chapter 8
- 1. Today’s Issues: The United States and Canada Terrorism, urban sprawl, and cultural diversity are three of the important issues facing North Americans today. NEXT
- 2. SECTION 1 The Fight Against Terrorism SECTION 2 Urban Sprawl NEXT Today’s Issues: The United States and Canada Case Study Diverse Societies Face Change Unit Map: Physical Unit Map: Political
- 3. Section 1 The Fight Against Terrorism • Terrorism threatens the safety and security of society. • The United States launched a war against international terrorism after being attacked on September 11, 2001. NEXT
- 4. The September 11 Attacks Terrorism Strikes the United States • Terrorism—unlawful use, or threat, of force or violence: - against people or property - to intimidate, create fear in order to achieve political, social aims • September 11, 2001 attacks are most destructive on U.S. soil - 19 Arab terrorists hijack four planes - two flown into World Trade Center towers - one flown into Pentagon - one crashes in Pennsylvania SECTION 1 NEXT The Fight Against Terrorism Continued . . .
- 5. SECTION 1 continued The September 11 Attacks NEXT The Destruction • Airplane fuel turns the aircraft into missiles - 75-foot hole torn in Pentagon’s west side • Almost 3,000 die in the attacks - includes 265 plane passengers - 343 New York City rescue workers • Nine New York City buildings collapse; six others are damaged - destruction is spread over 16 acres of financial district Continued . . .
- 6. SECTION 1 continued The September 11 Attacks NEXT The Terrorists • Al-Qaeda: extremist Muslims led by Saudi millionaire Osama bin Laden - global network—worldwide interconnected group - formed in Afghanistan to fight 1979 Soviet invasion - later opposed U.S. influence in Muslim lands - targeted U.S. and allies after 1991 Persian Gulf War
- 7. Aftermath of the Attacks International War on Terrorism • U.S. President George W. Bush declares war on terrorism: - pushes for new security measures - orders search for terrorist suspects • U.S. leads coalition (alliance) of nations in war on terrorism - includes Canada, China, Britain, Pakistan, Russia, and others - allies share information, make arrests, seize assets SECTION 1 Continued . . . NEXT
- 8. SECTION 1 International War on Terrorism • Operation Enduring Freedom - coalition military action in Afghanistan, al Qaeda’s base country - U.S. bombs in October 2001, sends in ground troops - ruling Taliban removed, al-Qaeda network overthrown • Bush expands war with March 2003 military action in Iraq - claims dictator Hussein is threat, topples his regime by May 2003 continued Aftermath of the Attacks NEXT Continued . . .
- 9. Homeland Security • New airport security measures after September 11 • Extra safety precautions at public places such as sports stadiums • Other possible targets protected: nuclear power plants, water supply • Department of Homeland Security is created • Canada signs border security pact with U.S. SECTION 1 NEXT continued Aftermath of the Attacks
- 10. Facing Terrorist Threats Terrorist Operations and Weapons • Terrorists act in secret, move between countries - some want territory, like Palestinian extremists - some oppose government policies, like Oklahoma City bombers • Could use biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons - biological weapons—bacteria, viruses that harm or kill people, animals - anthrax sent by letter to U.S. congressmen, media in fall 2001 SECTION 1 NEXT Continued . . .
- 11. continued Facing Terrorist Threats Balancing Security and Freedom • U.S. and allies fight terrorism on two fronts: - breaking up terrorist groups - increasing security • Variety of terrorist threats means the fight could go on for years • Challenge for democratic countries: - keep citizens safe while preserving freedom and individual rights SECTION 1 NEXT
- 12. Section 2 Urban Sprawl • Many metropolitan areas in the United States and Canada have sprawled, or spread out, farther and farther. • Cities are focusing on smart-growth solutions to urban sprawl. NEXT
- 13. Growth Without a Plan Urban Sprawl • Many Americans and Canadians work in cities, live in suburbs - suburbs may offer better housing, services; more open space - metropolitan areas becoming larger, more difficult to manage • Urban sprawl—poorly planned city development - city’s population spreads over an ever-widening area - outlying areas become populated, filling land between them and city SECTION 2 Continued . . . NEXT Urban Sprawl
- 14. SECTION 2 continued Growth Without a Plan NEXT Urban Sprawl • From 1970 to 1990, population density of U.S. cities decreased 20% • Move from cities to suburbs filled 30,000 sq. miles of rural land • In Canada more than 75 percent of people live in urban areas Continued . . .
- 15. SECTION 2 continued Growth Without a Plan NEXT Causes of Urban Sprawl • Unrestricted, unplanned growth in metropolitan areas • Cars, expressways, cheap gas let people drive long distances to jobs • People move to suburbs for open space, schools, housing, community - urban planners now design city neighborhoods to create community
- 16. Urban Sprawl’s Negative Impact Lowering the Quality of Life • Infrastructure—a community’s basic facilities, services, machinery • Commuter traffic hurts infrastructure - more maintenance on roads and bridges - increases air pollution • Suburban streets, utilities, facilities cost 25% more than in city • Class separation: - upper-income people move to suburbs - lower-income people isolated in inner-city SECTION 2 NEXT
- 17. SECTION 2 Within Limits • Smart growth—efficient use and conservation of land, resources - development stays in city, public transportation keeps traffic low Solutions to Sprawl NEXT Portland’s Growth Boundary • Portland, Oregon, draws urban growth boundary line in 1979 - developers can only build inside line; green space is off-limits - controversial plan helps contain urban sprawl Continued . . .
- 18. SECTION 2 Vancouver’s Plan for Sustainable Communities • Population of Vancouver, British Columbia, has doubled since 1961 • Greater Vancouver Regional Board adopts growth plan in 1995 - suburbs become sustainable communities where residents live and work - cuts down on commuting - also applied to downtown Vancouver; 40% of residents now walk to work continued Solutions to Sprawl NEXT Continued . . .
- 19. SECTION 2 Grassroots Opposition • In some areas citizens band together to solve urban sprawl • Anti-sprawl activism in Durham, North Carolina: - CAUSE (Citizens Against Urban Sprawl Everywhere) - opposes more commercial development along nearby congested highway - uses education and political activism to fight sprawl continued Solutions to Sprawl NEXT
- 20. Case Study Diverse Societies Face Change BACKGROUND • Peoples from Asia came to North America thousands of years ago • Since then millions have immigrated to the U.S. and Canada • Unifying such diverse peoples is a challenge for both nations How can many cultures form a unified nation? NEXT
- 21. Case Study “Mosaic” or “Melting Pot” The Challenge of Cultural Diversity • Millions from all over world have immigrated to U.S. and Canada • Challenge is to keep culturally diverse peoples unified • Most large cities have ethnic neighborhoods - Asians, Eastern Europeans, Latin Americans - in New York City, immigrant children speak over 100 languages • Canada, U.S. approach task of unifying diverse cultures differently NEXT Continued . . .
- 22. Case Study Canada’s Cultural “Mosaic” • Early native peoples, French, and English keep separate identities • Canada welcomes immigrants, encourages them to keep cultural heritage • Many Canadians have strong ethnic ties - Quebec’s French-Canadians have considered leaving confederation • 1988 Canadian Multiculturalism Act protects and promotes diversity - some say the Act promotes equality for all - others feel it promotes difference over “Canadianness” NEXT continued “Mosaic” or “Melting Pot” Continued . . .
- 23. Case Study America’s “Melting Pot” • For years Americans believed in assimilation - minority cultures assume the language, customs of the dominant culture - Native Americans forced to adopt language (English), clothes, religion • Earlier European immigrants assimilate or face prejudice - undergo “Americanization,” adopt common language, culture NEXT continued “Mosaic” or “Melting Pot”
- 24. Case Study New Immigrants Challenge Old Ways Divided Opinion • Late 20th -century immigrants to U.S. come from Latin America, Asia - culturally, racially unlike earlier immigrants - less likely to give up traditions, beliefs • Some in U.S. feel strength comes from blending cultures together - believe different languages and customs creates separation, not unity - they want immigration limited and English to be the official language • Others feel multiculturalism benefits American society NEXT
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