced, reused orFor those things that cannot be reduced, reused or
recycled, we ensure that they are disposed ofrecycled, we ensure that they are disposed of
responsibly.responsibly.
 We are currently working on a process to allow for safeWe are currently working on a process to allow for safe
disposal of:disposal of:
 batteriesbatteries
 mobile phonesmobile phones

Cont.
Rapid industrialization has resulted in the generation of hugeRapid industrialization has resulted in the generation of huge
quantity of waste , both solid & liquid , in industrial sector suchquantity of waste , both solid & liquid , in industrial sector such
as sugar ,pulp & paper , fruit & food process, distilleries,as sugar ,pulp & paper , fruit & food process, distilleries,
dairies, poultries, etc. Despite requirements for pollutiondairies, poultries, etc. Despite requirements for pollution
control measures, these waste are generally dumped on land orcontrol measures, these waste are generally dumped on land or
discharge into water bodies, without adequate treatment, anddischarge into water bodies, without adequate treatment, and
thus become a large source of environmental pollution andthus become a large source of environmental pollution and
health hazard.health hazard.
Thousand of small scale &bigger industrial unit simply dumpThousand of small scale &bigger industrial unit simply dump
their waste more often toxic & hazardous in open space &their waste more often toxic & hazardous in open space &
near by water source cover the three decades many cases ofnear by water source cover the three decades many cases of
serious & permanent damage to environmental by theirserious & permanent damage to environmental by their
industries.industries.

EFFECTS OF WASTEEFFECTS OF WASTE
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTENVIRONMENTAL EFFECT
Surface water contamination:Surface water contamination:
Waste that end up in water bodies negatively change the chemicalWaste that end up in water bodies negatively change the chemical
composition of the water. Technically, this is called water pollution. Thiscomposition of the water. Technically, this is called water pollution. This
will affect all ecosystems existing in the water. It can also cause harm towill affect all ecosystems existing in the water. It can also cause harm to
animals that drink from such polluted water.animals that drink from such polluted water.
Soil contamination:Soil contamination:
Hazardous chemicals that get into the soilHazardous chemicals that get into the soil
(contaminants) can harm plants when they take up(contaminants) can harm plants when they take up
the contamination through their roots.the contamination through their roots.

Pollution:Pollution:
Bad waste management practices can result in land and airBad waste management practices can result in land and air
pollution and can cause respiratory problems and otherpollution and can cause respiratory problems and other
adverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed fromadverse health effects as contaminants are absorbed from
the lungs into other parts of the body.the lungs into other parts of the body.
Economic EffectsEconomic Effects
Municipal wellbeing:Municipal wellbeing:
Everyone wants to live and visit places that are clean, fresh and healthy. AEveryone wants to live and visit places that are clean, fresh and healthy. A
city with poor sanitation, smelly and with waste matter all over the place docity with poor sanitation, smelly and with waste matter all over the place do
not attract good people, investors and tourists. Such cities tend to have poornot attract good people, investors and tourists. Such cities tend to have poor
living standards.living standards.

Cities that do not invest in recycling and proper waste control miss outCities that do not invest in recycling and proper waste control miss out
on revenue from recycling. They also miss out on job opportunities thaton revenue from recycling. They also miss out on job opportunities that
come from recycling, composting and businesses that work with them.come from recycling, composting and businesses that work with them.

SIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE MINIMIZATIONSIGNIFICANCE OF WASTE MINIMIZATION
 Cost savings that go directly to the bottom lineCost savings that go directly to the bottom line
(reduced raw material consumption, reduced waste(reduced raw material consumption, reduced waste
disposal cost savings due to reduced volumes anddisposal cost savings due to reduced volumes and
recovered value of wastes);recovered value of wastes);
 Competitive advantage;Competitive advantage;
 Reduced impact on the environment;Reduced impact on the environment;
 Improved public perception;Improved public perception;
 Development of new and more sustainableDevelopment of new and more sustainable
processes; andprocesses; and
 Development of new products.Development of new products.

REFRENCE:
 NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICE (AN ISO 9001: 2008NIIR PROJECT CONSULTANCY SERVICE (AN ISO 9001: 2008
COMPANY).COMPANY).
 BOOKS & DIRECTORY >> WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING >BOOKS & DIRECTORY >> WASTE MANAGEMENT AND RECYCLING >
PRODUCT FROM WASTE (Industrial & agro waste 2PRODUCT FROM WASTE (Industrial & agro waste 2ndnd
edition )edition )
 Published in 2004.Published in 2004.
 Publisher –national Institute of industrial research usually ships with in 3Publisher –national Institute of industrial research usually ships with in 3
days.days.
 Reducing your waste –Modern Bay – regional council.Reducing your waste –Modern Bay – regional council.
 Promoting Excellence in the Creation , design production , manufacturing andPromoting Excellence in the Creation , design production , manufacturing and
marketing of plastic products in NewZealand .marketing of plastic products in NewZealand .
 PARTHA DAS SHARMA”S Weblog On keeping World Environment SaferPARTHA DAS SHARMA”S Weblog On keeping World Environment Safer
and Greener .and Greener .
 Published in – Jan. 1, 2009.Published in – Jan. 1, 2009.
 Posted by –PARTHA DAS.Posted by –PARTHA DAS.

 Sustainable solid waste management in India .Sustainable solid waste management in India .
 Guardian Environmental network.Guardian Environmental network.
 Responsible waste disposal – property –Responsible waste disposal – property –
Macquarie University htm.Macquarie University htm.

WASTE MINIMISATION TECHNIQUES

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