Week-11 healthy healthcare file for Heath

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IIoT Applications: Healthcare
Dr. Sudip Misra
Professor
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Email: smisra@sit.iitkgp.ernet.in
Website: http://cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/
Research Lab: cse.iitkgp.ac.in/~smisra/swan/
Industry 4.0 and Industrial Internet of Things
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Introduction
 Earlier so many people died due to lack of health care.
 People forget about their health due to busy life.
 IIoT makes the healthcare easier.
 IIoT based healthcare service is cheapest.
 ECG, blood pressure, glucose level, and temperature can be
monitored from patient’s home.
 If any critical conditions are there, it sends alert.
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Healthcare Challenges
 Populations are ageing all over the world
 Different diseases are increasing
 Expenditure of hospitals and medical clinic are increasing
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Largest Age Group
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Introduction to Internet of Things
Populations are growing older
Between 2017 to 2050, person’s aged 60 years or over is expected to
increase more than double.
In 1980, there were 382 million older person all over the world.
In 2050, it is expected to be 2.1 billion older person worldwide.
Telecare applications, smart home or telemedicine helps
older people to live safely.
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Increase of Diseases
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Different diseases are increasing.
Telecare applications, smart home or telemedicine helps
older people to live safely.
Continuous monitoring of patient’s health reduces
hospitalizing.
Sensors collects blood pressure, respiration, pulse rate,
heart rate, and weight. It triggers alarm, if any abnormal
situation is there
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Reduce the Expenditure
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 IIoT based healthcare device
 Different wearable healthcare devices which reduce the cost of
checkup.
 Remote monitoring
 Patient’s health condition can be monitored by sensors, which reduce
the cost.
 In hospitals, smart beds can send notification about patient’s
activity.
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IIoT Healthcare Architecture
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Source: Nguyen et. all, “A Review on IoT
Healthcare Monitoring Applications and a Vision
for Transforming Sensor Data into Real-time
Clinical Feedback”, in Proc. 21st Comp. Supported
Cooperative Work in Design, IEEE, 2017
Sensing
Sending
Processing
Storing
Learning
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Benefits of IIoT in Healthcare
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 Monitor patient’s health condition remotely.
 Hospital staff can predict the arrival of a patient in PACU.
 Hygiene monitoring system can detect the cleanliness of
hand.
 Medical staff can provide quality medical service with small
budget using IIoT.
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IIoT Based Electrocardiogram Monitor
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Wireless ECG monitor.
Bio signals are collected by ECG sensors.
The collected data are sent to the cloud.
Medical staffs can analyze the health related data in real
time.
QardioCore is an example of wireless ECG monitoring
device.
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IIoT Based Glucose Level Monitor
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Diabetes is metabolic disease, glucose level is high.
Monitoring the glucose level helps meal planning, physical
activity, medication.
Glucose sensor devices are used to check the glucose level.
It notifies the doctors and patients if any abnormal situation
occur.
Dexcom develops continuous glucose monitoring devices.
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IIoT Based Blood Pressure Monitor
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Using IIoT device, the patient’s blood pressure is measured
and compared with the other blood pressure.
Doctors can monitor patient’s blood pressure in real time.
Medicines can be prescribed based on this.
iHealth BP5 is IoT based blood monitoring system.
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IIoT Based Body Temperature Monitor
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Wearable sensor to continuous monitoring human body
temperature
It measures skin temperature
The WBAN is used to connect to gateway
Kinsa smart thermometer is IoT based body temperature
monitoring devices
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IIoT Based Oxygen Saturation Monitor
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Oxygen saturation= ratio of oxyhemoglobin to total
hemoglobin
Pulse Oxiometry measures the oxygen saturation.
IoT is integrated with Pulse Oxiometry.
Bluetooth is used for connectivity.
Low cost device to remotely monitor patient’s health.
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IIoT Based Contact Lenses
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The IIoT based smart contact lense support WiFi signal,
conneted with smart phone.
It consists of micro camera, sensors.
Sugar level can be measured by tears. Smart contact
lenses can monitor the sugar level.
 It can monitors human health conditions.
It can detect various diseases, if any abnormal situation is
found.
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IIoT Based Asthma Treatment
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Asthma is lifelong disease, can be controlled, not cured.
Inhaler is commonly used to give proper dose of drugs.
Smart Inhaler can keep track via GPS.
ADAMM Intelligent Asthma Monitoring device.
Wearable device, connected with Bluetooth or WiFi.
From the body temperature, cough rate, heart rate, it
predicts pre symptoms of asthma attack.
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Smartphone :Healthcare Solution
 Electronic devices consist of sensors, which are supported by
smartphone
 Smartphone is used to monitor the health of user and detect
diseases.
 Smartphone’s healthcare app provides low cost healthcare
service.
 Diagnostic apps detect patient’s health condition.
 Medical communication apps connect patients with hospitals.
 Medical education apps provide tutorials.
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Smartphone Based Healthcare App
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Health Assistant: Keeps track of health condition
Google Fit: Keeps track of different physical activity
ECG Self Monitoring: Serves as ECG device, based on
“ECG Self Check” software.
Instant Heart Rate: Measures heart rate using
smartphone’s camera
Fingerprint Thermometer: Determine body
temperature from the fingureprint
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IIoT Healthcare Technology
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Cloud computing: Provide facilities to shared resources.
Big data: Includes heath data generated from sensor
nodes.
Networks: WBAN, 6LoWPAN, WSN are part of IIoT
based healthcare.
Ambient intelligence: It involves continuous learning
and analyze based on the learning.
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IIoT Healthcare Security Requirement
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Confidentiality: It ensures medical data is not accessible
by unauthorized users.
Integrity: It ensures medical data is not altered by any
third party.
Authentication: It ensures the identity from which the
data is coming.
Availability: It ensures the accessibility of data to valid
users
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IoT Healthcare Challenges
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Less computational capability, not able to perform
expensive operations.
Less on device memory.
Energy limitation, sensor has low power battery.
Not static, mobile devices. Designing mobile enabled
algorithms are challenge.
Designing scalable algorithm without compromising
security is challenge.
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References
[1] Hoa Hong Nguyen, Farhaan Mirza, M. Asif Naeem and Minh Nguyen, “A Review on IoT Healthcare
Monitoring Applications and a Vision for Transforming Sensor Data into Real-time Clinical Feedback”, in Proc. Of
21st International Conf. on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, IEEE, 2017.
[2] Internet of Things in Healthcare: applications, benefits, and challenges”, IoT, Health & Fitness, peerbits.
[3] Suwon Kim, Seongcheol Kim, “User preference for an IoT healthcare application for lifestyle disease
management”, Telecommunications Policy, Elsevier, vol. 42, no. 4, 2018.
[4] Shareem Thahir, “6 Applications of IoT in the Healthcare Industry”, CABOT, 2016.
[5] Bryan A. Lubel, “Internet of Things healthcare applications, benefits and challenges”, IoT World Today, 2017.
[6] https://www.getqardio.com/qardiocore-wearable-ecg-ekg-monitor-iphone/
[7] Fadi Al-Turjman, Sinem Alturjman, “Context-Sensitive Access in Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
Healthcare Applications”, IEEE Transactions of Information Informatics, 2018
[8] Shang F, Zhu Y, Zhu Z, Liu L, Wan Y, “Validation of the iHealth BP5 wireless upper arm blood pressure
monitor for self-measurement according to the European Society of Hypertension International Protocol
revision 2010”, Blood Press Monitor , doi: 10.1097/MBP.0b013e3283638f04, 2013.
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IIoT Applications: Power Plants
Dr. Sudip Misra
Professor
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Introduction
 Data collected from IIoT enabled devices increase productivity
and efficiency.
 Using IIoT, the equipment can be monitored remotely.
 Sensors collect data and sends to cloud.
 Different machine learning and artificial intelligence based
algorithms are used to analyze the data.
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Drivers of IIoT in Power Plant
 Low cost powerful chips
 WiFi chip, cameras, sensors, accelerometers are used.
 Standardization with IPV6
 3G, 4G, 5G networks are used, the devices are standardized with
TCP/IP and IPV6 protocol.
 Standardization with software technology
 Use of artificial intelligence algorithms, and cloud computing software
makes it easier.
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Digital Power Plant Benefits
 Increase efficiency
 Smart grid- automated devices increases efficiency and reduces
manpower.
 Reduce cost
 Automated devices- no need of money for manpower, fuel, maintenance.
 Improves performance
 Turbine’s performance improvement, remote monitoring.
 Reduce energy demands
 Helps users to learn how to use energy in real time.
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Architecture
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Edge
device Hub Storage Analytics Action
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IIoT Maturity Model
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Monitor Control Optimization Autonomy
Device
autonomy
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Communication Network
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 Home area network
 Covers in-home IoT devices. Wireless: Zigbee, 6LowPan
 Neighborhood area network
 Distribution domain networks. Data collected from smart devices and
sent to gateways.
 Field area network
 Distribution domain networks. It includes controller, regulators, and
data collector. Wireless: WiMAX, 3G, 4G. Wired: Eathernet.
 Wide area network
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Smart Grid in Power System
Information
flow
Wide
area
network
Neighborhood
area network
Home area
network
Power flow Generation Transmission
Distribution
and
consumption
Power
system
Step up
transformer
Step down
transformer
Gateway
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IIoT in Power Plants Applications
 Digital twins
 Considered as virtual power plant, reduce fuel and energy
consumption by incorporating data.
 Supply chain management
 Sensors monitor product condition and optimize delivery time.
 Smart pumping
 Combined with sensors and software. Automated flow control.
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 Smart boiler
 Customer can control it by mobile application
 Energy efficient usage
 Automatically reports if any defects are there
 Smart water monitoring
 Detect flow of water and volume of water of a pipe in a time period.
 Sends data to cloud storage.
 Saves wastage of water.
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 Smart metering
 Important element of smart grid
 IoT reduces operational costs as operations are remotely managed.
 Reduces the chance of energy loss.
 Building automation
 Monitors the building remotely.
 Elevators, lighting systems, and other electronic systems are
connected through internet.
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Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCDA)
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 Software and hardware allows organization to process locally
or remotely.
 Sensors gather real time data.
 Programmable logic controller or remote terminal units
communicate with different objects and route the data to
SCDA software.
 SCDA software processes the data. Then users analyze the
data to make decision.
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Advanced Metering Infrastructure(AMI)
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 It comprises whole infrastructure- smart meters,
communication networks.
 Smart meters: collect information about energy, water etc.
Transmits the data to network.
 Communication network: Broadband over PowerLine, Fixed
radio frequency are used.
 Meter data acquisition system: gathers data from smart
meters
 Meter data management system: analyze the data.
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IIoT in Electricity Sector
 Efficient power grid system
 Collect data from sensors
 Use the data to manage resources
 Optimization, stakeholders take decision about power usage.
 Data collected from sensors can easily predict if any failure in
grid.
 Predict earlier if any accident is going to happen.
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IIoT in Water Sector
 Saves water using smart sensors.
 IoT sensors track water pressure, water quality etc.
 The gathered data is sent to utility company to analyze the
data.
 It gives public useful information about how to stop wastage
of water.
 It also predicts the water leakage.
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IIoT in Wind Energy Sector
 In wind energy sector, large turbines are used. The factories
also locate at remote location, It is hard to maintain.
 With IoT, the local control system can adjust switches and
software.
 The remote location of farm is not an issue with IoT.
 IoT can predict any issues of turbines easily and it can be
addressed earlier before any large scale damage.
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IIoT in Solar Energy Sector
 In IoT based solar energy sector, sensors monitor their
performances from the control panel.
 The gathered data is sent to cloud server to analyze.
 IoT helps to understand the problem of device whether it is
hardware related problem or network related problem.
 IoT helps to detect any problem in real time.
 IoT can manage the largest solar grid.
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Challenges of IIoT in Power Plant
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 Security issues
 Privacy issues, chances of denial of service attack.
 Low power devices
 IoT devices are resource constrained devices, battery powered
devices.
 Scalability issues
 Number of devices are increasing, Increase of data bandwidth.
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Challenges of IIoT in Power Plant
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 Determinism of network
 Using cloud makes the process delay about 200 msec or more.
 Poorly designed
 Most of the devices are poorly designed as different protocols are
used.
 It lacks of standard authentication for the edge devices.
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References
[1] “6 Ways IoT is Energizing Power Plants”, Industrial Intelligence, Available at www.industrialintelligence.net
[2] Arun Ramamurthy and Pramod Jain, “The Internet of Things in the Power Sector Opportunities in Asia and
Pacific”, ABS Sustainable Development Working Paper Series, no:$*, 2017.
[3] Rob Young, John McCue, Christian Grant, “The power is on: How IoT technology is driving energy
innovation”, The Internet of Things in the electric power industry, 2016.
[4] “3 Major Challenges IoT is facing”, 10 libros de ciencia para el verano, 2018.
[5] Walters Nyambi, “The IoT Revolution: challenges and opportunities”, genevabusiness news, 2016.
[6] “Applications of IoT in Manufacturing Plants”, The Manufacturer, 2018.
[7] “Internet of Things(IoT): Transforming Energy $ Utilities Sector”, COGNITIVE TODAY.
[8] Pat Kennedy, “Six big data challenges for the power industry “, Power Engineering, 2018.
[9] “Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) for Power Plants”, 2018, Available at: https://www.vdi-
wissensforum.de/en/event/iiot-for-power-plants/
[10] “IIoT in 2017: 3 Reasons to Make the Leap”, 2017, Available at:
https://www.ge.com/power/transform/article.transform.articles.2017.jun.iiot-in-2017-3-reasons-to-make#
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IIoT Applications: Inventory Management & Quality
Control
Dr. Sudip Misra
Professor
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Inventory Management
 Inventory
“a usable but idle resource having some economic value”
[P. Vrat, Materials Management]
 Inventory Management
 Activities entailing management of inventory such as:
 Controlling, overseeing and ordering
 Storage
 Determine supply for sale
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Supply Chain and Inventory Management
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Raw Material
Supplier Factory
Distribution Retail
Customer
https://svgsilh.com/svg_v2/36265.svg
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Inventory Management and IIoT
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Purchasing
Dept.
Sales Dept.
Raw Materials
Components
Production
Dept.
Finished
Product
Stock In Stock Out
Stock In
Stock Out
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Functions of Inventory Management
 Meet anticipated demand
 Smoothen the production requirement procedure
 Decouple components of the production-distribution system
 Protection against stock outs
 Proper order cycles
 Hedge against price increases or to take advantage of quantity
discounts
 Smoothen the flow of operations
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Requirements for Effective Inventory Management
 Keep track of the inventory
 Forecast of demand
 Manage lead times and lead time variability
 Estimate inventory holding costs, ordering costs, and shortage
costs
 Classification of inventories
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Quality Control
 “system of routine technical activities, to measure and control
the quality of the inventory as it is being developed”
[IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories]
 Internally maintained by the management to provide product
satisfaction to the customers
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Objectives:
 Routine and consistent checks
 Ensure data integrity, correctness, and completeness
 Rectify errors and omissions
 Document and archive inventory material and record all QC
activities
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Radio Frequency Identification Devices (RFID) tags
 Used in an identification system
 Uses Radio waves for communication
 RFID Tagging system consists of:
 The RFID tag
 Read/write device
 Host System
 Two types:
 Active RFID tags
 Passive RFID tags
 Finds scope in data collection, processing, and transmission applications
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Passive RFID Tags
 No internal power source
 Relies on backscattering
 Wait for a signal from an RFID reader
 Powered by electromagnetic energy from this signal
 Have shorter range than Active RFID tags
 Small in size and thickness
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Active RFID Tags
 Battery powered
 Broadcasts information signal in the form of a beacons
 Have longer range and memory than passive RFID tags
 Bulky and expensive as compared to passive RFID tags
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Semi-Passive tags
 Has an onboard battery to power the IC
 But no active transmitter
 Relies on backscattering
 Does not depend on signals from reader for power
 Does not create additional noise
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RFID tags over Barcodes
 Barcodes are printed on paper and plastic which makes them
vulnerable
 Barcodes need to be on Line of Sight of the readers
 Only one barcode can be read at a time
 Barcodes have less security and hence can be forged
 Barcodes cannot contain any added information
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Applications
 Identification of products
 Added information along with ID
 Comprehensive visibility
 Built in GPS
 Warehouse management
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Applications (contd.)
 Added information along with ID:
 Current storage temperature
 Weather condition
 Damage (if any)
 etc
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 Comprehensive Visibility
 Inventory levels
 Expiration dates
 Item location
 Forecast demand
 etc
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 Warehouse management
 Shrink, Shortage, Overstock of
commodities
 Identification of efficient areas based on
demand
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 Similarly in transportation modes
 Track time and place of congestion
 Compute delay and alternate routes
 Commute with efficient time and mode
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Problems that can be eliminated
 Data inconsistency
 Staff training expenses
 Human errors
 Data scattering
 Lapse in security
 Slow operation
 Other hidden costs
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References
[1] Vrat, P. (2014). Materials Management. Springer.
[2] Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. (2000). 16th
IPCC Plenary, Montreal.
[3] Stevenson, W. J. (2001) Operations Management, 7th Edition. McGraw-Hill Irwin.
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IIoT Applications: Plant Security and Safety
Dr. Sudip Misra
Professor
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Plant Security and Safety
“freedom from risk or danger;
safety”
[The American Heritage
Dictionary]
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Intrusion
Triangle
Opportunity
Motive Means
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Plant Safety
 Health and well being of the industry as
a whole
 Hazards in a plant are catastrophic
 Aim: Protection of human and plant
resources
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Device
Security
Network
Security
Software
Security
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Need for Software Security
 Steal valuable information
 Unauthorized monitoring of sensitive content
 Corrupt behavior of software
 Denial of Service (DoS) attacks
 Overflows, Overrides and Overwrites
 Padding
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Software Security
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Availability
Authentication
Integrity
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Integrity
 Assurance of an uncorrupted data
 Correct functioning even under malicious attack
 Maintain consistency, accuracy, and trustworthiness of data
over its entire life cycle
 Assurance that data is not altered by unauthorized people
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Authentication
 Identification of user
 Verification of credentials entered (local or remote)
 Access control based on these credentials
 Protection of resources
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Availability
 Ratio of time of functioning to the total time
 Extent to which the software continues functioning when a
component or set of components fail
 Strong relation between availability and reliability
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Requirements
 Good programming techniques
 Install good firewalls
 Detect intrusions
 Good preventive measures
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Network Security
 Maintain usability and integrity of network and data
 Management of access to the network
 Both hardware and software
 Protection against variety of threats
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Types of Network Security
 Access control
Provide access based on user identity
 Antivirus and antimalware software
Scan for malware detection and prevention
 Application security
Protection of software after creation
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Types of Network Security (contd.)
 Behavioral analytics
 Detection of abnormal behavior by the network
 Data loss prevention
 Prevention of unauthorized sharing of sensitive data
 Email security
 Protection against phishing attacks
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 Firewalls
 Barrier between trusted internal network and the external networks
 Intrusion prevention systems
 Detection and blocking attacks
 Mobile device security
 Device level security
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 Network segmentation
 Divide the network into smaller parts and enforce security policies
explicitly
 Security information and event management
 Gather information for security staff to identify and respond to threats
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 Encrypt connection from an endpoint to a network
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Device Security
 Protection of sensitive information stored on and transmitted
by portable devices
 Portable devices:
 Smart phones
 Tablets
 Laptops
 Other mobile devices
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Components
 Endpoint security
 Monitoring of mobile devices (files and processes) that access a
network
 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
 Encrypt connection from a mobile device to a network
 Secure web gateway
 Identification of an attack on one location and prevention of the same
at other locations (integration of security with the cloud)
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Components (contd.)
 Email security
 Protection against phishing attacks
 Cloud access security broker
 Securing the tasks being performed on the cloud
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Virtual Reality (VR)
 Computer generated interactive environment
 Transpose the user
 Isolate the user from the current world
 Example: Oculus Rift, Samsung Gear VR, Google Cardboard
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Augmented Reality (AR)
 Enhanced reality (adds a digital layer over the real world)
 Does not isolate the user to a different world
 Can add details to things a user tries to examine (can be used
by retailers to sell their products)
 Examples:
 Bus stop prank by Pepsi Max
 Pokémon Go
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Risks (AR/VR)
 Prone to attacks by hackers
 Compromised content on the screen
 Intellectual Property (IP) rights
 Privacy and Security issues
 Risks pertaining to user’s health
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Reference
[1] Network Security Basics. (2013) Elsevier SciTech Connect.
[2] Plant Safety Procedure, Swinburne University of Technology
[3] Canavan, J. E. and House, A. (2001). Fundamentals of Network Security
[4] What Is Network Security? Online. URL: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/products/security/what-is-
network-security.html
[5] What Is Mobile Device Security? Online. URL: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/solutions/small-
business/resource-center/secure-my-business/mobile-device-security.html
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1
IIoT Applications: Facility Management
Dr. Sudip Misra
Professor
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Facility Management
“guiding and managing the operations and maintenance of
buildings, precincts and community infrastructure on behalf of
property owners”
[Facilities Management Good Practice Guide]
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Facility Management
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Facility Management
 Support services for organizations
 Integrates people, place and process
 Improve quality of working environment
 Improve productivity
Closely related to the operations conducted in a building
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5
Owner
Buildings/Facilities
Customers/Tenants
Subcontractors
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Scope of IoT in Facility Management
 Accessing new insights:
 Gather data, reduce power consumption
 Implementing new technology:
 Implementing new technology like Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) and data
security
 Addressing cost barrier:
 Increases operating efficiency and reduce maintenance cost
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Support Services
 Finance
 Planning and reviewing of budget
 Information Technology
 Improve the ability to co‐ordinate among the installed devices
 Human Resources
 Improve the quality of workforce and the environment
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Support Services (contd.)
 Administrative Support
 Monitoring, gathering, disseminating relevant information and take
decisions
 Marketing
 Research potential customers
 Knowledge
 Business Development
 Overall growth of business
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Key Idea
 Comprehensive detail of every machine
 Faults, history, usage and modifications
 Data consistency
 Harmonized decisions
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Real Power
 Predict events before they occur
 Measures to prevent predicted hazards
Need for Big Data and advanced analytics to analyze them
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Optimization
 Optimized usage of resources:
 Manpower
 Assets
 Technology
 Cost-effectiveness
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Challenges
 Cost management
 Balancing the quality of the facility and its budget
 Ageing inventory
 Need for proactive preventive and maintenance procedures
 Changing regulatory and compliance standards
 Need for improvement and new ways to stand out from competitors
 Security Management
 Security against breaches and threats
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IoT Application in Facility Management
 Lighting
 Refrigeration
 Smart Meters
 Fire Suppression Systems
 Appliances with Embedded Sensors/Software
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IoT Application in Facility Management (Contd..)
 Security and Safety Alarms
 Monitor alarms, smoke detector, other life safety systems remotely
 Real time information about emergency
 Central Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)
“we will start to see an ecosystem of tools and services develop that will
make the HVAC system more efficient and easier to operate,” Dan
McJacobson, McGuire Engineers
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IoT Application in Facility Management (Contd..)
 Room Reservation and Scheduling
 Checking real time status of meeting rooms and avoid double-booking
 Monitoring Stock and Usage of Supplies
 Monitor usage of restrooms
 Efficient supply management
 Water management
 Monitor transmission lines and pipes
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Owner
Lighting
Electricity
Security
Subcontractors Customers
Smart Meters
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Analytics in Facility Management (contd..)
 Managing Energy Consumption
 Data-driven Decision-making
 Operational Cost-optimization
 Remote Monitoring of Facilities
 Determining the Exact Square-foot Utilization of Office Space
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Benefits
 Improve customer experience
 Prevent unauthorized access
 Real-time tracking
 The ability to do more with less
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References
[1] Facilities Management Good Practice Guide. (2012). FMA Australia
[2] Woon C. J., Ali A. S. & Rahim F. A. M. Facilities Management Practices for Office Building: The Case of Klang
Valley, Malaysia
[3] Bröchner, J. (1991). Information Technology and Facilities Management. Facilities. Vol. 9 Issue: 1/2, (pp. 28-
33)
[4] IoT and analytics: Changing the reality of facility management. Online. URL:
https://www.softwebsolutions.com/resources/IoT-intlligent-building-for-facility-management.html
[5] 4 Tasks in Facilities Management That IoT Could Take Over. Online. URL:
https://www.aranca.com/knowledge-library/articles/business-research/4-tasks-in-facilities-management-that-
iot-could-take-over
[6] Improving Operations And Maintenance With IoT. Online. URL:
https://facilityexecutive.com/2018/01/improving-operations-and-maintenance-with-iot/
[7] Barker. I. C. (2013). A Practical Introduction to Facilities Management. Whittles Publishing
[8] For Facility Managers, Internet of Things Changes the Game. Online. URL:
https://www.facilitiesnet.com/facilitiesmanagement/article/For-Facility-Managers-Internet-of-Things-Changes-
the-Game-Facilities-Management-Facilities-Management-Feature--16253
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