Wine lect8
- 1. Introduction to Vines and Wines Hort/VE 113 Fall 2012 Session 8-Grape Growing training Spur pruning: Spur: 2 to 4 buds each Spurs spaced 8 to 12 inches apart p p p Generally leave 35 to 75 buds/vine—cv. and vigor dependent! 1
- 2. Spur Pruning Cane Pruning • Buds are retained on longer canes • Usually a single or double cane system • Last year’s cane is y removed • Shoots from replacement spur are cut to produce a 2 node replacement spur and a cane with 6- 15 buds Cane Pruning 2
- 3. Vine Balance •the state at which vegetative and reproductive growth lead to the most “balanced” vine. •defined and calculated as the ratio between vine yield and vine size, in i ld nd in i •represents reproductive (fruit) and vegetative (wood) production of the vine Vine Balance • A complex relationship • dictated by the soil, environment, and overall production capacity of the vineyard. • Environment • S il Soils • Water availability • Cultivar/Rootstock • Vineyard design (spacing, trellis system) Vine Balance • The grapevine • vine spacing, pruning, reflects its trellis, and yields environment. need to be • inherent growth determined to allow potential of vine the vine to reach a based on: b d balance of canopy • the vineyard site and fruit growth on (soils, precipitation, that site. climate) and the • plant material (cultivar and rootstock). 3
- 4. vines on a site with limited resources are weaker and have less carbon available for the current season’s growth and less in reserves for the following seasons. Smaller vines lower yields Photos courtesy of Patty Skinkis, Oregon State University Vines with relatively unlimited resources and climate (sun and heat units) are able to produce the maximum amount of carbon for fruit production, vegetative growth and reserves for the next season’s growth larger vines and higher yields Pruning Visuals Vertical shoot position ‘Concord’ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K1vZHwrp8H0 Guyot system –head trained and cane pruned http //www.youtube.com/watch?v lula7WUoZlo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lula7WUoZlo Comparison of spur- and cane-pruning systems http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pCs03Mc2HKM 4
- 5. Training Vines in eastern Washington System: bilateral cordon Lesson objectives: 1.Learn the basic system, bilateral cordon, used for wine grapes 2.Recognize the variations of the cordon system 3.Understand the importance of vine training 4.Understand the importance of a trellis Bilateral Cordon http://viticulture.hort.iastate.edu/info/pdf/domototrellis.pdf 5
- 6. Typical Bilateral Cordon System in Eastern Washington Bilateral cordon system is simple to establish and maintain Typical Bilateral Cordon System in eastern Washington Note the 2 trunks and 2 cordons on these vines Note the trellis supporting the vine. 6
- 7. Topping before pruning =“Hedged” ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vines Growers often save time and money by pre-pruning with machines Bilateral cordon is truly adaptable to sandy soils… Photo taken near Osoyoos, B.C., Canada—K. Williams Notice the double support wires at the top On sandy soils, vines are spaced closely to compensate for low vigor. 7
- 8. Cayuse Vineyards--’Syrah’ a la Rhone style This vineyard has “cobble” soils which help keep vines warm during the winter. Fruit ripening in the fall is also enhanced. This vine is trained to a bilateral cordon with short spurs The trunk is looped to reduce vine vigor. Also note that the spurs have only one bud, so the grower is managing for low yields. 2-yr-old ‘Chardonnay vines--Yakima Valley Note the number of support wires for this young vineyard’s trellis system. Also note the angled end posts. 8
- 9. Notice the double trunk and the cordons Where do you see the irrigation line? Look at the first wire… The grower will select the permanent framework this season. The grower will choose 2 permanent trunks and 2 cordons. The “Scott Henry”system is a variation of the cordon system specifically for vigorous vines and soils. Remember, balance is critical to keeping vines and crops consistent. 9
- 10. Scott Henry Diagram http://www.henryestate.com/trellis.asp This vineyard is trained to a divided canopy--in B.C., Canada A divided canopy splits the framework of the vine Another divided canopy in Walla Walla, WA --notice the spurs Downward pointing spurs are less vigorous. 10
- 11. The spurs are “upward” and “downward” --weird but good! For this grower, his variation of the bilateral cordon system allows the crop and canopy to achieve balance. Bilateral cordon-trained 20-yr-old ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vine Notice the gray, “shaggy” bark that is typical of wine grapes. Close-up of the spur system as the spurs get older In essence, the spurs need to eventually be regrown and trained when the system gets unwieldly. 11
- 12. Notice that the vines are planted on ridges or berms A berm is typically used on heavy soils to improve drainage and rooting Where are the support wires located for the vine and fruit? Note the flower clusters in the center of this new shoot. For small-clustered varieties, growers leave longer spurs Bilateral cordon with long spur pruning—Sauvignon blanc 12
- 13. Minimally pruned ‘Concord’ vines have been established in the Yakima Valley for many years. The training of this vine is basically benign neglect! ‘Syrah’ can be vigorous--and needs shoot training to let light into the canopy. (the “Before” photo) In July, excessive shoots are removed to allow light into the canopy. The “After” photo--lots of light for the clusters and the canopy. 13
- 14. Trellis: Support the vine and fruit to improve the yield of high-quality fruit. • Good fruit and canopy light exposure • Improved disease and pest mgmt. • Improved pruning and harvesting 2-3 Wire Vertical Geneva Double Curtain 14
- 15. Geneva Double Curtain Scott Henry Diagram http://www.henryestate.com/trellis.asp Scott Henry – East 15
- 16. http://www.henryestate.com /trellis.asp Scott Henry - West Smart Dyson Smart Dyson Upper Spur Lower Spur 16
- 17. 17