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What’s Your Problem?

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Nordic APIs

The document discusses error handling in APIs, emphasizing the importance of using standard formats like application/problem+json for reporting errors. It includes various examples of HTTP error responses, the significance of meaningful status codes, and the need for proper exception handling in software architecture. The text highlights best practices for communicating errors effectively to improve user experience and self-service capabilities.

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API Design Insights • Nordic APIs
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@asbjornu GET /presentation HTTP/1.1
 HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
 Content-Type: application/problem+json {
 "title": "What’s Your Problem?",
 "detail": "Nordic APIs 2019 Platform Summit",
 "date": "2019-10-24T13:20+02:00"
 "status": 400,
 }
@asbjornu Asbjørn Ulsberg Developer Experience Architect
@asbjornu <errors are="hard">
@asbjornu Michael Timbs 01:14 I’ve just been pulled in to fix some flask middleware that sits between two APIs and all the errors return 200 OK. The messages are also random and often overwritten multiple times before being returned.
@asbjornu Ethan 03:42
 One API I integrated with, when it was overloaded would give a response meaning "try again later", consisting of a 200 with a completely empty body.
@asbjornu Pieter Herroelen 09:30 A customer was complaining about 500 Internal Server Errors. So they changed the catch-all error status code to 400.
@asbjornu Matt Bishop 17:32 Historically, Flash would only pass 200 responses back to application code so we would have to use an error object instead of status codes.
@asbjornu @Hvattum Got a database schema dump in the stacktrace from a server not that long ago. It was unexpectedly helpful in understanding what went wrong, and where server validation failed. 11:42 AM · Aug 27, 2019 · Twitter Web App
@asbjornu @DesignerAndGeek Yes. Here is a comment from my source code: // Stupidly, the API reports success == false if no result. // Therefore, no success but no errors = not really an error. 
 6:53 AM · Aug 27, 2019 · Twitter Web App
@asbjornu @cjno I once worked with an API that basically reimplemented HTTP in JSON: always 200 OK, body included `status` (200-5XX), `headers`(!) and `body` 6:22 AM · Aug 27, 2019 · Twitter Web App @thomanil Same here, different company 7:12 AM · Aug 27, 2019 · Twitter Web App @bjartnes It's more like raise your hand if you haven't seen one :-D. I think I was part of building one as well. Or two. Don't know. My brain is good at suppressing such things. 7:28 AM · Aug 27, 2019 · Twitter Web App
@asbjornu @launchany Unix devs returning 0 on success, 1-127 for errors 3:19 AM · Aug 27, 2019 · Twitter for iPad
@asbjornu </errors>
@asbjornu <categorizing what="errors">
@asbjornu Client API Service 4xx 5xx
@asbjornu Service 5xx Client 4xx ? API
@asbjornu Core Controller Service Client Mapping Mapping Validation 4xx 5xx
@asbjornu CustomerResponse CreateCustomer(CustomerRequest customerRequest) { customerRequest.Validate(); var customer = customerRequest.Map(); customer = this.customerRepository.Add(customer); var customerResponse = new CustomerResponse(customer); return customerResponse; } 4xx 5xx
@asbjornu </categorizing>
@asbjornu <map from="exception" to="http">
@asbjornu Core
@asbjornu Infrastructure Core API Daemon Web UI
@asbjornu Infrastructure Core API Daemon Web UI
@asbjornu Infrastructure throw; API Daemon Web UI
@asbjornu Infrastructure catch; catch; catch; throw;
@asbjornu CustomerResponse CreateCustomer(CustomerRequest customerRequest) { customerRequest.Validate(); var customer = customerRequest.Map(); customer = this.customerRepository.Add(customer); var customerResponse = new CustomerResponse(customer); return customerResponse; }
@asbjornu CustomerResponse CreateCustomer(CustomerRequest customerRequest) { customerRequest.Validate(); var customer = customerRequest.Map(); customer = this.customerRepository.Add(customer); var customerResponse = new CustomerResponse(customer); return customerResponse; }
@asbjornu class CustomerRequest { public void Validate() { try { // Perform validation } catch (Exception validationException) { throw new RequestException(exception); } } }
@asbjornu class CustomerRequest { public void Validate() { try { // Perform validation } catch (Exception validationException) { throw new RequestException(exception); } } }
@asbjornu throw ✔ catch ?
@asbjornu class ExceptionHandler { public HttpResponse Handle(Exception exception) { } }
@asbjornu class ExceptionHandler { public HttpResponse Handle(Exception exception) { var problem = new Problem(exception); return problem.CreateResponse(); } } Problem
• RFC 7807: Problem Details for HTTP APIs • application/problem+json • Standard format for errors • Don’t reinvent the wheel • Unless your business is producing error description formats Problem
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "accounts": ["/account/12345", "/account/67890"] "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
@asbjornu class ExceptionHandler { public HttpResponse Handle(Exception exception) { var problem = new Problem(exception); return problem.CreateResponse(); } }
class Problem { public Problem(Exception exception) { Type = new Uri("https://example.com/errors/server-error"); Status = 500; Title = "An unexpected error occurred."; if (exception is RequestException) { Type = new Uri("https://example.com/errors/bad-request"); Status = 400; Title = exception.Title; } } public Uri Type { get; } public int Status { get; } public string Title { get; } }
class Problem { public HttpResponse CreateResponse() { return new HttpResponse { ContentType = "application/problem+json", Body = JsonConvert.FromObject(new { type = Type, status = Status title = Title }) } } public Uri Type { get; } public int Status { get; } public string Title { get; } } Status
@asbjornu 417 Expectation Failed 400 Bad Request 401 Unauthorized 428 Precondition Required 404 Not Found 405 Method Not Allowed 406 Not Acceptable 407 Proxy Authentication Required 408 Request Timeout 409 Conflict 410 Gone 411 Length Required 412 Precondition Failed 413 Payload Too Large 414 URI Too Long 415 Unsupported Media Type 403 Forbidden
GET /presentation HTTP/1.1
 Accept: spongebob/squarepants 406NotAcceptable
HTTP/1.1 406 Not Acceptable
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 406, "type": "https://example.com/probs/not-acceptable", "title": "Not Acceptable", "detail": "spongebob/squarepants is not an
 acceptable content-type.", } 406NotAcceptable GET /presentation HTTP/1.1
 Accept: spongebob/squarepants
GET /presentation HTTP/1.1
 Expect: 99-air-balloons 417ExpectationFailed
HTTP/1.1 417 Expectation Failed
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 417, "type": "https://example.com/probs/expect-fail", "title": "Expectation Failed", "detail": "99-air-balloons is an outrageous expectation", } 417ExpectationFailed GET /presentation HTTP/1.1
 Expect: 99-air-balloons
428PreconditionRequired PUT /presentation HTTP/1.1 
 { "lostUpdate": true }
HTTP/1.1 428 Precondition Required
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 428, "type": "https://example.com/probs/precond-fail", "title": "Precondition Required", "detail": "Missing If-Match header in the request.", } 428PreconditionRequired PUT /presentation HTTP/1.1 
 { "lostUpdate": true }
@asbjornu </map>
@asbjornu <map from="http" to="exception">
@asbjornu Request Response Status? 2xx 3xx Present Redirect 4xx RequestException 5xx ServerException
@asbjornu 4xx 4xx? 400 BadRequestException 401 UnauthorizedException 404 NotFoundException 428 PreconditionFailedException
@asbjornu class RequestException : Exception class BadRequestException : RequestException class UnauthorizedException : RequestException class PreconditionFailedException : RequestException class NotFoundException : RequestException
@asbjornu class RequestException : Exception class BadRequestException : RequestException class UnauthorizedException : RequestException class PreconditionFailedException : RequestException class NotFoundException : RequestException
@asbjornu class RequestException : Exception class BadRequestException : RequestException class UnauthorizedException : RequestException class PreconditionFailedException : RequestException class NotFoundException : RequestException
@asbjornu class RequestException : Exception class BadRequestException : RequestException class UnauthorizedException : RequestException class PreconditionFailedException : RequestException class NotFoundException : RequestException
@asbjornu class RequestException : Exception class BadRequestException : RequestException class UnauthorizedException : RequestException class PreconditionFailedException : RequestException class NotFoundException : RequestException
@asbjornu class ServerException : Exception class InternalServerException : ServerException class BadGatewayException : ServerException class GatewayTimeoutException : ServerException class ServiceUnavailableException : ServerException
@asbjornu HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
@asbjornu HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] }
@asbjornu HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden
 Content-Type: application/problem+json { "status": 403, "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit", "title": "You do not have enough credit.", "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.", "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc", "balance": 30, "problems": [{ "name": "amount", "description": "The amount is too high" }] } 
 You do not have enough credit. Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50. The amount is too high
What’s Your Problem?
@asbjornu </map>
@asbjornu <summary>
@asbjornu Error messages initiate a dialogue with the receiver
@asbjornu Make the dialogue constructive
@asbjornu Enable the receiver to be self-serviced
@asbjornu throw Exceptions in the Core
@asbjornu Use existing Exceptions if available
@asbjornu Create your own Exceptions when needed
@asbjornu Add context to the Exceptions you throw
@asbjornu Translate Exceptions into problem+json at the latest possible moment
@asbjornu Translate problem+json into Exceptions and throw
@asbjornu </summary>
@asbjornu Onion Architecture Domain-driven design Ports and Adapters j.mp/ddd-es-cqrs slack.httpapis.com REST Clean Code
@asbjornu <thank who="you" />

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What’s Your Problem?