Wireless Design Project

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Mobile network management is a complex process that needs proper balance between cost
factors and the target specification with the deployment of new technologies. Mobile
Frequency spectrum and the antennas should be deployed very precisely because they need to
last for many years of time. Moreover the increasing demand of data rates in mobile
technology has raised the bars of need of physical infrastructures. This is where Long Term
Evolution (LTE) technology comes into play. It is a different technology than the traditional GSM
and CDMA mobile telephony. And because it is very cost acquiring project to implement
directly such infrastructures, a simulation tool is very handy to use.
1.2 The Cell planner
In this project, we are introduced to Cell Planner 11.5 software planning tool for
designing and planning cellular mobile telecommunication networks. CellPlanner is an
advanced software for the design and optimization of mobile radio networks. It helps in the
planning and optimization which saves time and money during network establishment of 2G,
3G, WiMAX, and also the LTE networks. This tool helps in the deployment of a network and the
simulation for a given area accordingly.
1.3 LTE (Long Term Evolution) antennas.[1]
LTE provides the fastest mobile broadband service commercially available today. The high
speeds are made possible by using more radio spectrum per connection, multiple antenna
paths and more efficient encoding on the data sent and received. Some elements that are
required to build an LTE are:
 Antennas and radio base station called eNode B
 A Transport Network(optical fibers and IP routers)
 A Gateway(connection to internet and IP networks)
 A mobility management entity(MME)

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 Home subscribers database
 A policy management system
 IP multimedia subsystem(To handle voice over LTE)
Everything starts from our personal handset device. Let’s say we are using voice over LTE phone
call, sharing video, and sending heavy emails all at the same time. The MME establishes the
connection to the end terminal and is responsible to the signaling to the end terminal. Using
LTE all our datae is sent and received using IP packets. Ip packets are like transporters off all our
datae like emails, voices and videos. This information embedded in packets is carefully sent to
the eNode B Base stations. Then the base stations take information in the packets through the
microwave link to the gateway, a system made out of several levels. The serving gateway routes
the data towards its journey. This is the pillar of exchange of information between mobile and
the packet networks. Then ignoring the technology involved, the data is routed according to the
destination address. While all this process are carried out, the policy management counts all
the data packets and applies policy rules according to the personal subscription plan. Some of
the advantages of LTE include:
 Improved browsing and online experience.
 Better performance of multimedia application.
 Enhanced voice communications with higher voice quality and shorter call establishment
time.[1]
1.4 LTE Modulation Techniques
LTE uses the multiple input multiple out (MIMO) scheme with the combined modulation
techniques of QPSK and QAM.
I. Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK): This is spectral efficient technique which uses 2 bits
transmitted per symbol. In LTE this modulation scheme is switched to cover farther areas than
the eNode B.
II. Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM): QAM is the combined modulation technique of
phase and amplitude modulation. When the symbols are combination of amplitude and phase,
more bits can be carried per symbol. Example, 8QAM takes four carrier phases with two
amplitude levels to transmit 3 bits per symbol.

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1.5 Code rate
Code rates are the ratio of information bits to a coding process to the total number of bits
created by the coding process. If the coding rate =1/2 indicates for each information bit into the
coding process there will be 2 bits created for transmission purpose. Example, the 4Mbps data
rate is selected for the transmission output of 8Mbps.
1.6 Bit Error Rate (BER)
During any study interval, BER is the number of bit errors per total transferred bits. This is one
of the most important factor that keeps up with data fidelity across the medium.

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2. DESIGN OBJECTIVE AND CONSIDERATIONS
The real life cellular project is dependent on various external constraints apart from antenna
height and power. Microwave signals show various properties like reflection, refraction and
diffraction across the medium and topology.
Figure 1 Topography of the area[2]
Figure 2 Morphology of the area

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The major constraints introduced in this project are:
a) Topology: Topology is responsible for varying reflection, refraction and diffraction along
with the signal attenuation properties of the signal. Area given to us has various range of
altitude zones, starting from 30 m to 139m. Majority of the topology has an altitude of the
range 70-99 which is almost 50% of the area. Second majority altitude zone ranges from 40- 59
m and the least one is 130-139 m.
b) Morphology: Morphology describer the density and height of man-made obstructions.
Morphology is the study of vegetation and habitation of a particular region for example rura,
urban, sub urban etc. It is another important field of study in the design of cellular wireless
networks like LTE. Majority of the area are urban and dense urban area so the presence of tall
buildings and other obstructions are expected. There are also some high and low vegetation
areas where there is less human habitation. Our major concern was to provide high data rates
for the urban and dense urban areas.
We have used Cell planner as our simulation tool to meet certain target specified for the
project.
This project is divided into two sections
a) Non-sectored design: This part of the project aims to give coverage to the given area
with optimum data rate of above 10Mbps for all the regions. This is to be done by using non-
directional (omnidirectional) antenna.
b) Sectored design: This is the second part of the project that aims to give coverage to the
given area with data rate above 35 Mbps for 20% regions and above 12Mbps for rest of the
area. The antennas used are sectored directional antennas with sectoring angle as per the
requirement.[3]
2.1 Area: The given area has co-ordinates of
North 32°, 29’, 21.0” N;
South 32°, 21’, 00.9” N ;
East 093°, 44’, 50.0” W;
West 093°, 57’, 50.0” W

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2.2 System parameters: For system parameters configuration, topography and
morphology database needs to be enabled. This is done by selecting the specific area given to
our project group. The frequency table of GSM39 is selected. The base station (eNode B) height
is above the morphology and the subscriber antenna height is above the ground.
2.3 Radio configuration: Bandwidth is restricted to 10 MHz and the modulation schemes
of QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM are selected for both parts. The difference is, code rate can be
varied for the second part whereas it should be constant at 1/3 for the first part. The Duplexing
mode for part 1 and part 2 are taken as FDD rather than TDD since our priority is data rate.
2.4 Service Configuration: Bit error rate on demand is 10-4. This is the maximum bit
error rate tolerable for both parts of the project.
2.5 Environment configuration: Mobility is selected as static for the first part whereas it
is selected as vehicular (120km/ hr) in the second part.
2.6 Radio Base station:
part 1: Antenna is omnidirectional with no sectoring done. Beam width of an omnidirectional
antenna is 360o which means that power is equally distributed in all the direction. While no
sectoring is done, there won’t be any significant interference due to the use of omnidirectional
antenna. We used AO1909 model with gain of 9 dBd, 1.5m diameter and the operational
frequency is 850 to 970 Mhz and the beam width can be shown in figure 1.
.
Figure 3 A01909 Antenna[2]

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Maximum power is allowed upto 80 Watts and maximum height is 15m. Channel resource can
be selected from 1-9.Part 2: The antenna is directional with 3 sectors. We used 7146-11
sectored antenna whose nominal gain is 5.5 dBd and operates at the frequency for ranges 0.87
GHz to 0.96 GHz. Beam width is an important parameter for any antenna which is the
measurement of power strength in a particular direction. Its azimuth beam width is 120o and
elevation Beam width is 65o. This means that power is concentrated in a particular direction,
thereby reducing the interfering regions for other BTS.
Figure 4 7146-11 Antenna[2]

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3. Simulation analysis and results
By the initial study of the topology, our plan was to mount antennas with lower heights to the
high altitude zones so that the coverage will be assisted by the topology. We didn’t succeed in
some areas spots because Some of the regions in the area (Example Top right corner) although
were dense urban area, the antenna placement was hindered with the topology barrier and
morphology itself. So, we had to deploy relatively high number of BTS for those specific areas.
As per the design objective of the project, we have used the minimum number of BTS with
highly optimized antenna heights and antennas power. Unlike open space, real time cellular
network coverage depends on various external constraints as mentioned already. Yet we
obtained the coverage area of 90% with the required data rates for both parts. As the summary
of our results, we obtained tradeoff is the key lesson of every experiment which will be
discussed in the detail further.
3.1 Part 1: Non sectored design.
This part of the project is a basic non sectored antenna design. One of the major advantage of
using non-sectored design in the project is, there are more channels available for a particular
region which results in the increased trunking efficiency. We have put 22 LTE base stations
deployed across the area so that we could achieve 90% of coverage with above 10 Mbps. The
table for antenna height and power is given at appendix A table 1.The average power is 61.73
watts and the average height is 13.18 m

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3.1.1 Composite signal level.
Figure 5 Composite SIgnal Level(Downstream) Figure 6Composite Signal (upstream)
The maximum signal intensity for downstream is -80dBm which is present for 99% of the area
and for upstream, there is -80 dBm for 84% , -85 dBm for 14% and -90dBm for 2% of the total
area. There is non-uniform pattern seen in the upstream because for downstream, the
transmitter is radio base station whereas for upstream, the base station is receiver and user
equipment is a transmitter which cannot transmit at high intensity for far distances.
3.1.2 Composite SNR
Figure 7 S/N for upstream Figure 8 S/N for downstream

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Maximum Signal to noise ratio for downstream is 50dB whereas it is 40dB for the upstream.
3.1.3 Maximum data rate / user
Figure 9 Maximum data rate for downstream
Figure 10 Maximum data rate for upstream
The maximum data rate of any LTE base station is highly dependent upon the modulation
scheme and the code rates. The maximum data rate thus obtained for downstream is above 10
Mbps for 90 % of the area. For 8% of the area we have given a coverage at above 2 Mbps which
is not suitable for high speed data connection but sometimes call connectivity is more
important. Thanks to QPSK with lower code rates. We could deploy more Base stations but that

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would cost us a lot just to increase a small coverage region. So we decided to optimize between
antenna heights and power with minimum number of base stations required.
3.1.4 Interference
Figure 11 Interference (downstream) Figure 12 Interference(upstream)
There were 9 radio channels given to us for which we had to assign to 22 base stations. We did
maintain a high frequency reuse distance there by reducing co-channel and adjacent channel
interferences. Frequency assignment was quite easy because there were very less interfering
antennas unlike the sectored antennas. We got C/I above 12 db for both the downstream and
upstream. Initially we had few problems related to the interference because the morphology
and topology allows reflection, refraction and diffraction during the propagation of microwave
signals. Some unexpected interference was incurred due to the multiple reflection through the
medium.
Figure 13 Frequency planning

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3.1.5 Scheme selection
Figure 14 Scheme selection(Upstream) Figure 15 Scheme selection(Downstream)
Higher the code rate, the higher will be percentage of error correction overhead and error
detection because there will be less coded bits per the data bits.
The modulation scheme selected for LTE deployment were:
64-QAM with the code rate1/3: There are 6 bits per symbol. This is responsible for the high
data rate at the near regions. The calculated bit rate is 16.8 Mbps. However the obtained data
rate is around 11 Mbps.
16-QAM with the code rate 1/3: There are 4 bits per symbol. This is responsible for the
coverage at the middle regions. The calculated bit rate is 11.2 Mbps. We were getting the
coverage by 64 QAM and the QPSK but not the 16 QAM because the code rate of 1/3 for 16
QAM couldn’t get implemented for the bit error rate of 10-4
QPSK with the code rate 1/3: This helps in providing a good coverage at the farther distances.
The calculated bitrate is 5.6 Mbps. However we have obtained the data rate of around 3 Mbps
for the non-sectored design.
Refer to Appendix B for the calculations.

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Modulation Scheme Code rate Data Rate(calculated) Data Rate(Observed)
64-QAM 1/3 16.8 Mbps 11Mbps
16-QAM 1/3 11.2 Mbps N.A
QPSK 1/3 5.6 Mbps 3 Mbps
3.1.6 Stress the design
Figure 16 Datarate at BER 10^-15 Figure 17 Datarate at BER 10^-16
While all our assumptions were limited to the Fixed Bit Error Rate of 10-4, we were asked to
stress our design and check the data rates for the bit error rates 10-5 and 10-6. One of the direct
observations of reducing the BER was the reduction in the coverage area which was 61% for the
10-5 and 29% for the 10-6. At the same time, the low bit error is promised for the covered
regions. This design was done for the BER of 10-4 and when we decreased the BER, the coverage
wasn’t as before because all the coverage areas in the previous parts were not that robust to
the bit error.

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3.2 Part 2: Sectored Design.
Coverage and the data rates were highly dependent upon the topography of the given areas.
There were about 50% of the dense forest regions but we were able to place the LTE sectored
antennas in appropriate locations with optimum height and power parameters. The coverage
zone for majority of the area has been main focus of the mobile cellular communication. It
requires that even in the dense vegetation region, there should be mobile network coverage.
One approach can be made to give low data rate but good coverage for such regions. We used
25 Radio base station to give coverage at the given target specification. The table for average
height and power is given in the appendix 1, table 2. The average height was 24.053 and the
average power was 55.8.
Our aim was to operate at low power for the dense urban regions because there is high
radiation at the high power microwave. The sectoring angle and down tilting were done
according to the topographical requirements. Similarly the coverage on dense urban areas was
the highest priority.
Coverage test: From the experience of part 1 of the project, we managed to be more
organized for the second part of the project and this time we did a coverage test on an
individual BTS for the height and power optimization. For an illustration we can show the
parameters optimization for eNode10. Keeping the height constant at 30m and varying
transmitter power from 20 watts to 80 watts, we got the following output table. These data are
taken at the distance of 3km.
Power (watts) Signal Level(dBm)
20 -69.1
30 -67.2
40 -66.0
Similarly another observation was done keeping the power level constant at 80 watts and
varying the antenna heights from 10m to 30 m
Height(meters) Signal Level(dBm)
10 -74.9
20 -68.2
30 -64.5

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This proves that increasing height is more effective in gaining more coverage area. But it is not
the case every time that we can increase height according to our wish. We have the height
limitation of 30 m and the power limitation 0f 80 watts.
3.2.1 Composite Signal Level
Figure 18 Composite Downstream Figure 19 Composite Upstream
The highest signal level for downstream was -60 dBm which was obtained for 49% of the area
for downstream analysis. Similarly the signal level was -60dBm at it’s maximum for only 12% of
the total area.
3.2.2 composite SNR
Figure 20 Composite S/N Downstream Figure 21 Composite S/N upstream

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Maximum composite Signal to noise ratio (SNR) for the downstream is 60 dB whereas the it’s
50 dB for the downstream.
3.2.3 Maximum datarate/user
Figure 22 Maximum Data Rate Downstream
Figure 23 Maximum Data Rate Upstream

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The maximum data rate for the downstream obtained is above 35 Mbps for 33% of the total
area and above 12 Mbps is 56% which makes it total of 89% of the area above 12 Mbps. If we
had to increase the coverage for above 12Mbps, the available options were:
a) Increase the antenna height: This would result in high interference with the
neighbouring base stations and unsuitable for most of the regions.
b) Increase the antenna power: Power should be significantly increased to increase the
coverage. But in the urban areas, this cannot be possible due to the radiation problem.
c) Increase the number of BTS: This is very cost inefficient solution because cost of 1 LTE
base station including it’s operating cost is very much high.
So, the effective solution was the optimization of antenna height,power and the number of
base stations.
3.2.4 Interference
Figure 24 INterference Downstream Figure 25Interference Upstream
Interference test: Interference test was very crucial to the project. Getting a good coverage
across the given area wasn’t the only challenge. One of the major challenges of the project was
to cancel the interference and get the C/I ratio above 12db for all the regions. Composite signal
level.

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There is always a tradeoff inherent in the selection of parameters for radio base station.
Example, high power and height selection creates an excessive co- channel and adjacent
channel interferences among the neighboring base stations. So our initial concern was to
minimize the heights and power of the radio base stations and also minimize the number of BTS
used. Another demarcation point was the frequency channel selection. There were total 9
frequency channels and 25*3=75 antennas to be assigned individually. So this was a bigger
challenge than the 1st part of the project. The interference test was carried out by taking three
base stations in a pair. And assigning different frequency channels given to us which is again 3
frequency for a single base station. The channels available to us were 1 to 9, making total of 9
frequency channels. The separation between frequency was another important task. We
decided to give enough gaps in frequency channels and formed three groups of frequency:
(1,4,7); (2,5,8);(3,6,9).These channels were assigned to the individual sectors and the
neighboring cells. The major intention was to keep the co- channels and the adjacent channels
at a safe distance.
Figure 26 Frequency Planning
Another observation while inspecting the interference was that sometimes due to the uneven
topography of the area, same sets of frequency channels can also be reused at a near distance.
This is an interesting part of our observation where we could reuse some sets of frequency at
very near distance.

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3.2.5 Scheme Selection
Figure 27 Scheme slection Downstream Figure 28 Scheme Selection Upstream
Scheme selections for the sectored design were:
64 QAM with the code rate of 5/6: 6 bits per symbol were transmitted using the 64 QAM and
by selecting the code rate of 5/6 we are transmitting 6 coded bits per 5 data bits. This was done
in order to increase the data rate in near regions. The calculated bit rate for this scheme was42
Mbps but what we obtained is 35 Mbps.
16 QAM with the code rate of 3/7: 4 bits per symbol were transmitted using the 16 QAM
modulation scheme and by selecting the code rate of 3/7 we are transmitting 7 coded bits per 3
data bits. The calculated bit rate for this scheme was 14.4 Mbps was we obtained 12 Mbps.
QPSK with the code rate of 1/3: 2 Bits per symbol were transmitted using the QPSK modulation
scheme and by selecting the code rate of 1/3 we are transmitting 3 coded bits per 1 data bit.
The calculated bit rate for this scheme was 5.6 Mbps but we obtained 4 Mbps.
Refer to Appendix B for the calculation.

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Modulation Scheme Code rate Data Rate(Calculated) Data Rate(Observed )
64-QAM 5/6 42 Mbps 35 Mbps
16-QAM 3/7 14.4 Mbps 12Mbps
QPSK 1/3 5.6 Mbps 4 Mbps
3.2.6 Stress the design
Figure 29 Data Rate for BER 10^-5 Figure 30 Data Rate for BER 10^-6
Stress test was performed for the BER of 10-5 and 10-6. While the BER was reduced to 10-5, the
coverage area for 35Mbps region reduced to 8% of the total area where it further reduced to
2% while implementing the BER of 10-6. Higher the data rate higher will be the chances of error,
so if we limit our BER to lower values, the corresponding data rate should also reduce which is
demonstrated in our observation.

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4. Discussion and Conclusion
4.1 Discussion
LTE antenna design in practical is a completely different scene than the ideal case of the
simulation labs. The first major thing to consider before designing a cellular network is to
analyze the given area in term of morphology and the topology. Some regions may have heavily
dense forest s and base stations would be wasted when placed in such areas to give a high data
coverage. It is also unreasonable to give the best coverage to the areas with very few
habitations. We should consider the cost factor in each and every step of the project design. A
successful project needs a successful survey at the initial stage.
After the morphological and topographical analysis is complete, antenna parameter selection
would be a major job to do. Antenna height, power, type, scheme selections etc can be
considered as important antenna parameters. Unfortunately there is always the restriction for
these parameters. Most of the time these are dependent on the location where antenna is
built. There is always a trade-off within the antenna parameters. For example, if we increase
antenna power excessively, we will increase the coverage area but at the same time, we will be
increasing the interference between the neighboring antennas. Sometimes, when we want to
increase the data rate by increasing the code rates and the selecting the proper modulation
schemes but that is possible at the expense of degraded BER. There are also various trade-offs
at the modulation scheme selection too. QPSK with lower code rates will have good coverage
for far distances but is not robust to the bit errors. So there is a multi-faceted trade-off
phenomena observer in cellular network design project.
Another important part of the design is the interference cancellation by selecting frequency
channels from the given limited sets of channels. Frequency is a limited and prone-to-
interference parameter which should be very carefully assigned to every single base stations or
sectors. Adjacent and co-channels should always be kept at a significant distance from each
other.
4.2 Problems encountered and Solutions

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We were very new to the telecommunication design project. So there were much confusion
while designing the real LTE antenna design project. Some of the problems that we faced during
the time of the project were:
 Our initial approach was hexagonal cell with cell formation and splitting concept. This
concept assisted us with the initial coverage. But later we couldn’t get uniform coverage due to
the topography barrier.
 Increasing the number of Base stations would increase the coverage area and push it
even further but then we had to deal with hardcore interference problems. So we did the best
optimization keeping the cost factors in mind.
 The data rates from calculation and observation were somewhat different.
 Antenna placements had no fixed rules so we had to base on the hit and trial method
for it’s placement for most of the times. The solution was we could carefully see the profile of
each base stations and identify the scenario.
4.3 Conclusion
While designing the LTE based antenna project, we got to learn in depth about the LTE systems
and thus got to know the footsteps for the design of the real project in the simulation
environment. We came across various external and internal important factors for the design
considerations like the morphology, topology and antenna parameter optimization. There is
always a clear trade-off phenomenon exhibited in the parameters design process. We should be
careful about the real demand of the project first. For example if it is coverage or the data rate
or the service for the consumers. Market research and cost optimization is another important
thing that should be considered.

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APPENDIX A: TABLES OF EXPERIMENT DATA.
Table 1 Antenna heights and power for non-sectored design
Base station power
Antenna
height
BTS0001111 80 15
BTS0002 80 15
BTS0003 60 12
BTS0004 60 14
BTS0005 60 14
BTS0006 40.1 12
BTS0007 80 15
BTS0008 50 11
BTS0009 60 12
BTS00010 70 14
BTS00011 30 4
BTS00012 50 15
BTS00013 75 13
BTS00014 60 14
BTS00015 60 13
BTS00017 60 15
BTS00018 63 14
BTS00019 60 12
BTS00020 60 13
BTS00021 80 15
BTS00022 60 13
BTS00024 60 15

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Table 2: Antenna heights and power for a sectored design
Base station sector Power(watts)
Antenna
height(m) Azimuth
eNode12 1 60 23 30
2 60 23 165
3 60 23 300
eNode7 1 50 24 60
2 50 24 180
3 50 26 300
eNode8 1 60 22 60
2 60 22 180
3 60 22 300
eNode6 1 45 24 90
2 45 24 215
3 45 24 315
eNode25 1 60 25 60
2 60 25 135
3 60 25 240
eNode1 1 60 24 30
2 60 25 150
3 60 25 255
eNode3 1 60 23 30
2 60 23 130
3 60 23 270
eNode5 1 50 20 0
2 50 20 120
3 50 20 240
eNode4 1 60 28 75
2 60 28 195
3 60 28 305
eNode13 1 55 23 0
2 55 23 120
3 55 23 240
eNode10 1 50 18 0
2 50 18 120
3 50 18 240

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eNode14 1 55 21 75
2 55 21 195
3 55 21 305
eNode20 1 55 22 30
2 55 22 150
3 55 22 270
eNode16 1 70 28 30
2 70 28 150
3 70 28 270
eNode18 1 60 25 0
2 60 25 120
3 60 25 240
eNode24 1 40 25 120
2 40 25 220
3 40 25 330
eNode11 1 50 21 30
2 50 21 150
3 50 21 270
eNode17 1 50 22 60
2 50 22 180
3 50 22 270
eNode19 1 60 28 30
2 60 28 140
3 60 28 240
eNode2 1 60 24 75
2 60 24 195
3 60 24 305
eNode15 1 50 25 60
2 50 25 180
3 50 25 285
eNode23 1 60 28 0
2 60 28 110
3 60 28 250
eNode22 1 65 28 0
2 65 28 135
3 65 28 235
eNode9 1 60 25 0
2 60 25 135
3 60 25 240
eNode21 1 50 24 0
2 50 24 120
3 50 24 240

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APPENDIX B: CALCULATIONS
 Suppose 64 QAM is used. Then channel bits per resource block = 6 bits* 7 * 12 =
504bits.
Bandwidth=10 MHz; channel bit rate = (50*504 bits)/(0.5* 10-3 secs)= 50.4 Mbps
So, data bit rate= channel bit rate * code rate
When code rate = 1/3; data bit rate = 50.4 * 1/3 = 16.8 Mbps
When code rate = 5/6; data bit rate = 50.4 * 5/6 = 42 Mbps
 Suppose 16 QAM is used. Then channel bits per resource block = 4 bits* 7 * 12 =
336bits.
 Suppose QPSK is used. Then channel bits per resource block = 2 bits* 7 * 12 = 168bits.

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REFERENCES
[1]……………………………………………………………………………. www.ericsson.com /LTE explained
[2]………………………………………………………………….. Celplanner 11.63 software
[3]…………………………………………………………………….Project specification pdf

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TELECOMMUNICATION DESIGN EXERCISE
ELE5TDE Project based on 4G LTE technology
Group C9
Submitted to : submitted by:
Associate professor David Tay Mahesh Tripathy
Department of Electronics Engineering Roll No: 17622467
Date: 16th
October 2014

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Abbreviation
LTE Long Term Evolution
BTS
BER
Base Transceiver Station
Bit Error Rate
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
UE User Equipment

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ABSTRACT
Communication system has experienced an unprecedented development in the current
decades. The choice of voice over the wireless networks has raised their bars and is no
more limited to the voice communication. This voracious appetite for the data usage
has introduced Long Term Evolution (LTE) for the mobile broadband services
commercially available today. LTE eliminates the latency incurred by 3G networks by
introducing a complete IP based system.
In this project, we get introduced to a simulation tool called Cell planner that will help
us simulate the network coverage from LTE for a given area. LTE design is an expensive
project. The major aim of this project is to consider all the trade-offs that can be risen
in a LTE network and optimize them in order to create a robust and long lasting design
while keeping in mind the potential cost of the project. The project is divided into non-
sectored and sectored part. We will be deploying the proper number of LTE base
stations with optimized parameters across the given area to achieve the specified
target. We were able to optimize average heights for part 1 to be 13.18 meters and
corresponding average power to be 61.73 watts with the total of 22 base stations.
Similarly we were able to optimize average heights to 24.053 meters and the
corresponding average power was 55.8 watts. With the use of 25 LTE base stations

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Table of Contents
1.INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1-2
1.1 Background and objective.......................................................................................1
1.2 The cell planner .......................................................................................................1
1.3 LTE antennas.........................................................................................................1-2
1.4 LTE Modulation Techniques ....................................................................................2
1.5 Code rate .................................................................................................................3
1.6 Bit Error Rate ...........................................................................................................3
2. DESIGN OBJECTIVES AND SPECIFICATIONS...............................................................4-7
2.1 Area..........................................................................................................................5
2.2 System parametrers ................................................................................................6
2.3 Radio configuration .................................................................................................6
2.4 Service configuration...............................................................................................6
2.5 Environment configuration......................................................................................6
2.6 Radio Base station ...............................................................................................6-7
3. Simulation analysis and results...............................................................................8-20
3.1 Part 1: Non sectored design ...............................................................................8-13
3.1.1 Composite Signal Level.....................................................................................9
3.1.2 Composite SNR.................................................................................................9
3.1.3 Maximum data rate/user ...............................................................................10
3.1.4 Interference....................................................................................................11
3.1.5 Scheme selection............................................................................................12
3.1.6 Stress the design.............................................................................................13
3.2 Part 2: Sectored design.....................................................................................14-20
3.2.1 Composite Signal Level...................................................................................15

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3.2.2 Composite SNR...............................................................................................15
3.2.3 Maximum data rate/user ...............................................................................16
3.2.4 Interference....................................................................................................17
3.2.5 Scheme selection............................................................................................19
3.2.6 Stress the design.............................................................................................20
4. Discussion and conclusion ....................................................................................21-22
4.1 Discussion ..............................................................................................................21
4.2 Problems Encountered and solution.....................................................................22
4.3 conclusion .............................................................................................................22
5. Appendix A:Tables of Experiment Data ...............................................................22-25
6. Appendix B: Calculations ...........................................................................................26
7.References ...................................................................................................................27

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Wireless Design Project

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