Waste Vitalization of Algae Processing
0 likes103 views
The document discusses the potential of algal biodiesel as a renewable source for jet fuel blends, but highlights its high production costs and the importance of efficient waste management. It emphasizes the utilization of algal waste for various applications, including as bio-fertilizers, animal fodder, and bioethanol production, enhancing economic feasibility in biorefineries. The conclusion stresses the need for strategic plans to optimize algal processing methods to maximize revenue.
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 360
Waste Vitalization of Algae Processing
Hassan El Shimi1
, Soha Moustafa2
1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
2
Department of Microbiology, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
Abstract— Algal biodiesel is an attractive renewable
source for jet fuel blend. It is available technically, but
expensive. Energy efficiency and solid waste management
became a global trend. Algal waste vitalization is a key
factor in biorefinery concepts to enrich the process
profits. The appropriate utilization path of algalcake is
proposed via biochemical analysis. Approaches attaining
high algae revenues are of great importance and
discussed to apply in the near future.
Keywords—Algal biodiesel, approaches, biorefinery,
revenues, waste vitalization
I. INTRODUCTION
Algal biofuel (or algae-oleum) has attractive interest in
recent years for jet fuel blend [1]. It prepared via
transesterification "biodiesel" [2,3], hydrocracking "bio-
oil" [4] or fermentation "bioethanol" [5] of algal biomass.
Technically, algal biodiesel is available through series of
consecutive reactions between the extracted oil and
methyl alcohol over base or acid catalyst as excessively
illustrated inliteratures [6,7]. Algal oil (or Oilgae)
extraction is too costly process which can evaluate the
sustainability of microalgae-based biofuels [8].
Commercial manufacturers use a combination of
mechanical press and chemical solvents to maximize
lipids leaching [9]. Microalgae as a potential renewable
source for biofuel production has high lipids productivity
(avg. 4000 gallon/acre/year) and oil content in range of
20-65%wt, hence huge amount of cake (35-80%wt) is
generated after Oilgae extraction [10]. Nowadays, Algae-
oleum is non-commercial; because of the high
investments costs and the high demand on auxiliary
energy for biomass followed by algal oil production, and
biofuel manufacturing [11]. Feedstock cost is the
bottleneck of biodiesel marketing on industrial scale; as it
represents about 70-80% of total production cost [12,13].
Landfill is the common method for solid waste
management (SWM) if there is no economical way to
utilize it. Energy, materials and wastes management have
a promising interests worldwide; to reduce greenhouse
gases (GHGs), to improve energy efficiency and increase
the facility productivity using NO COST OPTION [14].
Therefore, utilization of algal-waste for example as soil
conditioner or solid biofuel (like bio-char) is a key factor
in biorefinery concepts to improve the economic
feasibility [15]. This paper highlights the different paths
for algal waste utilization; in order to optimize its
vitalization and enhance the algae revenues.
II. ALGAE PROCESSING FOR BIO-JET FUEL
PRODUCTION
Algae are cultivated in open ponds [16] or closed
photobioreactors (PBRs) [17] using Zarrouk medium
[18,19]. Biomass can be collected at 21days old and
separate through centrifuge. Algae biomass is dried using
solar dryers before Oilgae extraction. Algal oil can be
extracted by mechanical press to yield 10%wt [20]
followed by chemical solvent usually hexane to obtain all
lipids according to Bligh, E.G. and Dayer, W.J. [21].
Solvent is recycled and algae waste is subjected to further
processing. Oilgae biorefinery is necessary to improve its
properties and confirm the jet fuel standards. This is
achieved via Oilgae hydrocracking process to yield
directly bio-jet fuel, or transesterification into biodiesel
followed by distillation above 120o
C to get the required
cut and blend with petro-jet fuel [22]. Processing of algae
for bio-jet fuel production is summarized in Fig. 1 [23].
Fig. 1: Algal processing for jet fuel production
III. UTILIZATION OF ALGAL WASTE
Once Oilgae is produced, algal cake is dried at the sun
and analyzed to determine the appropriate utilization path.
Cultivation conditions and chemical composition of algal
species find the vitalization way; because they are
different as shown in Table 1 [24]. Algal waste can be
recycled as nutrients into cultivation system or burned as
solid biofuel without extra treatment.
3.1. Algal waste as bio-fertilizer
El Shimi, H.I. et al. [25] was used Spirulina-platensis as a
feedstock to produce biodiesel for jet fuel blend.
Biochemical analysis was carried out at Faculty of
Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, and illustrated in
Table 2. It's shown that S.platensis cake has a](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-may-2016-19-160626051807/85/Waste-Vitalization-of-Algae-Processing-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 361
considerable amount of nitrogen (500 mg/100g),
phosphor (900 mg/100g) and potassium (1475 mg/100g).
These elements are the main nutrients for plant growth, so
it is vital as promising plant nutrition element to be used
as N-P-K fertilizer "bio-fertilizer". The advantages of
fertilizers containing algae are greater than normal
fertilizers alone; because approximately 33% of algal N
was converted to plant available N within 21 days at 25o
C
in the soils. In the United States, the corn plants for
example, received an added benefit from micronutrients
and plant growth enhancers provided by the algae-
fertilizers. The suggested price of algal cake as a bio-
fertilizer is USD300/ton [11].
Table-1. Chemical analysis of algae species expressed on
a dry matter basis (%)
Strain Lipids Carbohydrates Protein
Prymnesium
parvum
22-38 25-33 28-45
Euglena gracilis 14-20 14-18 39-61
Spirulina
platensis
6-11 9-15 46-63
Spirogyra sp. 11-21 33-64 6-20
Porphyridium
cruentum
9-14 40-57 28-39
When applying the bio-fertilizer to plant seeds, plant
surfaces, or soil, it colonizes the interior of the plant and
promotes growth by increasing the availability of primary
nutrients (N, P and K) to the host plant. They add
nutrients through the N-fixation, P-dissolving and
stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth-
promoting substances. The microorganisms "algal waste"
in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle
and build soil organic matter. Through the use of bio-
fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing
the sustainability and the health of the soil. Additionally,
they maintain the natural habitat of the soil, increase crop
yield by 20-30%, substitute pesticides, chemical nitrogen
and phosphor by about 25% and also provide protection
against some soil-drought. Bio-fertilizers are cost-
effective relative to chemical fertilizers.
3.2. Algal waste as animal fodder or poultry/fish diets
Algae containing valuable amount of protein like Euglena
gracilis and Spirulina platensis is considered a promising
animal fodder and soybean replacing as poultry
(USD4000/ton) and fish diets (USD12000/ton), but more
production and treatment facilities are required to achieve
these goals. Muriellopsis sp. and Chlorophyta are
cultivated in open ponds and PBRs were recommended to
be a safe feedstuff for growing livestock animals [26].
Animal nutrition systems are considered the effective-
costly component in modern animal production [27].
3.3. Algal waste as raw material for bioethanol production
Bioethanol production via sugars fermentation has more
attention worldwide [28]. Algal waste of rich
carbohydrates content like Spirogyra sp. and
Porphyridium cruentum can be utilized to develop
bioethanol production through acid hydrolysis,
neutralization and yeast adaption [28]. Efficiency of algal
bioethanol is estimated to be 66% compared to gasoline.
Table-2. Elemental analysis of Spirulina-platensis waste
Element Value Unit
Ca 400 mg/100 g algae
P 900 mg/100 g algae
Fe 70 mg/100 g algae
N 500 mg/100 g algae
K 1475 mg/100 g algae
Moisture 1.5 %wt
Ash 7.5 %wt
IV. RECOMMENDATION
A strategic plan is still required to maximize the profits
from algae project according to the proposed algae strain.
Fig. 2 illustrates the optimum path for algal biomass
processing; in order to enrich its revenues.
V. CONCLUSION
Chemical composition of algal cake after biofuel
production proved its vitalization path as animal fodder,
poultry and fish diets feed, bio-fertilizer or as a bioethanol
feedstock. Waste vitalization using NO COST OPTION is
a promising global trend; to improve the process
economics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt for the
technical support.
Fig. 2: Algae Revenues
REFERENCES
[1] Amin, S. AboEl-Enin, G. El Diwani and S. Hawash.
2015. Kinetic Model of Algal Biodiesel Production
under Supercritical Methanolysis. ARPN Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences.10: 274-278.
[2] H. El Shimi, N. Attia, S. El Sheltawy and G. El
Diwani. 2013. Biodiesel Production from Spirulina-
Platensis Microalgae by In-Situ Transesterification
Process. Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems.
3: 224-233](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-may-2016-19-160626051807/85/Waste-Vitalization-of-Algae-Processing-2-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 362
[3] E. A. Ehimen, Z. F. Sun and C. G. Carrington. 2010.
Variables Affecting the in Situ Transesterification of
Microalgae Lipids. Fuel. 89: 677- 684.
[4] L. Li, E. Coppola, J. Rine, J.L. Miller, and D.
Walker. 2010. Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion
of Triglycerides to Non-ester Biofuels. Energy &
Fuels. 24: 1305-1315.
[5] Y. Khambhaty, D. Upadhyay, Y. Kriplani, N. Joshi,
K. Mody and M. Gandhi. 2013. Bioethanol from
Macroalgal Biomass: Utilization of Marine Yeast for
Production of the Same. Bioenerg. Res. 6:188–195.
[6] L. Simasatitkul, R. Gani and A. Arpornwichanopa. 2012.
Optimal Design of Biodiesel Production Process from
Waste Cooking Palm Oil. Procedia Engineering. 42:
1292-1301.
[7] S. Furuta, H. Matsuhashi and K. Arata. 2004. Biodiesel
Fuel Production with Solid Super Acid Catalysis in fixed
Bed Reactor under Atmospheric Pressure. Catalyst
Communication. 5: 721-723.
[8] M. Sharma, R. Patni, M. Kumar and A. Kumar.
2005. Modification of mercuryinduced biochemical
alterations in blood of Swiss albino mice by
Spirulina fusiformis. Journal of Environmental
Toxicology and Pharmacology. 20: 289-296.
[9] Y. Chisti. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae.
Biotechnology Advances. 25:294-306.
[10]R. Halim, M. K. Danquah and P. A. Webley. 2012.
Extraction of Oil from Microalgae for Biodiesel
Production: A Review. Biotechnology Advances.
30: 709-732.
[11]S. M.Abdo, S. Z. Wahba, G. H.Ali, S.A.Abo El-Enin, K.
M. El-Khatib, M. I. El-Galad and G. I. El Diwani. 2015.
Preliminary economic assessment of biofuel production
from microalgae. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews.
[12]A.B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts and M. R. Islam. 2008.
Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for
biodiesel production. Energies. 1: 3–18.
[13]Y. Zhang, M. A. Dube, D. D. McLean and M. Kates.
2003. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil:
2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis.
Bioresour. Technol. 90: 229 – 240.
[14]Egypt National Cleaner Production Center
(ENCPC), Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) in
close cooperation with the United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO), January 2016.
[15]S. Raphael and B. Ausilio. 2012. Micro-algae
cultivation for biofuels: Cost, energy balance,
environmental impacts and future prospects.
Biomass and Bioenergy. 53: 29–38.
[16]MA. Borowitzka. 1999. Commercial production of
microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters.
Journal of Biotechnology. 70: 313-321.
[17]AP. Carvalho, LA. Meireles and FX. Malcata. 2006.
Microalgal reactors: A review of enclosed system
designs and performances. Biotechnology Progress.
22: 1490-1506.
[18]H. I. El Shimi, N. K. Attia, S. T. El Sheltawy and G.
I. El Diwani. 2015. Quality Profile of Spirulina-
platensis Oilgae Extraction for Biodiesel Production.
Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR). 5: 16-
21.
[19]Zarrouk. 1966. Contribution á l’étude d’une
cyanophycée. Influence de divers facteurs physiques
et chimiques sur la croissance et la photosynthése de
Spirulina maxima (Setch. Et Gardner) Geitler. PhD.
Thesis, University of Paris, France.
[20]S. Hawash, N. Kamal and G. El Diwani. 2008.
Egyptian Jatropha Oil Extraction for Biodiesel
Production. AFINIDAD LXV. 538: 470-474.
[21]E. G. Bligh and W. J. Dayer. 1959. A rapid method
for total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J.
Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917.
[22]H. I. El Shimi, N. K. Attia, S. T. El Sheltawy and G.
I. El Diwani. 2016. Techno-economic analysis of
algae-oleum production. Int. J. Sci. Eng & Res.
(IJSER), 1: 282-289.
[23]First flights worldwide with pure biofuel from algae
"An eCO2avia by EADS INNOVATIO N WORKS
Project". www.eads.com (Accessed on November
2015)
[24]T. M. Mata, A. A. Martins and N. S. Caetano. 2010.
Microalgae for biodiesel production and other
applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews. 14: 217-232.
[25]H. El Shimi. 2016. Experimental investigations and
business strategy for algal biodiesel production.
International Journal of Engineering Science (under
review).
[26]AM. Blanco, J. Moreno, JA. Del Campo, J. Rivas
and JLK. Guerrero. 2007. Outdoor cultivation of
lutein-rich cells of Muriellopsis sp in open ponds.
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 73: 1259-
1266.
[27]EM. Molina, JAS. Perez, FG. Camacho, JMF.
Sevilla and FGA. Fernandez. 1994. Effect of
Growth-Rate on the Eicosapentaenoic Acid and
Docosahexaenoic Acid Content of Isochrysis-
Galbana in Chemostat Culture. Applied
Microbiology and Biotechnology. 41: 23-27.
[28]Setyaningsih, S. Windarwati, I. Khayati, N. Muna
and P. Hernowo. 2012. Acid Hydrolysis Technique
and Yeast Adaptation to Increase Red Macroalgae
Bioethanol Production. International Journal of
Environment and Bioenergy. 3: 98-110.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijaems-may-2016-19-160626051807/85/Waste-Vitalization-of-Algae-Processing-3-320.jpg)
Waste Vitalization of Algae Processing
- 1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 360 Waste Vitalization of Algae Processing Hassan El Shimi1 , Soha Moustafa2 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt 2 Department of Microbiology, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt Abstract— Algal biodiesel is an attractive renewable source for jet fuel blend. It is available technically, but expensive. Energy efficiency and solid waste management became a global trend. Algal waste vitalization is a key factor in biorefinery concepts to enrich the process profits. The appropriate utilization path of algalcake is proposed via biochemical analysis. Approaches attaining high algae revenues are of great importance and discussed to apply in the near future. Keywords—Algal biodiesel, approaches, biorefinery, revenues, waste vitalization I. INTRODUCTION Algal biofuel (or algae-oleum) has attractive interest in recent years for jet fuel blend [1]. It prepared via transesterification "biodiesel" [2,3], hydrocracking "bio- oil" [4] or fermentation "bioethanol" [5] of algal biomass. Technically, algal biodiesel is available through series of consecutive reactions between the extracted oil and methyl alcohol over base or acid catalyst as excessively illustrated inliteratures [6,7]. Algal oil (or Oilgae) extraction is too costly process which can evaluate the sustainability of microalgae-based biofuels [8]. Commercial manufacturers use a combination of mechanical press and chemical solvents to maximize lipids leaching [9]. Microalgae as a potential renewable source for biofuel production has high lipids productivity (avg. 4000 gallon/acre/year) and oil content in range of 20-65%wt, hence huge amount of cake (35-80%wt) is generated after Oilgae extraction [10]. Nowadays, Algae- oleum is non-commercial; because of the high investments costs and the high demand on auxiliary energy for biomass followed by algal oil production, and biofuel manufacturing [11]. Feedstock cost is the bottleneck of biodiesel marketing on industrial scale; as it represents about 70-80% of total production cost [12,13]. Landfill is the common method for solid waste management (SWM) if there is no economical way to utilize it. Energy, materials and wastes management have a promising interests worldwide; to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs), to improve energy efficiency and increase the facility productivity using NO COST OPTION [14]. Therefore, utilization of algal-waste for example as soil conditioner or solid biofuel (like bio-char) is a key factor in biorefinery concepts to improve the economic feasibility [15]. This paper highlights the different paths for algal waste utilization; in order to optimize its vitalization and enhance the algae revenues. II. ALGAE PROCESSING FOR BIO-JET FUEL PRODUCTION Algae are cultivated in open ponds [16] or closed photobioreactors (PBRs) [17] using Zarrouk medium [18,19]. Biomass can be collected at 21days old and separate through centrifuge. Algae biomass is dried using solar dryers before Oilgae extraction. Algal oil can be extracted by mechanical press to yield 10%wt [20] followed by chemical solvent usually hexane to obtain all lipids according to Bligh, E.G. and Dayer, W.J. [21]. Solvent is recycled and algae waste is subjected to further processing. Oilgae biorefinery is necessary to improve its properties and confirm the jet fuel standards. This is achieved via Oilgae hydrocracking process to yield directly bio-jet fuel, or transesterification into biodiesel followed by distillation above 120o C to get the required cut and blend with petro-jet fuel [22]. Processing of algae for bio-jet fuel production is summarized in Fig. 1 [23]. Fig. 1: Algal processing for jet fuel production III. UTILIZATION OF ALGAL WASTE Once Oilgae is produced, algal cake is dried at the sun and analyzed to determine the appropriate utilization path. Cultivation conditions and chemical composition of algal species find the vitalization way; because they are different as shown in Table 1 [24]. Algal waste can be recycled as nutrients into cultivation system or burned as solid biofuel without extra treatment. 3.1. Algal waste as bio-fertilizer El Shimi, H.I. et al. [25] was used Spirulina-platensis as a feedstock to produce biodiesel for jet fuel blend. Biochemical analysis was carried out at Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt, and illustrated in Table 2. It's shown that S.platensis cake has a
- 2. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 361 considerable amount of nitrogen (500 mg/100g), phosphor (900 mg/100g) and potassium (1475 mg/100g). These elements are the main nutrients for plant growth, so it is vital as promising plant nutrition element to be used as N-P-K fertilizer "bio-fertilizer". The advantages of fertilizers containing algae are greater than normal fertilizers alone; because approximately 33% of algal N was converted to plant available N within 21 days at 25o C in the soils. In the United States, the corn plants for example, received an added benefit from micronutrients and plant growth enhancers provided by the algae- fertilizers. The suggested price of algal cake as a bio- fertilizer is USD300/ton [11]. Table-1. Chemical analysis of algae species expressed on a dry matter basis (%) Strain Lipids Carbohydrates Protein Prymnesium parvum 22-38 25-33 28-45 Euglena gracilis 14-20 14-18 39-61 Spirulina platensis 6-11 9-15 46-63 Spirogyra sp. 11-21 33-64 6-20 Porphyridium cruentum 9-14 40-57 28-39 When applying the bio-fertilizer to plant seeds, plant surfaces, or soil, it colonizes the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the availability of primary nutrients (N, P and K) to the host plant. They add nutrients through the N-fixation, P-dissolving and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of growth- promoting substances. The microorganisms "algal waste" in bio-fertilizers restore the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of bio- fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and the health of the soil. Additionally, they maintain the natural habitat of the soil, increase crop yield by 20-30%, substitute pesticides, chemical nitrogen and phosphor by about 25% and also provide protection against some soil-drought. Bio-fertilizers are cost- effective relative to chemical fertilizers. 3.2. Algal waste as animal fodder or poultry/fish diets Algae containing valuable amount of protein like Euglena gracilis and Spirulina platensis is considered a promising animal fodder and soybean replacing as poultry (USD4000/ton) and fish diets (USD12000/ton), but more production and treatment facilities are required to achieve these goals. Muriellopsis sp. and Chlorophyta are cultivated in open ponds and PBRs were recommended to be a safe feedstuff for growing livestock animals [26]. Animal nutrition systems are considered the effective- costly component in modern animal production [27]. 3.3. Algal waste as raw material for bioethanol production Bioethanol production via sugars fermentation has more attention worldwide [28]. Algal waste of rich carbohydrates content like Spirogyra sp. and Porphyridium cruentum can be utilized to develop bioethanol production through acid hydrolysis, neutralization and yeast adaption [28]. Efficiency of algal bioethanol is estimated to be 66% compared to gasoline. Table-2. Elemental analysis of Spirulina-platensis waste Element Value Unit Ca 400 mg/100 g algae P 900 mg/100 g algae Fe 70 mg/100 g algae N 500 mg/100 g algae K 1475 mg/100 g algae Moisture 1.5 %wt Ash 7.5 %wt IV. RECOMMENDATION A strategic plan is still required to maximize the profits from algae project according to the proposed algae strain. Fig. 2 illustrates the optimum path for algal biomass processing; in order to enrich its revenues. V. CONCLUSION Chemical composition of algal cake after biofuel production proved its vitalization path as animal fodder, poultry and fish diets feed, bio-fertilizer or as a bioethanol feedstock. Waste vitalization using NO COST OPTION is a promising global trend; to improve the process economics. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt for the technical support. Fig. 2: Algae Revenues REFERENCES [1] Amin, S. AboEl-Enin, G. El Diwani and S. Hawash. 2015. Kinetic Model of Algal Biodiesel Production under Supercritical Methanolysis. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences.10: 274-278. [2] H. El Shimi, N. Attia, S. El Sheltawy and G. El Diwani. 2013. Biodiesel Production from Spirulina- Platensis Microalgae by In-Situ Transesterification Process. Journal of Sustainable Bioenergy Systems. 3: 224-233
- 3. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-5, May- 2016] Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN: 2454-1311 www.ijaems.com Page | 362 [3] E. A. Ehimen, Z. F. Sun and C. G. Carrington. 2010. Variables Affecting the in Situ Transesterification of Microalgae Lipids. Fuel. 89: 677- 684. [4] L. Li, E. Coppola, J. Rine, J.L. Miller, and D. Walker. 2010. Catalytic Hydrothermal Conversion of Triglycerides to Non-ester Biofuels. Energy & Fuels. 24: 1305-1315. [5] Y. Khambhaty, D. Upadhyay, Y. Kriplani, N. Joshi, K. Mody and M. Gandhi. 2013. Bioethanol from Macroalgal Biomass: Utilization of Marine Yeast for Production of the Same. Bioenerg. Res. 6:188–195. [6] L. Simasatitkul, R. Gani and A. Arpornwichanopa. 2012. Optimal Design of Biodiesel Production Process from Waste Cooking Palm Oil. Procedia Engineering. 42: 1292-1301. [7] S. Furuta, H. Matsuhashi and K. Arata. 2004. Biodiesel Fuel Production with Solid Super Acid Catalysis in fixed Bed Reactor under Atmospheric Pressure. Catalyst Communication. 5: 721-723. [8] M. Sharma, R. Patni, M. Kumar and A. Kumar. 2005. Modification of mercuryinduced biochemical alterations in blood of Swiss albino mice by Spirulina fusiformis. Journal of Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology. 20: 289-296. [9] Y. Chisti. 2007. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnology Advances. 25:294-306. [10]R. Halim, M. K. Danquah and P. A. Webley. 2012. Extraction of Oil from Microalgae for Biodiesel Production: A Review. Biotechnology Advances. 30: 709-732. [11]S. M.Abdo, S. Z. Wahba, G. H.Ali, S.A.Abo El-Enin, K. M. El-Khatib, M. I. El-Galad and G. I. El Diwani. 2015. Preliminary economic assessment of biofuel production from microalgae. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. [12]A.B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts and M. R. Islam. 2008. Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production. Energies. 1: 3–18. [13]Y. Zhang, M. A. Dube, D. D. McLean and M. Kates. 2003. Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and sensitivity analysis. Bioresour. Technol. 90: 229 – 240. [14]Egypt National Cleaner Production Center (ENCPC), Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) in close cooperation with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), January 2016. [15]S. Raphael and B. Ausilio. 2012. Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: Cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass and Bioenergy. 53: 29–38. [16]MA. Borowitzka. 1999. Commercial production of microalgae: ponds, tanks, tubes and fermenters. Journal of Biotechnology. 70: 313-321. [17]AP. Carvalho, LA. Meireles and FX. Malcata. 2006. Microalgal reactors: A review of enclosed system designs and performances. Biotechnology Progress. 22: 1490-1506. [18]H. I. El Shimi, N. K. Attia, S. T. El Sheltawy and G. I. El Diwani. 2015. Quality Profile of Spirulina- platensis Oilgae Extraction for Biodiesel Production. Indian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR). 5: 16- 21. [19]Zarrouk. 1966. Contribution á l’étude d’une cyanophycée. Influence de divers facteurs physiques et chimiques sur la croissance et la photosynthése de Spirulina maxima (Setch. Et Gardner) Geitler. PhD. Thesis, University of Paris, France. [20]S. Hawash, N. Kamal and G. El Diwani. 2008. Egyptian Jatropha Oil Extraction for Biodiesel Production. AFINIDAD LXV. 538: 470-474. [21]E. G. Bligh and W. J. Dayer. 1959. A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37: 911–917. [22]H. I. El Shimi, N. K. Attia, S. T. El Sheltawy and G. I. El Diwani. 2016. Techno-economic analysis of algae-oleum production. Int. J. Sci. Eng & Res. (IJSER), 1: 282-289. [23]First flights worldwide with pure biofuel from algae "An eCO2avia by EADS INNOVATIO N WORKS Project". www.eads.com (Accessed on November 2015) [24]T. M. Mata, A. A. Martins and N. S. Caetano. 2010. Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14: 217-232. [25]H. El Shimi. 2016. Experimental investigations and business strategy for algal biodiesel production. International Journal of Engineering Science (under review). [26]AM. Blanco, J. Moreno, JA. Del Campo, J. Rivas and JLK. Guerrero. 2007. Outdoor cultivation of lutein-rich cells of Muriellopsis sp in open ponds. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 73: 1259- 1266. [27]EM. Molina, JAS. Perez, FG. Camacho, JMF. Sevilla and FGA. Fernandez. 1994. Effect of Growth-Rate on the Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Content of Isochrysis- Galbana in Chemostat Culture. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 41: 23-27. [28]Setyaningsih, S. Windarwati, I. Khayati, N. Muna and P. Hernowo. 2012. Acid Hydrolysis Technique and Yeast Adaptation to Increase Red Macroalgae Bioethanol Production. International Journal of Environment and Bioenergy. 3: 98-110.