Week 5.pptx

This course covers the different methods of personal
identification, as an aid to crime detection, investigation,
information, and as evidence for prosecution of an
offense/felony. It includes the processes of recording,
processing, preservation, and court presentation.

Fingerprint is the most infallible means of
identification.

“Hua Chi” - name given by the chinese in referring to
fingerprints.
- part of rituals
- signing part of a contract on the part illiterate.

Arches and Whorl are called them “LO” (snail)
Loops called “KI” (sieve or winnowing basket)
- presages of goodluck

1. Marceloo Malpighi (1628-1694)- published a book “De
Externo Tactus Organo”
2. J.C. Mayer (1988) - stated in his book (Anatomiche
Kuphertafeln Nebst dazu Gehorigen) “Although the
arrangement of the skin ridges is never dublicated in two
prsons, nevertheless, the similarities are closer among the
some individuals.

3. Professor Johness E Purkenje (1823) - Study the
physiology. the skin on the inner surface if the hands bore
patterns, which he later named and set rules governing thier
classification and even identify nine types of patterns, but he
did not associate it with identification.
4. Herman Welcher (1856) - took the prints of his own palms
and after fourty-one years he printed the same palms to
prove that [rons do not change, except for some scrathches
due to old age.

1. Sir William J. Herschel (1858) - he utilized fingerprints as a substitute for signature to
avoid impersonation among the natives..
2. Dr. Henry Faulds (1877) - He claimed that the impression would provide positie
identification of offensers when apprehended. He wrote “a manual of practcal
dactylography”
3. Sir Francis Galton (1892-1911) - discovered the 3 families of fingerprint patterns -
Arches, Loops and Whorls (A-L-W-Methods).
- he stated that if there is possibility for two prints to be the same it is
1:64,000,000,000.

4. Sir Edward R. Henry (1859 -1931) - the
father of fingerprint.
5. Juan Vucetich (1891)) _ System of
classifying prints was adopted in argentina
and was used in most spanish speaking
country.

1. Mr Jones - first aught fingerprint in the Philippines
Constabulary in the year 1900.
2. Bureau of Prison - records shows that in 1918 Carpetas
(commitment and conviction records) already used
fingerprint.
3. Lt Asa and N. Darby - established moder and complete
fingerprint files for Philippine Commonwealth.

4. Generoso Reyes - First Filipino Fingerprint Technician
employed by the Phil. Constabulary
5. Isabela Bernales - First Filipina Fingerprint Technician.
6. Capt Thomas Dugan - gave the first examination in
fingrprint in 1927 and Agustin Patricio of the Philippine Top
the Examination.

7. People of the Philippine Vs Medina - first onviction bases
on fingerprint and leading judicial decision in the Phil
Jurisprudence (10 points of identity).
8. Plaridel Education Institution - Philippine College of
Criminology - first government recognized school to tach the
Science of Fingerprint and other police sciences

Other Methods of Identification

Law of Municipality of Evidence
The greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities, the
greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.
The value of the different points of identification varies in the
formulation of conclusion.

Importance of Identification of Persons:
1.In Criminal case, the identity of the offender and that of the
victim must be established; otherwise it will be a ground for
the dismissal of the charge or acquittal of the accused.
2.Identification of missing persons or presumed dead will
facilitate settlement of the estate, retirement, insurance and
other social benefits. It vests on the heirs the right over the
properties of the identified person.

Importance of Identification of Persons:
3.Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-kin, other
relatives and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing
person or victim of calamity or crime.
4.Identification may be needed in some transactions, like
cashing of a check, entering a premise, delivery of parcels or
registered mail in the post office, sale of property, release of
dead bodies to relatives, parties to a contract, etc.

Methods of Identification:
1.By comparison – with the use of standard specimens,
evidence under question can be compared in order to effect
identification.
2.By exclusion – if two or more persons have to be identified
and all but one is not yet identified, then the one whose
identity has not been established may be known by the
process of elimination.

Characteristics that may easily be changed:
1.Growth of hair, beard, or moustache;
2.Clothing;
3.Frequent places of visit;
4.Work or profession;
5.Body ornamentation.

Characteristics that may not easily be changed:
a.Mental memory - A recollection of time, place, and events may be a clue in
identification. Remembering names, faces, and subjects of common interest may
be initiated during the interview to see how knowledgeable a person is.
b.Speech - A person may stammer, stutter or lisp. The chances of two or more
persons having the same size of vocal cavities and the same manner of
articulation are remote and unlikely. Whispering, muffling, and nose-holding do not
change the speech characteristics.
c.Gait - This is a manner of walking or moving on foot. A person, on account of
disease or some inborn traits, may show characteristics of walking.

Types of gait:
1.Ataxic gait - a gait in which the foot is raised high, thrown forward, and brought down
suddenly.
2.Cerebellar gait - a gait associated with staggering movement.
3.Cow’s Gait - a swaying movement due to knock-knee.
4.Paretic gait - a gait in which the steps are short, the feet dragged, the legs held more or
less widely apart.
5.Spastic gait - a gait in which the legs are held together and move in a stiff manner, and
the toes to drag and catch.
6.Waddling gait - a gait resembling duck
7.Frog gait - a hopping gait in infantile paralysis.
Gait line refers to the straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps. It is more
or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart while walking
Foot line refers to the longitudinal line drawn on each foot mark.

d.Mannerisms- These are the characteristic movement of the body peculiar to a
person.
Stereotype movement or habit peculiar to an individual. It may be
1.Way of sitting;
2.Movement of the hands;
3.Movement of the body;
4.Movement of the facial muscles;
5.Expression of the mouth while articulating; and 6. Manner of leaning.
e.Hands and feet - Size, shape, and abnormalities of the hands and feet may be
the bases of identification. Some persons may have supernumerary fingers or
toes far apart with bony prominence. Some fingers or toes are with split nails.

f. Faces;
g. Left- or right-handedness - The preferential use of one hand with the skill to
the other involuntary motor acts. Ambidextrous people can use their right and left
hands with equal skill. The best way to determine whether a person is left or right-
handed or ambidextrous is to observe him during his unguarded moments.
h. Degree of nutrition (thin, medium built, or stout) - The determination must
be in relation to height and age. A person may be thin, normal, or stout. This point
of identification easily changes by refreshing from intake of fatty foods. Some
people are inherently skinny in spite of their heavy intake of nutritious food.

i.Changes in the eye - A person identified because he is nearsighted, far-sighted,
color blind, astigmatic, or cross-eyed. Color of the iris, the shape of the eyes,
deformity of the eyeball, and the presence of disease are useful bases of
identification.

Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before the onset of
decomposition:
1. Occupational Marks - Certain occupations may result in some characteristic
marks or identifying guides. Examples are
a.A shoemaker develops depressed sternum
(breastbone);
b.Painters have stains on the hands and fingernails;
c.Engineers and mechanics have grease on their hands;
d.Masons have callosities on the palm of the hands;
e.Scars caused by burns produced by scales or sparks or red hot iron may be
seen at the back of the hands of blacksmiths.

decomposition:
2.Race - Race may be presumed on:
a.Color of the skin such as; Caucasians with fair complexion, Malayans with
brown complexion; Negroes with Black complexion
b.Feature of the face, such as; Caucasian with the prominent sharp nose;
Malayan with a flat nose and with a round face; Mongolian with almond eyes and
with
prominent cheekbones; Negroes with thick spreading lips
c.Shape of Skull; Red Indians with flat heads; Malayans with round heads.
3.Stature (height) - A person ceases to increase at the age of 25. The growth of a
person rarely exceeds five centimeters after the age of 18.

decomposition:
4.Teeth (Odontology) - The most convenient way of identifying a person by means
of the teeth is the use of a dental diagram or chart.
5. Tattoo marks
6. Deformities
7. Birthmarks
8. Injuries leaving permanent results
9. Moles

decomposition:
10. Scars - Are composed of fibrous tissues which take the place of the original
tissues which have been injured or destroyed. They are devoid of specialized
tissue so they do not contain pigment layers, sweat or sebaceous glands.
a.Recent scars of two to three weeks old are vascular with red or pink color.
b.Contracted bloodless scars with white and glistering surfaces are usually more
than six months old;
c.Scars resulting from superficial wounds and from wounds healing by the first
intention develop earlier.

decomposition:
SOME SCARS MAY SHOW CHARACTERISTICS APPEARANCE SUCH AS
a.Surgical Operation - regular form and location with stitch marks.
b.Burns and scalds - scars are large, irregular in shape, and may be a keloid.
c.Gunshot wounds - disc-like with depressed center. They may be adherent to the
underlying tissues.
11.Tribal marks - A common practice of some tribes in Africa is to place some marks on the
exposed parts of the body.
12.Sexual organs - Circumcision may help in identification. The uterus and breast may
indicate previous pregnancy. The best evidence of sexuality is the presence of testes in
males and ovaries in females.
13.Blood examination (ABO grouping and MN typing)

SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
1.Portrait Parle (Personal description) “speaking likeness”
Is a verbal, accurate, and picturesque description of the person identified.
2.Photography. Photography was first applied as a means of personal identification in
police works.
3.Anthropometry (Bertillon System) Alphonse Bertillon, a French Criminologist, devised a
scheme utilizing a measurement of the human body as the basis of identification. It was
considered the first scientific method of personal identification.
Basis of Bertillon's method of identification
a.Human skeleton does not change after
20 years.
b.It is impossible for two human beings to have bones alike.
c.Measurement is easily taken with the aid of a simple instrument.

SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
The West Case:
In 1903, Will West arrived at the US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. While West was
being processed through identification, a staff member said that there was already a
photograph and Bertillon measurement for him on the file. But a comparison on fingerprints
showed that despite identical appearances and nearly identical Bertillon measurements, the
identification card on file belonged to a Willian West, who had been in Leavenworth since
1901.
4.Fingerprint Identification;
5.Handwriting Identification;
6. Blood Grouping and Blood Typing; and
7. DNA Testing - (Deoxyribonucleic acid) (A- adenine, C- cytosine, T- thymine, and
Gguanine Sequence). It was considered the latest method of personal identification,
discovered by Prof. Alec Jeffreys in 1985.

DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION AND THE
FRICTION SKIN
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES (ILO):
At the end of the learning period, the students should be able to:
1.Understand the dogmatic principles of fingerprint identification; and
2.Identify the different parts of friction skin.

PRINCIPLES OF FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
Fingerprints are governed by three dogmatic principles which are recognized
judicially by courts all over the world. These principles are based on facts
1.Principle of Individuality - States that there are no two people having the same
fingerprints. It is based on the statistical probability that it would be impossible for
any two persons to have similar fingerprints.
2.Principle of Permanency / Constancy - States that once ridges are fully
developed their general arrangement remains the same throughout a person’s
life.
3.Principle of Infallibility/reliability - States that fingerprints is a reliable positive
means of identification.

THE FRICTION SKIN AND ITS COMPONENTS:
Definition: Friction Skin
a.It is an epidermal hairless skin found on
the ventral or lower surface of the hands
and feet covered with minute ridges and
furrows and without pigment or
coloring matters.
b.It is also called papillary or epidermal
ridges.
c.It refers to the strips of skin on the inside
of the last joints of our fingers and thumbs
by which fingerprints are made.

Components of the Friction Skin:
The Friction has four (4) Basic Components namely:
ridge surface,
sweat pores,
sweat duct, and
sweat glands.

a.Ridge Surface - is that component of the
friction skin that actually forms the
fingerprint impression.
i.Ridges - are tiny elevation or hill-like
structures found on the epidermis layer of
the skin containing sweat pores. It appears
as black lines with tiny white dots called
pores in an inked impression.
ii.Furrows - are the canal-like impression or
depression found between the ridges which
may be compared with the low area in a tire
tread. They appear as white lines in an
inked impression.

b.Sweat Pores - is a small opening
found anywhere across the ridge
surface but is usually found near the
center. Sometimes called an “island
which colors white in plain impression
and is considered as individual as the
fingerprints.

c.Sweat Duct - this is a long host-like
structure that serves as the passageway
for the sweat that exits at its mouth, that is,
the pore.
d.Sweat Glands -these are the glands
found in the dermis layer of the skin which
is responsible for the production of sweat
(watery substance).

Fundamental Layers of the Friction Skin
a.Epidermis - the outer covering of the skin.
Two main layers of the Epidermis
i.Stratum Corneum – the outer layer
ii.Stratum Mucosum – immediately beneath
the covering layer.
b. Dermis - the inner layer of the skin
containing blood vessels, various glands,
and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae
are found.

Ridge Formation
Ridges begin to form on the human fetus during the 3rd to 4th months of the
fetus’ life (fifth to sixth months before birth). They seem to appear as continuous
lines where some are short and curved, others are long and straight, and a few
like islands containing a single pore structure. During the process of growth, this
is consisting of a series of islands, each containing a small opening or pores.

Dermal papillae - are irregular
blunt pegs composed of delicate
connective tissues protruding and
forming the ridges of the skin on
the fingers, palms, toes, and soles
of the feet. It does not contain
coloring pigments (melanin).

Ridge Destruction
The patterns that appear on the inside of the last joint of the fingers and thumbs
never undergo changes, except in the size of the pattern during the life of an individual.
However, there is some outside and even outside pressure that may cause an effect or
destroy the ridges. In certain cases, such destruction is permanent but usually, it is only
temporary. When the epidermal skin is permanently damaged, the affected area of the
pattern will never reappear. If it was only temporary, the ridge grows back in exactly the
same pattern as before.

Permanent destruction can be made possible the moment that there is already damage to the portion of the friction skin
where the dermal papillae are located.
a.Manual works: Persons who used chemicals like lime, cement, plasters such as electric shop workers and assembly
workers are usually prone to the temporary destruction of the tissues.
b.Diseases: Skin diseases may cause temporary destruction similar to those persons handling lime and cement, but such
destruction ceases the moment that the diseased has been cured.
c.Warts: Fibrous growths in the skin and are easily distinguished in impressions by the appearance of a light spot. It is
usually encircled by a black ring. Warts do not destroy the ridges just like creases, they are not permanent and when they
are removed, the ridges assume their natural conditions without even the appearance of a scar.
d.Ulcers: In cases where ulcerous sores attack the ridges, they are permanently destroyed; for ulcers work so deeply into
the flesh as to destroy the sweat glands, which characterized the surface of the skin. It is true throughout the entire body.
e.Burns: Burns are severe enough to leave a scar that will change the appearance of the skin and totally destroy the ridges.
In fact, the destruction of the sweat glands from any cause will change the skin surface, by leaving a scar in some form.
f.Scars: (As a result of art) it appears as a thin white line, with the ridges slightly puckered on both sides of the scar.

SOME IRREGULARITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FINGERS
1.Ectrodactyly = is the condition in which the person is born with a missing
finger/s.
2.Macrodactyly = is the condition at which the person’s finger is enlarged.
3.Microdactyly = is the condition at which a person’s finger is smaller than its
usual size.
4.Polydactyly = is the condition at which a person has more than the regular
number of fingers in one hand.
5.Syndactyly = is the condition of the hand characterized by the side fusion of
some fingers.

SOME NOTABLE ATTEMPTS OF DESTROYING RIDGES AND DISGUISES
John Dillinger, US notorious public enemy No. 1, tried to remove his fingerprints
with acid but failed. Post-mortem fingerprints taken after FBI agents shot him
proved that he was Dillinger.
Roberts James Pitts - Known as “the man without fingerprints”. After learning
from another inmate about the possible destruction of fingerprints, he contacted a
doctor. He removed the skin up to the generative layer and served thin into
incisions on each side of Pitt’s chest. Scar tissue was developed. Almost a year
later, he was picked up and the police were amazed to find that he had no
fingerprints. The Texas Department of Public Safety was able to effect
identification out of the second joints of his fingers. He is also known by the name
of Roscoe Pitts.

Three points to remember when damage or injury to a papillary skin causes a
permanent scar.
1.Penetration of a depth of more than one millimeter is necessary where the
organs or processes responsible for the growth of ridge elements are damaged
or interrupted in their activities.
2.Due to the destruction of these organs and deprivation of the power to produce
new ridge elements, the process of fission is affected.
3.Because of the extensive damage, the skin is rendered incapable of fusing.
Skin deformities sometimes prevent correct pattern interpretation and
classification but in totality do not prevent identification. Classification can still be
worked out as long as the pattern is not totally disfigured.

Importance of Fingerprints:
1.It is used for identifying suspects for investigation purposes.
2.Used to provide identity for unidentified dead people.
3.Used for the identification of missing persons.
4.Detecting a criminal identity through fingerprints collected at the scene and
determining recidivism or habitual delinquency.
5.Used as a means of verification or confirmation of public documents.
6.Used as records in the police departments and other law enforcement agencies
for the purpose of issuing a clearance.
7.Modern technology utilizes fingerprints in the opening of volts or doors leading
to confidential matters.
8.Used as a means in checking or verifying entry of authorized personnel on
certain business establishments.

THE DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS AND RIDGE FORMATION
Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO):
At the end of the learning period, the students should be able to:
1. Show understanding of the different ridge characteristics and ridge formation.

DIFFERENT RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
Before a pattern definition can be learned, it is very
important to understand some technical terms used
in fingerprint identification.
The unique characteristics of fingerprints, as
identified by Galton, was officially known as
Minutiae; sometimes referred to as "Galton’s
Details”.
The individuality of a fingerprint is not determined
by its general shape or pattern but by a careful
study of its ridge characteristics (also known as
Minutiae). The identity, number, and relative
location of characteristics (fragment)

1. Bifurcating Ridge - is a single ridge that divides itself in two branches. It is
sometimes called a
“fork”.
Note: When the single ridge forks into three branches it is
called trifurcation.

2.Converging Ridge - is a ridge formation characterized by a close angular end
and serves as a point of convergence; or is the meeting of two ridges that were
previously running side by side.

3. Diverging Ridge - is the spreading of two ridges that are flowing side by side
and suddenly separating or spreading apart.

4. Enclosure or Lake Ridge/Eyelet - is a ridge that divides into two branches
and meets to form the original ridge.

5.Ending Ridge - it refers to an endpoint of a ridge, or a ridge with an abrupt
ending.

6.Dot Ridge or Island Ridge - is a ridge that resembles a dot, fragment or a
period.

7. Appendage - is a short ridge found at the top or at the summit of a recurving
ridge.
If the looping or recurving ridge has an appendage, such appendage will spoil the recurve.
Therefore, a looping ridge that has an appendage has no sufficient recurve.

8.Re-Curving or Looping Ridge - is a kind of ridge formation that curves back
in the direction from which it started. It looks like a hairpin.

9.Sufficient Recurve - is a recurving ridge complete in its shoulder (having with
two shoulders) and is free from any appendage (without appendage).
The figure shows a looping ridge that contains a sufficient recurve, the part of the looping ridge that
was enclosed by the dotted lines has two shoulders and without appendage. Therefore a looping
ridge may have or may not have sufficient recurve.

Two characteristics or elements of a looping or recurving ridge that has sufficient
recurve:
A.It has two shoulders;
Shoulders of recurving ridge or looping ridge is known as part of looping or recurving ridge
in which the ridge curves inward.
B. Free from appendage

10. Rod or Bar - is a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving
ridge of a loop pattern.

11. Obstruction Ridge - is a short ridge found inside the innermost recurving
ridge which spoiled the inner line of flow towards the center of the pattern.
Note: The appendage, rod or bar, and obstruction ridge are all examples of an ending ridge.
They just differ in their position, location and purpose.

12.Pattern Area - is that part of the fingerprint that lies within the area surrounded by the type lines. It is where the core, delta, and
other ridge characteristics used for classification can be found.
The pattern area is only part of the fingerprint impression which is concerned in regard to interpretation and classification. It is
present in all patterns, of course but in many arches and tented arches, it is impossible to define. The only patterns in which we
need to define the pattern area for classification purposes are loops and whorls.
The pattern area of loops and whorls are enclosed by type lines.

13.Type Lines - these are considered as the boundaries of fingerprint patterns.

These are the two innermost ridges that
are running parallel or nearly parallel with
each other which diverge at a certain point
tending to surround the pattern area.
Type lines are not always continuous
ridges. In fact, they are more often to be
broken. When there is a definite break in
type line, the ridges outside of it are
immediately considered as its continuation.

When does a bifurcating ridge be considered as a
type line?
A single ridge may bifurcate, but it may not diverge.
When a bifurcating ridge runs parallel and then
diverges, then the bifurcating ridge may be
considered as a type-lines.

In this figure, the bifurcation will be considered as typelines; due to the fact that
the two branches of the bifurcation run parallel to each other before the two
branches diverge.

Week 5.pptx

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