Wind - Introduction, Effects, Forces and Instruments.
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Wind is caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface, which causes air to circulate in convection cells from the equator to the poles. The differential heating between the equator and poles and the Earth's rotation influence atmospheric circulation patterns. This results in general prevailing wind patterns, including the Trade Winds, Westerlies, and Polar Easterlies, but local conditions can influence actual wind patterns. An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed and pressure.
Wind - Introduction, Effects, Forces and Instruments.
- 1. WIND
- 2. • Wind is the movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure. • It is the roughly horizontal movement of air(as opposed to an air current) caused by uneven heating of the Earth's surface. • The two major influences on the atmospheric circulation are the differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the planet. WHAT IS WIND?
- 3. • The area near the equator receives the most concentrated solar radiation, causing the air above it to heat up rapidly. As it heats up, it expands, becoming less dense and more buoyant. • This change in density causes it to rise. Air at the very top of the rising mass cools and is pushed further away as heated air continues to rise from the equator • Air circulation follows a general pattern known as a convection cell. Air flows from the equator to the poles and back again along a lower path resulting in a more even distribution of heat around the world. WHAT IS WIND?
- 4. • The cooler the air gets, the more dense it gets causing it to sink back to earth. As it descends it warms again and displaces the cooler air close to the surface in higher latitudes. This cooler air is forced to flow toward the equator • The key factor driving convection is density – warm air is less dense and more buoyant than cold air. WHAT IS WIND?
- 5. • Two factors complicate this general pattern. 1. Earth’s rotation 2. The uneven distribution of land and water over the Earth’s surface • As a result, the movement of air from the equator to the polar regions is broken into three different convection cells for each hemisphere. These include the Trade Winds, the Westerlies, the Polar Easterlies, and the jet streams. • They are constant and predictable and are known as prevailing winds. (fig 4.10 p. 63) • This description is theoretical. Two factors can change how prevailing winds blow.. 1. Variation in the earth’s surface 2. Earth’s position relative to the sun. PREVAILING WINDS
- 8. • The tendency for objects or fluids to be deflected to the right of their path of movement in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere. This is caused by the rotation of the earth. CORIOLIS FORCE
- 9. WIND INSTRUMENTS • An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed, and is a common weather station instrument. The term is derived from the Greek word anemos, meaning wind, and is used to describe any air speed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. • Anemometers can be divided into two classes: those that measure the wind's speed, and those that measure the wind's pressure; but as there is a close connection between the pressure and the speed, an anemometer designed for one will give information about both. ANEMOMETER