WEF End of Mandate Report
- 1. Global Agenda Council on Ageing Shaping the Global Agenda on Ageing Meeting the Needs of Cognitive Decline
- 2. World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 Email: contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org World Economic Forum® © 2016 – All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or Transmitted in any form or by any means, including Photocopying and recording, or by any information Storage and retrieval system. REF 290716 Contents 3 Welcome 4 Executive Summary 6 Introduction 8 Activities of the Global Agenda Council on Ageing 9 Lessons from the Global Agenda Council on Ageing 10 Recommendations for Action 11 Conclusion 12 Appendix 13 Contributors 15 References
- 3. 3End-of-Mandate Report Welcome The world’s older adult population – estimated to double to 2 billion by 2050 – is a triumph of human development that will generate both economic growth and uncertainty in the decades to come. Longer lives mandate that we prepare for cognitive changes. The science is clear: many cognitive abilities will improve or stabilize with age, yet the ability to make fact-based decisions declines as brains get older. Although we all experience some sort of age-related cognitive decline, an increasing number of people will also develop Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia. Advancing age is among the chief risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. Awareness of the cognitive changes that occur with age is especially salient in the context of wealth management. In OECD countries, older adults hold a large percentage of wealth. As wealth accumulates with age, cognitive changes leave older adults at risk of decision-making errors or suffering fraud or exploitation. This arises at the same time as major decisions are made on health, housing, retirement and other life-altering factors. The World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Ageing focused the majority of its activities on: the intersection of cognition, longevity, technology and financial services. To tackle cognitive decline and its impact on finances, the traditional silos of banking, gerontology, technology, medicine and finance must be discarded. Through the collective efforts of the council, additional activities were also delivered during this mandate aiming to disseminate a positive narrative on the opportunities of ageing societies. These issues demand that unlikely stakeholders unite to address the methods through which they can apply technological advances, best practices and more thoughtful communication to help detect and manage cognitive decline and prevent fraud and malicious loss of personal property. Older adults constitute the only increasing natural resource in the entire world.1 Derek Yach Chair, Global Agenda Council on Ageing Chief Health Officer, The Vitality Group, USA
- 4. 4 Global Agenda Council on Ageing This report outlines the activities of the World Economic Forum Global Agenda Council on Ageing from 2014 to 2016. The council examined the intersection of cognition, longevity, technology and financial services. It hosted four symposia to fulfil its mandate of helping detect and mitigate age- related cognitive decline and its effects. In addition, the Council also: –– Published a white paper, “How 21st-Century Longevity Can Create Markets and Drive Economic Growth” in October 2015, which was launched as part of the WHO World Report on Ageing and Health –– Submitted proposal to the B20 employment task force on reframing ageing as positive driver for societies –– Created the New York City Ageing Alliance dedicated to advancing the ageing agenda –– Debated on ageing at the Annual Meeting 2016, broadcast by Time Magazine –– Developed a concept paper on key principles for collaboration between the Ageing and Demographic Dividend GACs. This was the foundation for the launch of the Intergenerational Design Challenge –– Launched the Nairobi Intergenerational Design Challenge which pinpointed strategic areas of action to harness knowldge and experience from older populations to advance the empowerment, education and employment of youth in developing countries in Africa and Asia. The model used for the Intergenerational Design Challenge has been endorsed by multiple organizations and used in other settings by for example the United Nations Population Fund This report focuses on the activities around cognition, financial services and technology as these took a large part of the mandate for the Council. Leaders in financial services, robotics, computer science and engineering from corporations, non-profits, and academia participated in the series between October 2015 and May 2016. The series started in Keio, Japan, before moving to London, United Kingdom; Toronto, Canada; and Philadelphia, USA. Cross-sector collaboration, economic incentives and technological advances will spur developments in financial gerontology and related areas that protect the economic security of older adults. Connections between financial stability and health mandate the formation of new definitions and fields (see the Appendix for the association between income and life expectancy). Executive Summary High-Level Recommendations 1. Link healthcare and wealth – “whealthcare” 2. Planning ahead – a life-course approach 3. Cross-stakeholder cooperation for research 4. Promote the development of effective, intuitive and affordable technologies 5. Regulatory and policy reform for longevity Symposia Series Goals –– Explore the financial consequences of cognitive decline –– Provide insight into the impact of cognitive decline and various dementias on the banking and insurance sectors –– Outline ways that technological innovations can better identify, manage and reduce the potentially deleterious impacts of changes in cognition –– Catalyse partnerships to accelerate research, funding and action
- 5. 5End-of-Mandate Report Recommendation Areas –– Financial services –– Insurance –– Technology –– Government Health and wealth, or “whealth”, demonstrate linkages between a healthy population and maintaining financial well-being. Health managers must be cognizant of the impact of deterioration of brain function on wealth, just as those who manage wealth may be able to recognize risky behaviour and possible health impacts before they proliferate. This report includes recommendations for action on progressing the ageing agenda. It is intended for members of the council, valued symposium and initiative participants, and all stakeholders in the ageing agenda, particularly in banking, insurance, technologies and research. The report also includes age-friendly business principles, an initiative of the GAC on Ageing, which lays out the seven principles for employers to align their employment, workplace and workforce practices with current ageing demographics.
- 6. 6 Global Agenda Council on Ageing Introduction Early Financial Warning Signs of Cognitive Decline –– Trouble with routine calculations –– Decreased understanding of financial concepts –– Overlooking investment risk –– Missing key details in documents –– Government By 2050, one-fifth of the world’s population (2.1 billion people) will be over 60 years of age.2 Longer lives and decreased fertility rates are changing the age demographics of the world’s populace (see the Appendix for an estimate of the world’s ageing proportions by 2050). Worldwide, ageing generates profound opportunities as well as uncertainties. It must be viewed as a public health opportunity and an area ripe for innovation in products, markets, regulations and policy. Targeted changes in global population ageing can make a positive impact on quality of life in the years that health and medical sciences have added to our lives. Although we are living longer, these added years are rarely spent in good health. Americans are living 10.1 years with chronic disabilities as opposed to 9.4 years two decades ago.3 It is here that health and wealth are vital, as they allow older adults to live their desired lives. Advances in personalized technologies, along with the protection of wealth, will aid efforts to maintain cognition and live healthy lives. A majority of older adults are enjoying their added years and working longer than before. In the United States, estimates predict that the labour force participation rate among older adults will grow in contrast to declining rates overall.4 There are also economic benefits to be realized; senior citizens are responsible for more than $7.1 trillion in economic activity in the US, providing employment for close to 100 million people.5 Additionally, older adults are more likely to volunteer their time and money than any other group, with an estimated $8 trillion in the next two decades.6 These statistics indicate the importance of health maintenance as well as policy revisions in and outside the workplace. Many older adults will experience cognitive decline, a natural function of ageing. This population will also be given a diagnosis of dementia more than ever before. A recent study of years lived with disability in 188 countries observed an 88.5% increase in prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia between 1990 and 2013.7 The longer one lives, the greater the chances of suffering from cognitive decline. For a disease such as Alzheimer’s, there is a one in nine chance of having the disease at 65 years of age or older. At 80 and older, that chance becomes one in three.8 It is worth mentioning, however, that as we become better at detecting dementia, the risk of developing it is declining. In early 2016, the New England Journal of Medicine reported that the risk of developing dementia for an adult aged 60 or over declined 20% from 1977 to 2008.9 This suggests improvements in cardiovascular health and socio-economic status are, and still can be, a means to promote cognitive health. With cognitive changes come diminished financial capacities at a time in the life cycle, almost exclusively in wealthier nations, when older adults have the most financial resources. In the US, those over 50 years of age will control about $14 trillion, or more than 50%, of the nation’s GDP by 2032.5 Spending by older adults is also crucial to buoy economies. In Japan, spending by households headed by older adults accounted for more than 40% of consumption in 2011, increasing more than 30% from 2000.10 This number continues to rise, with households comprising those aged 65 or over now controlling nearly half of all consumer spending power.11
- 7. 7End-of-Mandate Report The combination of wealth and deteriorated fluid intelligence leaves older adults at risk of fraud. A 2011 MetLife study found that financial abuse costs older Americans almost $3 billion a year, though a recent True Link Financial study cites the amount as being more than 10 times greater.11,12,13 These demographic realities and trends are reflected in the recommended guiding principles for age-friendly businesses: –– An age-neutral workplace, –– A supportive working environment, –– An inclusive culture, –– Lifelong learning and participation, –– Financial planning for longer working lives, –– Healthy ageing, and –– Supportive caregiving. In addition to fraud, older adults can spend significant amounts of money due to poor decisions made across a range of financial products, including mortgages and credit cards.14 Studies have found a U-shaped pattern in regard to interest rates and fees. The young and the old pay higher rates for borrowed money than their middle-aged counterparts.15 These issues are significant from the standpoint of money lost and losses in longevity and happiness for older adults. Numerous studies have shown that having enough money in retirement is a key concern for older adults, followed by paying for long- term care and medical expenses. For a happy retirement, the number one factor is having good health.16 Figure 1: Financial Consumer Concerns17 Consumer Concern Over Financial Issues Percent concerned, very concerned, or extremely concerned Single largest concern Source: 2015 Insurance Barometer Study, LIMRA, Life Happens Concerned Largest concern Money for a comfortable retirement 66% 17% 55% 11% 54% 9% Paying for long-term care services Paying for medical expenses The established mutualism between health and wealth are necessary and must be maintained to achieve the goals of older adults. To address the issues presented, adjustments are needed to encourage healthy behaviour and healthy brain ageing, protect accumulated wealth for use when needed, and recognize and mitigate the damaging effects of cognitive decline when it occurs. These opportunities allow for innovation to create better and more effective care models.
- 8. 8 Global Agenda Council on Ageing Activities of the Global Agenda Council on Ageing Symposium Series The symposia hosted by the Global Agenda Council on Ageing addressed challenges brought about by cognitive decline and examined current best practices and potential solutions. The World Economic Forum is well-suited to lead in this area because its mandate allows it to engage thought leaders across the private, public and non-profit sectors. The goals for the series were fourfold: Outline trends and knowledge with respect to prevalence and determinants of cognitive decline; explore economic and financial consequences of cognitive decline, particularly in banking and insurance; demonstrate ways innovative technologies can be used to identify, manage and reduce the impact of cognitive decline; and catalyse public-private-partnerships to accelerate research and action. The Global Agenda Council on Ageing hosted four symposia across three continents: –– Tokyo: Cognitive Decline and Its Economic Consequences, co-hosted with Keio University –– London: Managing Ageing and Cognitive Impairment: Challenges and Opportunities for Financial Services, co-hosted with Age UK –– Toronto: Technologies and Evidence for Healthy Ageing and Financial Services, co-hosted with the International Federation on Ageing and the National Institute on Ageing at Ryerson University –– Philadelphia: Ageing and Cognition: Maintaining Economic Security in Later Life, co-hosted with the University of Pennsylvania’s Healthy Brain Research Center New York City Aging Alliance (NYCAA) The NYCAA supplemented the symposia series hosted by the Global Agenda Council on Ageing. The NYCAA network was created to advise the council and to harness the expertise of leaders in New York City. This group comprises leaders from across industries focused on ageing and hosted targeted events in New York City with experts and individuals interested in healthy ageing. Core team members of the NYCAA included: –– Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health –– Mercer –– The Global Coalition on Aging –– The New York Academy of Medicine –– The Vitality Group –– The World Economic Forum Each event featured a dimension of healthy ageing related to the goals of the council. Activities of the Global Agenda Council on Ageing Technological Innovations for Health and Wealth The Global Agenda Council on Ageing executive briefing, titled Technological Innovations for Health and Wealth for an Ageing Global Population, explores technological advances for the promotion and maintenance of health and wealth. Technologies can detect fraudulent financial activity and allow older adults more flexible and convenient banking. They can also allow insurance policyholders to monitor healthy activities and insurers to identify the interventions with the greatest impact on healthy ageing and longevity. This briefing examines the role of technology and its implications for global population ageing. Publications with a Spotlight on Ageing –– Global Agenda Council on Ageing: Global Ageing: Peril or Promise? –– Gerontological Society of America: Elder Wealth, Cognition and Abuse (Public Policy and Aging Report) –– National Academy of Medicine: Cognitive Aging: Focus on Financial Decision Making –– World Health Organization: World Report on Ageing and Health –– AARP: Age-Friendly Banking Initiative –– World Economic Forum: How 21st Century Longevity Can Create Markets and Drive Economic Growth
- 9. 9End-of-Mandate Report Lessons from the Global Agenda Council on Ageing The Global Agenda Council on Ageing was mandated to develop and disseminate messages on opportunities for ageing societies to businesses and governments; catalyse scalable, multistakeholder actions to improve the lives of older adults; and draw on technologies and partners in innovative sectors to address cognitive decline. Attention was paid to the symposium series because it convened experts from around the world, which led to discussions, learning and publications to achieve the organisation mandate. Other council publications and meetings reframed ageing as a positive societal element for government and businesses and to improve the lives of older people in megacities. The council has been successful in bringing these issues to the forefront of Forum events such as its Annual Meeting in Davos-Klosters, Switzerland, and the Summit on the Global Agenda in the United Arab Emirates. Through these events and other partnerships and publications, the issue of ageing societies is one that we are more ready for each day. The symposium series began in Japan, a world leader in healthy ageing and public- and private-sector innovation in population longevity. The Japanese population comprises more than 61,500 centenarians, and numerous government interventions exist to promote and sustain healthy ageing. An estimated one-fifth of Japanese people aged 65 years and older will have dementia in the next decade. Japan’s government has required long-term care to deal with costs because total societal costs of dementia have reached $120 billion. The societal costs calculated by Japan do not account for the hidden financial, health, emotional and opportunity costs borne by family and informal caregivers of older adults. These costs should be quantified better and caregivers should also be considered. More must be done to advocate for better insurance products, given the lack of understanding of the need for these products as well as the gains in health and alleviating fiscal burden they can promote. Technologies have the potential to reduce costs of long- term care through enhanced independence and ageing in place. Machine learning and data analytics, as discussed in London and Toronto, offer new ways to augment activities of daily living, not only for those experiencing declines in cognition, but also for all older adults. Technological advances should also be applied to financial services to address cognitive ageing specifically. This includes better flagging of suspicious transactions, recognition of trouble with personal information and with ATMs, and algorithms to identify high-risk customers. It is also important to recognize the human element inherent in financial services. A majority of older adults prefer face-to-face interaction. To accommodate this, banks, financial advisory firms and insurance companies are training employees to recognize cognitive decline. Programmes such as Dementia Friends in the UK or Dementia Supporters in Japan utilize a large, untapped human resource to deal with cognitive decline in workplaces and in the community at large. Regulatory and government support are needed to ensure progress. Current regulations were crafted without longevity and technological advances in mind. Experts from Canada, China, Costa Rica, Japan, the UK, the US and more echo this sentiment. Regulations addressing view-only accounts, advance declarations, and privacy and protective monitoring can be adjusted for maximum benefit. In addition to modifying regulations, governments should provide incentives for the development of technologies to protect older adults from fraud and allow for better oversight. Finally, governments may wish to publish reports and information on financial literacy and on cognitive decline. Literacy and culture are major themes in this area because financial literacy is low among the general population. This reverberates throughout the lifetime as those with low literacy are less likely to invest in stocks or be savvy with other methods of investment and wealth accumulation. Financial language must be made easier to understand and designed for inclusivity and feedback. A cultural change is needed to promote greater understanding of the way brains age and the risks faced by older adults. Scotland’s Lothian Birth Cohort Factors positively contributing to healthy brain ageing: –– Physical fitness –– Physical activity –– Bilingualism –– Not smoking –– Low allostatic load –– Higher education level –– Profession/occupation
- 10. 10 Global Agenda Council on Ageing The Global Agenda Council on Ageing proposes recommendations to promote healthy ageing by populations worldwide and to address the challenges of cognitive decline. The recommendations are designed to utilize the strengths and abilities of current technologies, best practices and evidence from scientific studies and real-world experience. It is clear that financial capacity may be diminished with age and that much can be done to protect the needs and interests of our grandparents, parents and selves in later life. Link healthcare and wealth – “whealthcare” Frontline financial professionals need training in defining cognitive ageing and impairment, how to recognize them, and how to communicate effectively with ageing clients. This vast, largely underutilized group must be able to recognize signs of cognitive decline, use appropriate technologies, such as learning algorithms and passive monitoring, and work to alert one another and physicians of diminished financial capacity and potential abuse. Physicians also have unique opportunities to discuss financial and personal affairs management with patients in the context of a discussion on cognitive decline. Physicians have the capacity to recognize declines in capacity and alert a trusted individual or caregiver.20 Planning ahead – a life-course approach Within banking institutions, planning ahead for care issues using a life-course approach must be a greater part of financial planning for older adults and their caregivers. The industry should collaborate with gerontologists and non- profit organizations on planning ahead for care issues and age-friendly design. Planners must also exercise a duty of care towards customers.1 Within the insurance industry, companies must create or incorporate more innovative life- and long-term care insurance models that focus on the maintenance and achievement of optimal cognition, health and wealth over the lifespan. New insurance products are needed for various points in the lifecycle. These include total life, short-term care insurance, illness-specific insurance, catastrophic loss policies and pension support policies.2 Recommendations for Action High-Level Recommendations 1. Link healthcare and wealth – “whealthcare” 2. Planning ahead – a life-course approach 3. Cross- stakeholder cooperation for research 4. Promote the development of effective, intuitive and affordable technologies 5. Regulatory and policy reform for longevity Personalized technologies must be leveraged to aid independent living and encourage lifestyle behaviour correlated with healthy brain ageing, including exercise, good nutrition and not smoking. Best-practice behavioural insights should be used to nudge consumers towards the healthiest choices.3 Stakeholder cooperation for greater research Within banking institutions, more research is needed on the predictors and patterns of abuse and fraud; how and when to intervene; and what best practices are for language, design and service. Open-source learning algorithms for the prediction of problems must be developed.4 Within insurance institutions, the shared establishment of cohorts of insurance beneficiaries will lead to a greater understanding of the determinants of healthy ageing, with an emphasis on interventions with the greatest potential for prevention and support. Technology development More effective, intuitive and affordable technologies are needed to address the preventability and management of cognitive ageing. Older adult and caregiver training and participation in the design and use of technologies are a vital part of development. Current technologies include personalized applications, video banking, mobile conversations, contactless payments, check imaging, high-visibility cards, documents on screens and visible hearing aids. Advances are under way in biometrics and voice, fingerprint and facial recognition. Regulatory and policy reform for longevity Regulations and policies must be altered so that banks are required to ensure that alerts of suspicious transactions, direct notification of suspicious activities and identification of scammers are ubiquitous. Caregiver oversight of accounts and power of attorney statutes must be reformed for ease of use, with safeguards against fraud and abuse. Third-party account oversight must become the new norm.5 Data on fraud and its perpetrators should be reported to appropriate authorities for the aggregation of data with the goal of enhancing pattern recognition and prevention. Age-friendly business principles As we live heathier and longer lives, the demographic landscape will become increasingly older in population. These changes will require employers to adopt age-neutral values that enable longer careers and healthier and more active ageing. Proactive changes to employer policies on elderly care support, pensions, and savings for employees can encourage productive work forces, job creation, and economic growth.11
- 11. 11End-of-Mandate Report The World Economic Forum set forward a vision of success before embarking on the two-year term. Success has been defined as having a broad set of public and private stakeholders across sectors (particularly in banking, insurance, emerging technologies, employment, travel and tourism) engaged in collaborative actions to address key challenges and opportunities of the ageing agenda. The Global Agenda Council on Ageing publications, meetings and symposia have convened stakeholders and spurred collaborative action. The recommendations will continue this success and have even more consequential, positive economic and health impacts for older adults. Bringing together myriad, often disconnected, stakeholders will have a positive impact on a multitude of areas. It will take cooperation and dedication as advances are needed in personnel training, technologies, life-planning, regulations and research. The results are worth the investment, allowing adults to live their desired and healthiest lives. This will not be easy, but the ageing of the world’s population and the changes to come mandate that innovations be made to ensure a prosperous and productive later life. Conclusion
- 12. 12 Global Agenda Council on Ageing Appendix Relationship between Wealth and Health (Expected Age at Death) Source: Chetty et al, The Association between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014; JAMA. 2016;315(16):1750-1766. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.4226 Percentage of Older Adults as Part of National Population by 2050 Source: HelpAge Global Watch Index 2015. Available at: http://www.helpage.org/global-agewatch/population-ageing-data/population-ageing-map/
- 13. 13End-of-Mandate Report Global Agenda Council on Ageing Chair Derek Yach, Chief Health Officer, The Vitality Group, USA Vice-Chair John Beard, Director, Department of Ageing and Life Course, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva Isabella Aboderin, Senior Research Scientist, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), Kenya H.S.H. Prince Henri d’Arenberg, President, be.Source, Private Foundation, Belgium Jane Barratt, Secretary-General, International Federation on Ageing, Canada Du Peng, Director, Institute of Gerontology, Renmin University of China, People’s Republic of China Meghan M. FitzGerald, Executive Vice-President, Strategy, Corporate Development and Health Policy, Cardinal Health, USA Linda P. Fried, Dean and DeLamar Professor of Public Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, USA Jacques Goulet, President, Retirement, Health and Benefits, Mercer (MMC), USA Michael Herrmann, Senior Adviser, Economics and Manager, Innovation Fund, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York Michael W. Hodin, Executive Director, Global Coalition on Aging, USA Paul R. Hogan, Chairman and Founder, Home Instead Senior Care, USA Alexandre Kalache, President, International Longevity Centre-Brazil, Brazil Matthew Levin, Executive Vice-President and Head, Global Strategy, Aon Corporation Isabel Ortiz, Director, Social Protection Department, International Labour Organization (ILO) Toby Porter, Chief Executive Officer, HelpAge International, United Kingdom Jon Rouse, Director-General, Social Care, Local Government and Care Partnerships, Department of Health, United Kingdom Abla Mehio Sibai, Professor, American University of Beirut, Lebanon Atsushi Seike, President, Keio University, Japan Daljit Singh, President, Fortis Healthcare, India Ninie Wang, Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Pinetree Care Group, People’s Republic of China Council Manager: Vanessa Candeias, Practice Lead, Future of Health Initiatives, Global Health and Healthcare Forum Lead: Arnaud Bernaert, Head of Global Health and Healthcare Industries, Member of the Executive Committee Acknowledgements The World Economic Forum would like to acknowledge the co-hosts, sponsors, masters of ceremony and organizations who generously donated their time and resources to host these events. They include: Tokyo: President Atsushi Seike, Professor Hiroki Nakatani and Keio University London: Tom Wright, CBE, Age UK, the British Medical Association, Barclays, and AARP Toronto: Jane Barratt, International Federation on Ageing, Stephanie Woodward, National Institute on Ageing, Bridgepoint Health, and The Vitality Group Philadelphia: Jason Karlawish, Terry Casey, the Penn Healthy Brain Research Center, Linda Fried, Mailman School of Public Health, and The Vitality Group Contributors
- 14. 14 Global Agenda Council on Ageing Symposium Series Key Contributors and Panellists Tokyo: Professor Atsushi Seike (Keio University), Derek Yach (World Economic Forum), Yasuhisa Shiozaki (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan), Professor Hideyuki Okano (Keio University), Professor Kohei Komamura (Keio University), Professor Masaru Mimura (Keio University), Toby Porter (HelpAge International), Yasumichi Arai (Keio University), Reisa Sperling (Harvard University), Professor Hachiro Sugimoto (Doshisha University), Tetsuya Suhara (National Institute of Radiological Sciences), John Beard (World Health Organization), Ritsuko Inokuma (The Yomiuri Shimbun), Koji Miura (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare), Assistant Professor Mitsuhiro Sado (Keio University), Professor Atsuhiro Yamada (Keio University), Alexandre Kalache (ILC-Brazil), Masaaki Nagamura (Tokio Marine Holdings, Inc.), Akiko Nomura (Nomura Holdings), Rebecca Ting (Swiss Reinsurance, Tokyo), Seiji Yamagishi (Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group Inc.) and Kaori Iida (NHK) London: Derek Yach (The Vitality Group), Tom Wright CBE (Age UK and Age International), Olivier Oullier (World Economic Forum), Hiroki Nakatani (Keio University), Professor Ian Deary (University of Edinburgh), Daniel Marson (University of Alabama at Birmingham), Steven Cooper (Barclays Bank), Debra Whitman (AARP), Daniel Ryan (Swiss Re Services Limited), Angela Wakelin (Santander), Phillip Mind (Payments UK), Faith Reynolds (Financial Services Consumer Panel), Professor James Goodwin (Age UK), Otto Thoresen (NEST Corporation), Tish Hanifan (Society of Later Life Advisers), Toby Porter (HelpAge International), Joanna Elson OBE (Money Advice Trust), Professor Mary Gilhooly (Brunel University), Ninie Wang (Pinetree Care Group), James Appleby (Gerontological Society of America), Sally Greengross OBE (International Longevity Centre) Toronto: Marian Walsh (Sinai Health System), Jane Barratt (International Federation on Ageing), Derek Yach (The Vitality Group), Geoff Fernie (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute), Samir Sinha (Sinai Health System), William Reichman (Baycrest), Alex Mihailidis (AGE-WELL), Rosalie Wang (Toronto Rehabilitation Institute), Suzanne Jackson (WHO Collaborating Centre in Health Promotion), Deborah Fels (Ryerson University), Amy D’Aprix (BMO Financial Group) Philadelphia: Linda Fried (Mailman School of Public Health), Derek Yach (The Vitality Group), Professor Atsushi Seike (Keio University), Jane Vass OBE (Age UK), Jason Karlawish (University of Pennsylvania), Ninie Wang (Pinetree Care Group), John Driscoll (Federal Reserve Board), Kevin Volpp (University of Pennsylvania), Murali Doraiswamy (Duke University), Jody Holtzman (AARP), Corinna Lathan (AnthroTronix), Simin Meydani (Tufts University), Olivia Mitchell (University of Pennsylvania), Jimmie Holland (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center), Surya Kolluri (Bank of America Merrill Lynch), Naomi Karp (Consumer Financial Protection Bureau), Sarah Lock (AARP), Liz Loewy (EverSafe), Michael Schidlow (HSBC), Kai Stinchcombe (True Link Financial), Robert Kerzner (LIMRA), Mike Doughty (John Hancock), Masaaki Nagamura (Tokio Marine Holdings, Inc.), Bruce Wolfe (BlackRock), Christina Kotsalos (Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities), Brian LaForme (Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities) Authors Dominic Lee, The Vitality Group, USA Gillian P. Christie, The Vitality Group, USA Derek Yach, The Vitality Group, USA
- 15. References 1. Greenstein, Mindy and Holland, Jimmie. Lighter As We Go. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2015. 2. Chatterji, Somnath, et al. Health, functioning, and disability in older adults – present status and future implications. Lancet. 2015;385(9967:563-575). 3. Winslow, Ron. Americans are living longer, but not necessarily healthier, study shows. Wall Street Journal. 10 July 2013. 4. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections. December 2013 Monthly Labor Review. Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates by Age, Sex, Race, and Ethnicity. 5. Oxford Economics. The Longevity Economy. Generating economic growth and new opportunities for business. 2012. Available at http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/ aarp/home-and-family/personal-technology/2013-10/ Longevity-Economy-Generating-New-Growth-AARP. pdf. 6. “Longevity” bonus to boost retiree giving, survey finds. Philanthropy News Digest. 23 October 2015. 7. Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators. Global, regional and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;386(9995):743-800. 8. Alzheimer’s Association. Risk Factors. Available at http://www.alz.org/alzheimers_disease_causes_risk_ factors.asp. 9. Karlawish, Jason. Study: the risk of developing dementia is declining. Forbes. 10 February 2016. 10. Rayn. Senior Spending to Give Japan a Lift. 7 September 2012. Available at http://forex100academy. com/senior-spending-to-give-japan-a-lift/. 11. How 21st Century Longevity Can Create Markets and Drive Economic Growth 12. MetLife. The MetLife study of elder financial abuse crimes of occasion, desperation, and predation against America’s elders. New York, NY: Metropolitan Life Insurance Company; 2011. 13. True Link. The True Link Report on Elder Financial Abuse 2015. San Francisco, CA: True Link Financial; 2015. 14. Institute of Medicine. Cognitive aging. Progress in understanding and opportunities for action. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2015. 15. Agarwal, Sumit et al. The age of reason: financial decisions over the lifecycle and implications for regulation. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. Fall 2009: 51-117. 16. Merrill Lynch. Health and Retirement: Planning for the Great Unknown. 2014. Available at https://www. ml.com/publish/content/application/pdf/GWMOL/ MLWM_Health-and-Retirement-2014.pdf. 17. Durham, Ashley. 2015 Insurance Barometer Study. Available at http://www.orgcorp.com/wp-content/ uploads/2015-Insurance-Barometer.pdf. 18. Moore, Jack. Two numbers: Japan has more than 60,000 centenarians, and Tokyo can’t afford their gifts. Newsweek. 23 September 2015. 19. Summary. International Conference on Cognitive Decline and its Economic Consequences. Keio University, Tokyo. October 5-6, 2015. Available at http:// www.tgu.keio.ac.jp/docs/Keio-WEF-Summary.pdf. 20. Karlawish, Jason. Whealthcare: preventing financial fraud and promoting cognitive health and wealth. Forbes. 4 June 2016. 21. Nagamura, Maasaki. Insurance for Cognitive Ageing and Dementia. Presented at Ageing and Cognition: Protecting Economic Security in Later Life. Philadelphia, PA. 10 May 2016. 22. Van Rooij, Maarten, Lusardi, Annamaria, and Alessie, Rob. Financial Literacy and Stock Market Participation. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13565. 2007. 23. Fried, Linda. Introduction. Presented at Ageing and Cognition: Protecting Economic Security in Later Life. Philadelphia, PA. 9 May 2016. 24. Ryan, Daniel. Managing ageing and cognitive impairment. Presented at Managing ageing and cognitive decline: challenges and opportunities for financial services. London, UK. 3-4 February 2016. 25. Volpp, Kevin. Behavioral Insights for Whealth. Presented at Ageing and Cognition: Protecting Economic Security in Later Life. Philadelphia, PA. 9 May 2016. 26. Karlawish, Jason. Whealthcare for Banking and Insurance. Presented at Ageing and Cognition: Protecting Economic Security in Later Life. Philadelphia, PA. 9 May 2016. 27. Whitman, Debra. Challenges and opportunities for financial services. Presented at Managing ageing and cognitive decline: challenges and opportunities for financial services. London, UK. 3 February 2016.
- 16. World Economic Forum 91–93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel.: +41 (0) 22 869 1212 Fax: +41 (0) 22 786 2744 contact@weforum.org www.weforum.org The World Economic Forum, committed to improving the state of the world, is the International Organization for Public-Private Cooperation. The Forum engages the foremost political, business and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.