2. Revolutionizing Data Collection
•A collection of sensing devices that can communicate wirelessly.
•A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially
distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical
or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure,
motion or pollutants, at different locations.
P
3. What are Wireless Sensor
Networks?
1 Distributed Sensing
WSNs consist of
autonomous sensors
spread across an area.
They collect data on
physical or environmental
conditions.
2 Wireless Communication
Sensors transmit data
wirelessly to central nodes.
This eliminates the need
for complex wiring
infrastructures.
3 Data Processing
Collected data is processed locally or sent to a central
system. This enables real-time analysis and decision-making.
4. Revolutionizing Data Collection
•Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are transforming how we gather
and analyze data.
•These interconnected devices capture real-time information from
diverse environments.
•WSNs enable smart decision-making in fields ranging from
environmental monitoring to industrial automation.
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6. P
Types of communication in WSN
1.Direct Communication
Node – BS
2.Multi Hop Communication
Node- Node – BS
3.Communication using Clustering
Node – CH- BS
8. Key Components and Architecture
Sensor Nodes
Small devices with sensing, processing, and
communication capabilities. They form the network's
foundation.
Gateway
Interfaces between sensor nodes and external
networks. It manages data flow and network
configuration.
Base Station
Central hub for data collection and analysis. It often
connects to cloud services for further processing.
9. Applications of Wireless Sensor
Networks
Environmental Monitoring
WSNs track air quality, water pollution, and forest fires. They provide
early warning systems for natural disasters.
Industrial Automation
Sensors monitor equipment health and optimize production
processes. They enhance efficiency and reduce downtime.
Healthcare
WSNs enable remote patient monitoring and smart drug delivery
systems. They improve patient care and reduce hospital visits.
Survillence
Monitor perimeter fences,border,restricted areas, Video
surveillance, Smart home/city
10. Advantages and Limitations
Advantages
• Cost-effective deployment
• Scalability and flexibility
• Real-time data collection
Limitations
• Limited power supply
• Security vulnerabilities
• Environmental interference
11. Challenges in Wireless Sensor
Network Design
1 Energy Efficiency
Maximizing battery life is crucial. Sensors must operate
for extended periods without maintenance.
2 Network Reliability
Ensuring consistent data transmission is challenging.
Harsh environments can disrupt communication
between nodes.
3 Data Security
Protecting sensitive information is vital. Encryption
and secure protocols are necessary to prevent
unauthorized access.
12. Emerging Trends in Wireless Sensor Networks
Edge Computing
Processing data at the sensor
level reduces latency. It enables
faster decision-making and
conserves network bandwidth.
AI Integration
Machine learning algorithms
enhance data analysis. They
enable predictive maintenance
and anomaly detection in real-
time.
5G Connectivity
High-speed, low-latency 5G
networks boost WSN capabilities.
They enable more sensors and
faster data transmission.
13. Future Outlook and Research Directions
Nano-Sensors
Development of microscopic sensors
for biological applications. They
could revolutionize healthcare and
environmental monitoring.
Self-Healing Networks
Research into networks that can
reconfigure and repair themselves.
This would increase reliability and
reduce maintenance costs.
Energy Harvesting
Exploring ways for sensors to
generate their own power. This could
lead to perpetually operating
networks.
14. WSN Standards and Protocols
Protocol Frequency Range Power
Consumptio
n
ZigBee 2.4 GHz 10-100m Low
LoRaWAN Sub-GHz 2-5km Very Low
Bluetooth LE 2.4 GHz Up to 100m Low
15. Case Study: Smart Agriculture
1 Soil Monitoring
Sensors measure moisture, pH, and nutrient levels. Farmers
receive real-time data on soil conditions.
2 Crop Health
Aerial drones equipped with sensors detect plant diseases. Early
intervention prevents crop losses.
3 Irrigation Control
Automated systems optimize water usage based on sensor data.
This leads to water conservation and improved yields.
16. Network Architecture
1 Sensor Nodes
Sensor nodes collect data from the environment and
transmit it to the network.
2 Gateways
Gateways aggregate data from multiple nodes and
provide connectivity to the cloud.
3 Cloud Processing
Sensor data is processed, analyzed, and stored in the
cloud for further utilization.
17. Sensor Node Design
Microcontroller
The brain of the sensor node, responsible for data
processing and communication.
Sensors
Diverse sensors measure environmental parameters such as
temperature, humidity, and motion.
Power Management
Energy-efficient design and techniques like harvesting solar
or ambient energy are crucial.
Wireless Transceiver
Enables reliable low-power communication between sensor
nodes and the network.
18. Data Aggregation and Routing
Sensor Data
Sensor nodes collect and transmit raw data to the network.
Data Aggregation
Intermediate nodes combine and consolidate data
to reduce network traffic.
Efficient Routing
Optimized routing protocols deliver the aggregated
data to the cloud efficiently.
19. Energy Efficiency Techniques
Low-Power Design
Sensor nodes utilize microcontrollers and radios optimized for low power consu
Duty Cycling
Sensor nodes enter low-power sleep modes when not actively sensing or transm
Energy Harvesting
Sensor nodes can scavenge energy from ambient sources like solar, vibration, o
