What is Aging?
- 1. What is Aging? Michael C. Joseph, MD (Peer Learning) September 14, 2016
- 2. Outline The Journey Morbidity & Mortality Life Expectancy Longevity Senescence General Body Changes Organ System Changes CREDITS
- 3. What is Aging? The Journey The Seven Ages of Man − “At first the infant, Mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. − Last scene of all, That ends this strange eventful history, Is second childishness and mere oblivion, Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans everything”. The Riddle of the Sphinx The Process − Growth Dependence − Maturation Independence − Decline Dependence
- 4. Why do we age? Mechanisms Tissues deteriorate over time − “Machine” model 2,575,440,000 heartbeats − “Free radical” damage − Chromosome “telomere” shortening Metabolic Changes − Oxygen supply to lungs − Arterial blood flow − Oxygen absorption from lungs − Glandular Dysfunction Thyroid, pancreas, adrenals
- 5. Chronic Illnesses By Age
- 6. Mortality by Selected Age Groups 25 – 34 45 – 54 65+ Unintentional Injury Malignant Neoplasms Heart Disease Suicide Heart Disease Malignant Neoplasms Homicide Unintentional Injury Chronic Low Respiratory Disease Malignant Neoplasms Liver Disease Stroke Heart Disease Suicide Alzheimer’s Disease Diabetes Diabetes Diabetes Liver Disease Stroke Influenza & Pneumonia
- 7. Life expectancy at birth - U.S. (2014)
- 8. Life Expectancy - U.S (2013) Age Years Birth 78.8 65-70 19.3 70-75 15.6 75-80 12.2 80-85 9.1 85-90 6.6 90-95 4.6 95-100 3.2 100 and over 2.3 “Quality Adjusted Life Years”
- 9. Longevity - Life Span Limits Maximum human life span: 122 yrs − Jeanne Calment (1875-1997) (smoker, red wine drinker) Supercentenarians (110 yrs +) − Geert Boomgaard (1788-1899) (First Validated) − Sarah Knauss (1880-1999) (First in U.S.) − Italian woman, 116, last living person born in the 1800s − Brooklyn, NY, woman, 116, last U.S. person born in the 1800s − Frank Buckles, final U.S. WWI Veteran (101), died in 2011 − Frank Levingston (110), oldest U.S. WW II Veteran, died May 3, 2016 − 50-80 total worldwide (2016)
- 10. Longevity - “Oldsters” Life Span Centenarians (100 yrs +) − Eilif Philipsen (1682-1785) (first validated) − Number in U.S. (53,364) (2010) − Number in N.C. (2,305) (2016) − Wake County (191) (2016) − Example https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query= 106+year+old+woman+white+house
- 11. Longevity - Extending the Life Span There is no “Fountain of Youth”. After our sexual peak at about 30 years, our chances of dying double every 8 years. The only way to increase human longevity is to retard the aging process itself. Research − Human Longevity, Inc. (collecting large number of human genomes to apply machine learning to develop new ways to fight diseases associated with aging) − Institute of Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (will follow 3,000 seniors for 6 years to test the generic pill, metformin, which affects pathways at the molecular level, that when effective, can trigger chronic disease or death) − University of Washington (dog testing of a drug, rapamycin, which has improved heart health and delayed the onset of some diseases in older mice)
- 12. Longevity - Factors POSITIVE Genetics Lifestyle − Plant-based diet − Healthy family and social life − Not smoking − Regular physical activity − Normal weight − Limited alcohol consumption − Low stress levels NEGATIVE − heart disease, cancer, obesity, diabetes, “stress”
- 13. SENESCENCE – The Signs of Aging Genetic (Progeria)/Acquired (Lifestyle)
- 14. General Changes Physical − Loss of Stature − Frailty − Baldness − Wrinkles Mental Decline Physiological − Sleep Disorders − Slowed Metabolism
- 15. Organ System Changes - Senses Eyesight − loss of peripheral vision; − decreased ability to judge depth; − decreased clarity of colors (for example, pastels and blues). Hearing − loss of hearing acuity, especially sounds at the higher end of the spectrum; − decreasing ability to distinguish sounds when there is background noise. Taste − decreased number of taste buds; − decreased amount of and saliva. Touch − decreased sensitivity to touch. Sense − decreased ability to smell.
- 16. Organ System Changes Skin & Appendages Loss of subcutaneous fat − skin thins, becomes less elastic, and sags. Skin is more dry and wrinkled. Skin wounds heal more slowly. Hair thins and turns gray. Nails grow more slowly (?).
- 17. Organ System Changes Cardiopulmonary System Heart − Heart muscle thickens; − maximum pumping rate decreases; − oxygen extraction from blood decreases. Arteries − stiffening; − fatty deposits; − peripheral insufficiency. Veins − varicosities; − pooling of blood and edema in the extremities. Lungs − loss of elasticity; − decrease in maximum breathing capacity.
- 18. Organ System Changes Musculoskeletal System Muscles – decreased bulk Bones – thinning Joints – loss of cartilage Ligaments – decreased flexibility
- 19. Organ System Changes Urogenital System Urinary − decreased tone in bladder; − decreased tone in the urinary sphincter muscle; − kidneys shrink and become less efficient. Genital − Menopause ovaries decrease in size; vaginal tissues atrophy; vaginal lubrication decreases. − Andropause decrease in sperm production; prostate enlarges.
- 20. Organ System Changes Brain atrophy of white matter (cerebrum); loss of neuron (nerve cell) connections; decrease in neuron functions; blood vessel damage; protein deposits.
- 21. Organ System Changes Gastrointestinal Decreased appetite Less saliva Decreased digestive enzymes Slow food transit Decreased motility Increased fluid absorption
- 22. Credits Area Agency on Aging of Pasco-Pinellas, Inc. (http://agingcarefl.org) CDC/NCHS, Health, United States, 2015 What is Aging? Joao Pedro de Magalhaes, PhD (www.senescence.info) http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/leadingcause s.html www.thenewsandobserver.com www.wikipedia.en.org