Who are the IPs final output kjsndjanskjdnkas

PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE
AND IMPLICATIONS
FOR EDUCATION
Indigenous Peoples Education Office
Indigenous Peoples Education Office (IPsEO)
INDIGENOUS PEOPLES’
SITUATIONER

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
HISTORY OF EXCLUSION,
HISTORY OF ASSERTION
2

EARTH-BASED
• Agro-forest-based
• Lowland cultivation-based
• Hunting-gathering-based
• Sea and island-based
3

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 4
SITWASYONG KINAKAHARAP
• Displacement/loss of AD
• Degeneration/Loss of Cultural
Practices
• Discrimination/Ridicule/
• Bullying
• Lack of acces to social services
• Preservation of resources
• Preservation of culture
K
A
L
U
P
A
A
N

• PUT responses from workshop here
5
NAIIBA SA NAKARARAMI

Period of Interdependent Cultural
Communities
 We had our own societies
 With our own self-governance system
 Our own commerce and trade
 Our own social justice system
 And our own systems of passing on
knowledge
OUR HERITAGE
6

PANANAKOP
7

DISCOVERY DOCTRINE
TERRA NULLIUS DOCTRINE
• a Latin term that means “land belonging to
no one”
• In international law, this means a territory
which has never been subject to
sovereignty of any state or over which any
prior sovereign has expressly or implicitly
relinquished sovereignty. Sovereignty over
territory which is terra nullius can be
acquired by occupation.
8

• Jura Regalia
- all lands belong to the King who vests
the right to own and use land to certain
people (e.g. encomienda system).
9
REGALIAN DOCTRINE

Economic
Political
Cultural
10
POLICY OF SUBJUGATION

Uncivilized -
Pagan
Wild races
Hispanized
Christianized
Indio
12

Roddy, H. Justine. 1915. Complete Geography.
Philippine Edition. New York/Cincinnati/Chicago
American Book Company.

Roddy, H. Justine.
1915. Complete
Geography.
Philippine Edition.
New
York/Cincinnati/Chica
go
American Book
Company.

Land Registration Act of 1902
• Enacted on November 6, 1902 by
the Philippine Commission (Act
496)
• Inspired by Sir Robert Torrens of
South Australia – Torrens System
• Required all lands to be registered;
those not registered belonged to
the State
15

BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
16
National Education System

EXCLUSION…
• Political exclusion – community customary
governance was considered illegitimate or
invalid
• Economic exclusion – sources of
livelihood are not recognized
• Social exclusion – identity is considered
less; discrimination
• Knowledge exclusion – wisdom and
practices are considered backward,
primitive
17

EXCLUSION…
• Political
exclusion
• Economic
exclusion
• Social exclusion
• knowledge
exclusion
18
• Culture of a people
• Collective and
individual identity
• Knowledges and
wisdom
EXCLUDED…

COMMUNITY EXPERIENCE: EDUCATION
• Schooling as a venue of discrimination
– Teachers and classmates
– Teaching methods, evaluation tools,
management
• Schooling as an experience of non-being
– IP life misrepresented or absent in content
– IP life and knowledge viewed as backward or
invalid
– Community context is not addressed
• Discussion is limited to surface culture (e.g.,
songs, clothes, food) leading to a shallow
understanding of IPs as a people and culture as
a process
19

• Difficulty in learning the needed
competencies
• Loss of respect for one’s culture and
heritage
• Low self-esteem, sense of shame, loss
of cultural identity
• Focus on own success
• Agent of community disunity
20
COMMUNITY EXPERIENCE: EDUCATION
Impact on IP learners:

DISCRIMINATION
21
Disintegrating sense
of self and identity
Ikinahihiya ang sarili
Di sibilisado
Bobo
Madumi
Pagano
Superstitious
With tails
Primitive
Lazy

AGE OF NATION BUILDING
1945 - 1995
PERPETUATION OF:
DOCTRINE OF DISCOVERY
REGALIAN DOCTRINE
ASSIMILATION
22
Government Policy towards IPs

• Spanish period
Subjugation (reduccion, burning of villages)
Assimilation (conversion, settlements, education)
• American Period
Subjugation (burning of villages)
Assimilation (Bureau for Non-Christian Filipinos)
• Philippine Government (1945-1986)
Assimilation (Commission on National Integration,
Presidential Assistance for National Minorities )
23

MINORITIZATION - socio-cultural
political process of disenfranchising,
denying, non- recognition and
exclusion of a significant dimension of
a culture or peoples, or the whole
culture by another culture or peoples
through policy and socio-cultural
practice
24

• Driven from our lands…
• Erasing of our identities and
cultures through assimilation…
• Violence against our
knowledges…
INSTITUTIONALIZED
Policies and Programs

INSTITUTIONALIZED
Marginalized
Worldview
and identity
POVERTY IN IP COMMUNITIES
Marginalized
basic services

INSTITUTIONALIZED
POVERTY IN IP COMMUNITIES

EXCLUSION
BY ASSIMILATION: Economic,
Political and Cultural Assimilation
BY MINORITIZATION: Disregard
of rights
contributed
largely to
conditions of
POVERTY
History of exclusion and marginalization

“Infieles”
Non-Christian Tribes
Cultural Tribes
Cultural Minorities
Tribal Filipinos
MINORITIZATION
History of exclusion and marginalization

Pagtugon sa Sitwasyon…
30
Napipilitang pumaloob sa ibang
kultura – assimilation
Lumalayo – pamayanang personal
Makipamuhay na kinikilala ng iba
ang pagiging katutubo
Mag-organisa ng sarili

BASIS FOR ASSERTIONS
31

NATIONAL
32
Due respect to being human…
Is not only about treating others with
kindness and understanding, but also
about advocating for systems, policies,
and practices that affirm the rights, dignity
and equality of all people.

NATIONAL
• Phil. Constitution (1987)
- Article II. Sec 22. The State recognizes
and promotes the rights of indigenous
cultural communities within the
framework of national unity and development.
It highlights the commitment of the Philippine Government to
acknowledge, protect, and promote the rights of Indigenous Peoples
within the broader context of the nations unity and development goals.
This section serves as a legal basis for the promotion of Indigenous
peoples rights, ensuring that their cultural heritage, rights to land, and
other vital aspects of their identity are recognized and protected.

NATIONAL
Republic Act 8371 or IPRA of 1997
- Right to our ancestral domain
- Self-governance and empowerment
- Cultural integrity
- Human rights
Is a landmark legislation in the Philippines that recognizes and
promotes the rights of Indigenous Peoples. The law was enacted to
address the historical injustices and discrimation faced by Indigenous
communities in the country. IPRA is a comprehensive law designed to
protect the cultural integrity, ancestral lands and it lays down the legal
framework for the promotion of their rights and welfare.
Now it is a landmark piece of legislation that recognizes the rights of
Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines and aims to protect their land,
culture and way of life.

• 1993 – International Year of IPs;
August 9 as International Day of IPs
was a watershed moment in the global movement for
indigenous rights. It brought attention to the struggles
of indigenous communities and laid the groundwork
for future advocacy and legal advancements in the
protection of their rights. Although much remains to
be done, the IYP marked significant milestone in the
ongoing fight for justice, equality and the preservation
of indigenous cultures and lands.
INTERNATIONAL

1994-2004 – International Decade of
Indigenous Peoples
• Was a significant period designated by the UN to promote and
protect the rights of Indigenous peoples worldwide. This was
to address the long-standing issues faced by indigenous
communities and to support their development, cultural
preservation and participation in political and social life.
INTERNATIONAL

• UN ECOSOC resolution 2000/22
• Was a foundational document that established the UN
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, which remains an
importance space for Indigenous Peoples to raise concerns
and influence global policies. The forum continues to support
the implementation of Indigenous rights, monitor global
progress, and ensure that Indigenous voices are heard at the
UN. By creating this body, the UN provided a dedicated
mechanism for the recognition, promotion and protection of
Indigenous peoples rights at the International level.
INTERNATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL
38
• 2001– Special Rapporteur on the
Human Rights and Fundamental
freedoms of Indigenous Peoples
Established in 2001, is a crucial position within the UN system. It
plays a vital role in monitoring the human rights of Indigenous
peoples, raising awareness of critical issues, advocating for their
rights and ensuring that the Indigenous voices are heard at the
international level. The mandate continues to be a significant
tool for advancing the global indigenous rights agenda,
contributing to policy change, legal reform and the recognition
of indigenous peoples fundamental freedoms.

INTERNATIONAL
39
2004-2015 – Second International
Decade of Indigenous Peoples
• Built on the achievements of the First Decade and made
significant strides in the global recognition and protection of
Indigenous peoples rights. Key accomplishments included the
adaptation of the UN declaration on the Rights of Indigenous
Peoples, the creation of the UN Permanent forum on
Indigenous Issues, and Increased attention to Indigenous
environmental knowledge.

INTERNATIONAL
40
Sept. 2007 – adoption of the UN
Declaration on the Rights of Ips
Was a historic moment in the global recognition of indigenous
rights. It is a foundational document that sets international
standards for the respect, protection and fulfillment of the rights
of indigenous peoples worldwide. While the challenges remain in
its full implementation, UNDRIP serves as a critical tool for
Indigenous communities to advocate for their rights and hold
governments accountable. It is a vital step toward achieving
justice and equality for Indigenous peoples, ensuring that their
self-determination, cultural integrity, land rights and human
rights are protected for future generations.

“Infieles”
Non-Christian Tribes
Cultural Tribes
Cultural Minorities
Tribal Filipinos
MINORITIZATION
Indigenous Peoples
INTERNATIONAL

INTERNATIONAL
43
ETHNOCIDE
…the loss of identity of people with
a distinct culture and identity
because of policies that destroy
their source of livelihood, use of
language, practice of their own
systems, traditions and crafts,
religion, and beliefs.
Unlike genocide, which targets the physical destruction of
a group, ethnocide focuses on the cultural eradication of a
community. It is sometimes described as a form of cultural
genocide.

Since colonization, the ability of indigenous
peoples to maintain their responsibility as
custodians of their lands has been seriously
inhibited. The dominant models of
development have compromised indigenous
peoples in every aspect of their daily lives,
including through the imposition of large
infrastructure projects on their lands without
their consent. This has generated poverty
and severe inequality, massive environmental
devastation and human rights violations.
44
CONTINUING CHALLENGES

The serious rupture to the fabric of social life in
indigenous communities as manifested in family
breakdowns, alcoholism, and suicide among
young people has been fuelled further by this
model. In addition, it ignores indigenous
peoples’ own governance, economic, social,
education, cultural, spiritual and knowledge
systems and the natural resources that have
sustained them through the generations.
Indigenous Peoples: Development with Culture and Identity
Articles 3 and 32 of the United Nations Declaration
on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
45

DO 62 s 2011
46
“This DepEd Order recognizes the faults
of the past. It is an invitation for us to
change our perspective – the glasses that
we normally use to see reality – and
exchange that with a perspective that
allows us to really be inclusive.
Furthermore, it is an invitation to learn
with, not just to teach in, indigenous
communities that have always been in the
sidelines.”
Sec. Armin A. Luistro, SFC

• The challenges continue…
47
GLOBALIZATION

Indigenous Peoples in the World
53

“Indigenous communities, peoples and
nations are those which, having a historical
continuity with pre-invasion and pre-colonial
societies that developed on their territories,
consider themselves distinct from other
sector of the societies now prevailing on
those territories, or parts of them.”
UN Secretariat of the Permanent
Forum on Indigenous Issues
United Nations (UN)

“They form at present non-dominant sectors
of society and are determined to preserve,
develop and transmit to future generations
their ancestral territories, and their ethnic
identity, as the basis of their continued
existence as peoples, in accordance with
their own cultural patterns, social institutions
and legal system.”
UN Secretariat of the Permanent
Forum on Indigenous Issues
United Nations

IPRA
Indigenous Peoples Right Act (RA 8371),
Chapter II, Sec. 3 (h)
Indigenous Cultural Communities/ Indigenous
Peoples - refer to a group of people or homogenous
societies identified by self-ascription and ascription
by others, who have continuously lived as organized
community on communally bounded and defined
territory, and who have, under claims of ownership
since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and
utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of
language, customs, traditions and other distinctive
cultural traits … (continued)
56

IPRA
… or who have, through resistance to political,
social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-
indigenous religions and cultures, became
historically differentiated from the majority of
Filipinos. ICCs/IPs shall likewise include peoples
who are regarded as indigenous on account of
their descent from the populations which inhabited
the country, at the time of conquest or colonization,
or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous
religions and cultures, or the establishment of
present state boundaries … (continued)
57

… who retain some or all of their own social,
economic, cultural and political institutions, but
who may have been displaced from their traditional
domains or who may have resettled outside their
ancestral domains.
58
IPRA

Maraming Salamat!
59
• Paaralang Mangyan na Angkop sa
Kulturang Aalagan (PAMANAKA)
• Aeta Mission
• Episcopal Commission on
Indigenous Peoples (ECIP)
• Clipart
• http://bahay-kubo.org

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