Wireless Sensor Networks

PRESENTED BY,
M. JUNO ISABEL SUSINTHRA

Wireless Sensor Network:
Wireless Sensor Networks consists of individual nodes that are able to interacg with
Environment sensing or controlling Physical parameters.
These nodes have collaborate to fulfill their tasks.
It also known as an actuator networks.

The Vision of Ambient Intelligence:
 Ranging from old-fashioned mainframes to modern laptops or palmtops.
“Ambient Intelligence” where many different devices will gather and process
information from many different sources to both control physical processes and to
interact with human users.
Example:
ubiquitous computing
person-to-person
person-to-machine
machine-to-machine

Physical Features:
Rely on onboard batteries
Acceptable size of an individual node
Acceptable costs of an individual node
Higher accuracy
Pervasive control
To better understand the potential applications
Ensuing requirements
Idea of the enabling technologies

1. Disaster relief applications:
Sensor nodes are equipped with thermometers and can determine their own location
These sensors are deployed over a wildfire, for example, a forest, from an airplane.
They collectively produce a “temperature map” of the area or determine the perimeter
of areas with high temperature.
Firefighters equipped with Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs).
Some of these disaster relief applications have commonalities with military applications,
where sensors should detect.

2. Environment control and biodiversity mapping:
WSNs can be used to control -
The environment possible application is garbage dump sites.
The surveillance of the marine ground floor.
An understanding of its erosion processes is important for the construction of
offshore wind farms.
To gain an understanding of the number of plantand animal species that live in a
given habitat
Main Advantages:
The long-term,
Unattended,
High Requirements

Environment control and biodiversity mapping:

3. Intelligent buildings:
Inefficient Humidity, Ventilation,Air Conditioning (HVAC) usage.
High-resolution monitoring of temperature.
Humidity.
Airflow.
Increase the comfort level of inhabitants.
Reduce the energy consumption.
Main Advantage:
The collaborative mapping of physical parameters.
Sensors can be retrofitted into existing buildings.

4. Facility management:
Keyless entry applications where people wear badges that allow a WSN to check which
person is allowed to enter which areas of a larger company site.
Extended to the detection of intruders.
Widearea WSN could track such a vehicle’s position and alert security personnel.
WSN could be used in a chemical plant to scan for leaking chemicals.
Able to operate a long time on batteries.

5. Machine surveillance and preventive maintenance:
To fix sensor nodes to difficult to-reach areas of machinery where they can detect vibration
patterns that indicate the need for maintenance.
Examples:
Robotics or the Axles of Trains.
The Main Advantage:
Cablefree operation.
Avoiding a maintenance problem.
 Allowing a cheap.
Often retrofitted installation of such sensors.

Machine surveillance and preventive maintenance:

6. Precision agriculture:
WSN to agriculture allows precise irrigation and fertilizing by placing humidity/soil compositi
sensors into the fields.
Pest control can profit from a high-resolution surveillance of farm land.
Livestock breeding can benefit from attaching a sensor to each pig or cow, which controls the
health status of the animal

7. Medicine and health care:
Possibilities range from postoperative and intensive care, where sensors are directly attached to
patients
Advantages:
To the long-term surveillance of (typically elderly) patients.
Automatic drug administration.
Raising alarms when drug is applied to the wrong patient.
Patient and doctor tracking systems within hospitals can be literally life saving.

8. Logistics:
It is conceivable to equip goods with simple sensors that allow a simple tracking of these
objects during transportation or facilitate inventory tracking in stores or warehouses.
Much Simpler and cheaper than the active communication and information processing.
It is realized by Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID) tags.

9. Telematics:
Sensors embedded in the streets or roadsides can gather information about traffic
conditions.
Such a roadside is called as “intelligent roadside”.

Sources-the actual nodes that sense data.
Sinks – nodes where the data should be delivered to.
The interaction patterns between sources and sinks show some typical patterns.
Event detection:
Sensor nodes should report to the sink(s) once they have detected the
occurrence of a specified event.
Periodic measurements Sensors can be tasked with periodically reporting
measured values:
Often,these reports can be triggered by a detected event; the reporting period is application
dependent.
Function approximation and edge detection:
WSN can be used to approximate this unknown function, using a limited
number of samples taken at each individual sensor node.
Tracking The source of an event can be mobile:
The WSN can be used to report updates on the event source’s position to the sink(s), potentially
with estimates about speed and direction as well.

Characteristic requirements:
Type of service:
Conventional communication network is evident.
It moves bits from one place to another.
New paradigms of using such a network are required, along with new interfaces and
new ways of thinking about the service of a network.
Quality of Service:
Traditional quality of service requirements.
Bounded delay or minimum bandwidth are irrelevant when applications are
tolerant to latency.
Very high reliability requirements.
The packet delivery ratio is an insufficient metric.

Fault tolerance:
To tolerate node failure, redundant deployment is necessary.
Using more nodes than would be strictly necessary if all nodes functioned correctly.
Lifetime:
Lifetime of a WSN becomes a very important figure of merit.
Investing more energy can increase quality but decrease lifetime.
Definition of lifetime depends on the application at hand.
Scalability:
WSN might include a large number of nodes, the employed architectures and
protocols must be able scale to these numbers.

Wide range of densities:
The number of nodes per unit area, the density of the network can vary considerably.
Different applications will have very different node densities.
Density can vary over time and space because nodes failor move.
Programmability:
Necessary for the nodes to process information
React flexibly on changes in their tasks.
These nodes should be programmable,andtheir programming must be changeable during
operation when new tasks become important.
A fixed way of information processing is insufficient.
Maintainability:
It has to monitor its own health and status to change operational parameters or to choose
different trade-offs
The network has to maintain itself
Able to interact with external maintenance mechanisms to ensure its extended operation at a
required quality

Required mechanisms:
Multihop wireless communication
Energy-efficient operation
Auto-configuration
Collaboration and in-network processing
Data centric
Locality
Exploit trade-offs

Building such wireless sensor networks has only become possible with some fundamental
advances in enabling technologies.
 First and foremost among these technologies is the miniaturization of hardware.
These three basic parts of a sensor node have to accompanied by power supply,
Depending on application.
High capacity batteries that last for long times, that is.
 That can efficiently provide small amounts of current.
Sensor node also has a device for energy scavenging, recharging the battery with
energy gathered from the environment.

Wireless Sensor Networks

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