SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Web BasedOpen Access Institutional Repositories in
Indian Universities:
An Exploratory Study
Presented by
Sriparna Das Purkayastha
Central Library, Assam University, Silchar
Nilratan Bhattacharjee
Department of Library and Information Science
Assam University, Silchar
O Creation of new knowledge through the practices of research
and scholarship is a core activity of the university community
and it lies in the heart of every university’s mission. Research
and scholarship created within a university community should be
disseminated in a large scale to the global world for building
capacity of the institutional research and to make contribution in
the global research output. Previously universities have depends
more on print form of publication systems for disseminating and
communicating institutional research output, but after the
development of digital technologies specially Institutional
repositories, universities are now in a better position to share
their intellectual scholarly research output to the digital world in a
fast, easy and convenient way.
INTRODUCTION
Institutional Repository
O Institutional Repository (IR) is a digital
archive of intellectual scholarly products
created by the scholar community of an
institution or group of institutions accessible
to end users both within and outside the
institution.
OBJECTIVES
O The primary aim of this paper is to explore the current
scenario of the initiatives taken so far for building web based
IR in Indian universities. The specific objectives of this study
are as follows;
O To find outnumber of web based Institutional repositories in
Indian Universities;
O To know the number of repositories registered with online
repository database directory.
O To analyse the characteristics of Indian University based
online IR’s in terms of their content type, subject coverage,
size, language, software use, IR policy etc.
O The survey method was adopted in this study to
analysis the current status of online institutional
repositories in Indian universities. Survey of all
the Indian university websites have been done
by the researchers for retrieving the primary
data relevant to the present study. Research
data was analysed and conclusions were drawn
and presented in the form of tables in this
paper.
methodology
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
O This study was confined to explore the web
based Institutional repository initiatives of
Indian universities. All the central, state and
private universities of India are included in
this study which has an web based
Institutional repository.
O The limitations of this study lies in the fact
that it covers only the web based
institutional repositories of Indian
universities and Institutional or Local Area
Network (LAN) based Institutional
repositories are excluded from the study.
O The study founds that a total of twenty
seven (27) functional university based web
Institutional repositories are present in India
so far including Central, State, Private and
Deemed Universities.
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
State No of
Repositories
Karnataka 4
Kerala 3
Delhi 4
Gujarat 3
Jharkhand 1
Punjab 2
Uttar Pradesh 1
West Bengal 2
Sikkim 1
Goa 1
Meghalaya 1
Pondicherry 1
Jammu and Kashmir 1
Himachal Pradesh 1
Tamil Nadu 1
STATE WISE REPRESENTATION OF INSTITUTIONAL
REPOSITORIES-INDIAN UNIVERSITIES
Repertories Registered With Online Repository
Database Directory.
O Software Usage: Study founds that a total of 20
repositories out of 27 (74.07%) repositories are running on
DSpace platform followed by EPrint 5 (18.51%), CALIBRE
1 (3.70%), Nitya 1 (3.70%).
Online Database
Repository
No of repositories
registered
DOAR 17
ROAR 14
Both 13
Not Registered 09
Subject Wise IR
O Study shows that out of 27 university based IR
multidisciplinary repositories are highest in number with
24 (88.88%) repositories, followed by Social Sciences 2
(7.40%), health and medicine 1 (3.70%). It is clear from
the present study that in most of the cases one
repository archives more than one subject.
O Language Variety
Language No of
Repositories
Percentage (%)
English 27 100%
Hindi 4 14.8%
Sanskrit 3 11.1%
Gujarati 3 11.1%
Bengali 2 7.40%
Arabic 1 3.70%
Persian 1 3.70%
Kashmiri 1 3.70%
Malayalam 1 3.70%
IR-Policy :
Developing IR- Policies is an important, necessary, and
complex activity during implementation of an IR. In the present
survey of web based Indian universities institutional repositories
it is found that only two (2) of the repositories have a clearly
mentioned IR-Policies viz. Saurastra University and
University of Kashmir.
Size of the repositories :
Study result found that in terms of size Jadavpur University’s IR
is the biggest repository with 28,129 items among all the Indian
University’s Institutional repositories and Guru Gobind Singh
Indraprastha University is least with 135 items.
Sl.
No
Name of the University Link to IR Software
used
Size
1. Cochin University of Science and
Technology-Digital Library
http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/ DSpace 6833
2. Cochin University of Science and
Technology- Digital Repository,
Dyuthi
http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/ DSpace 3647
3. Goa University http://library.unigoa.ac.in:8081/xml
ui/
DSpace 534
4. Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha
University
http://dspace.ipu.edu:8080/xmlui/ DSpace 135
5. IGNOU (egyankosh) http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/ DSpace 26996
6. Jadavpur University http://dspace.jdvu.ac.in/ DSpace 28129
7. KLE University http://182.48.228.18:8080/jspui/ DSpace 430
8. M.S University of Baroda http://14.139.121.106:8080/jspui/ DSpace 261
9. National University of Educational
Planning and Administration ,
New Delhi
http://14.139.60.153/ DSpace 5732
10. North-Eastern Hill University http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/ DSpace 4590
11. Osmania University Digital Library http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/ DSpace 24506
12. PanditDeendayal Petroleum
University, Ganghinagar
http://203.77.192.116:8080/xmlui/ DSpace 162
13. Pondicherry University http://dspace.pondiuni.edu.in/jspui/ DSpace 572
14. SRM University http://digitallibrary.srmuniv.ac.in/ds
pace/
DSpace 364
15. Thapar University, http://dspace.thapar.edu:8080/dspac
e/
DSpace 2636
16. University of Delhi http://eprints.du.ac.in/ EPrints 170
17. University of Kashmir http://dspaces.uok.edu.in/jspui/ DSpace 989
18. University of Mysore http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/ EPrint 9286
19. Vidyasagar University http://14.139.211.206:8080/jspui/ DSpace 633
20. Manipal University http://eprints.manipal.edu/ EPrints 9245
21 Mahatma Gandhi University http://www.mgutheses.org/ Nitya 1898
22 RGUHS, Delhi http://14.139.159.4:8080/jspui/ DSpace 8537
23 ChitkaraUniversity http://dspace.chitkara.edu.in/jspui/ DSpace 161
24 Saurastra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.e
du/
EPrints 1015
25 Central University of
Jharkhand
http://dspace.cuj.ac.in/jspui/ DSpace 341
26 Christ University, Bangalore http://repository.christuniversity.in/ EPrints 4922
27 Aligarh Muslim University http://socsccybraryamu.ac.in/ CALIBR
E
14782
Institutional Repositories now plays an important role in academic
and research institutions, where intellectual/ cultural outputs are
being archived, managed and disseminated to the global world.
Institutional Repositories are now undoubtedly recognized as an
essential tool for sharing the scholarly research output of a
university community. It is one of the best possibilities which can
be utilised by each and every university community to make their
research output widely available and accessible to interested
users throughout the world. Present study gives a clear status of
the web based IR’s of Indian Universities and from the results it
concludes that Indian Universities are still lagging behind in
developing IR’s in comparison to universities of developed
countries.
CONCLUSION
THANK YOU

More Related Content

PDF
Use of E-resources and Services by Users at Indian Institute of Management Ah...
PDF
Assam university aus silchar
PDF
Venkateshwara open university vou itanagar
PDF
The Pursuit of International Recognition (Indonesian Scholar Forum, ISIC PPI ...
PDF
Mm2420662068
PPTX
Nlist user education programme
PDF
บทที่1
Use of E-resources and Services by Users at Indian Institute of Management Ah...
Assam university aus silchar
Venkateshwara open university vou itanagar
The Pursuit of International Recognition (Indonesian Scholar Forum, ISIC PPI ...
Mm2420662068
Nlist user education programme
บทที่1

What's hot (16)

PPTX
The ict based library and information services
PDF
Research 2013 august / JAIN University, PhD, Research, HR and Management, PhD...
DOCX
Print net
PPTX
Library as a career
PDF
Ijlis 04 02_003
PPT
PDF
An internship report on library operations and services of Dhaka University
PDF
The Effectiveness Of Searching Arabic Resources Through OPAC : A Case Study I...
PPT
Current status of library automation in the Colleges of Barpeta district: A S...
PPTX
Private university in bangladesh
PPTX
Career in Library Science
PPT
Lib automation
PPTX
A comparative study on library automation among the college libraries of siva...
PDF
Nominee_list_SEOTY_2013-14
PDF
SAMRAT BANERJEE COORDINATOR CV
PPTX
A WEBOMETRICS ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
The ict based library and information services
Research 2013 august / JAIN University, PhD, Research, HR and Management, PhD...
Print net
Library as a career
Ijlis 04 02_003
An internship report on library operations and services of Dhaka University
The Effectiveness Of Searching Arabic Resources Through OPAC : A Case Study I...
Current status of library automation in the Colleges of Barpeta district: A S...
Private university in bangladesh
Career in Library Science
Lib automation
A comparative study on library automation among the college libraries of siva...
Nominee_list_SEOTY_2013-14
SAMRAT BANERJEE COORDINATOR CV
A WEBOMETRICS ANALYSIS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
Ad

Viewers also liked (10)

PPTX
Wnl 003 final report
PPTX
Wnl 001 effective communication by ranashri kishore
PDF
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
PPTX
Wnl 130 essential skills for lib prof by sulakshi
PPS
Wnl 160 introducing rfid technology by anupam
PPTX
Lib networking
PPT
Ebooks indest
PDF
CWN By Arup
PPT
Silchar paper final
Wnl 003 final report
Wnl 001 effective communication by ranashri kishore
Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Wnl 130 essential skills for lib prof by sulakshi
Wnl 160 introducing rfid technology by anupam
Lib networking
Ebooks indest
CWN By Arup
Silchar paper final
Ad

Similar to Wnl 168 web based open access by nilratan bhattacharjee (20)

PDF
An Analytical Study Of Institutional Digital Repositories In India
PPTX
Building an institutional repository using dspace
PDF
Preprint Repositories in India-24-6-22-SLA-Delivered-Nabi Hasan.pdf
PPTX
Comparative study of institutional repositories on women’s studies
PDF
Core webinar updated 30-05-2020
PDF
Institutional Repositories
PPTX
Institutional repositories
PPTX
Institutional repositories
PPTX
Institutional Repositories
PPT
Institutional Repositories
PPTX
Institutional repository by Aman Kr Kushwaha
PPTX
Institutional repositories and open archives in 2
PDF
Institutional repositories notes
PPT
DLIMMNE152626263W.PPT
PPTX
Online Educational Resources for Researcher
PPT
IR and DSpace - International Seminar, Dhaka University
PPTX
Institutional repositories
PPTX
Research methodology workshop may 2012
PPTX
Institutional repositories...for library science.pptx
PPTX
Institutional Repositories.pptx
An Analytical Study Of Institutional Digital Repositories In India
Building an institutional repository using dspace
Preprint Repositories in India-24-6-22-SLA-Delivered-Nabi Hasan.pdf
Comparative study of institutional repositories on women’s studies
Core webinar updated 30-05-2020
Institutional Repositories
Institutional repositories
Institutional repositories
Institutional Repositories
Institutional Repositories
Institutional repository by Aman Kr Kushwaha
Institutional repositories and open archives in 2
Institutional repositories notes
DLIMMNE152626263W.PPT
Online Educational Resources for Researcher
IR and DSpace - International Seminar, Dhaka University
Institutional repositories
Research methodology workshop may 2012
Institutional repositories...for library science.pptx
Institutional Repositories.pptx

More from Kishor Satpathy (20)

PDF
Knowledge Management in Higher Education
PDF
Glimpses of the Past: An Album on the 125th Birth Anniversary of Prof PC Moha...
PDF
Emerging Trends and Human Resource Management in Library and Information Centres
PDF
Electronic Resource Management in 21st Century: Issues & Challenges
PDF
German Language Course @ NIT Silchar
PDF
Lib 2.0: Issues & Challenges
PDF
Trends in Library Technology & Marketing of Information
PPTX
HPC in higher education
PPTX
Enterprise campus networks
PPT
ERP For Univ
PPT
Cloud Computing
PDF
Research & Ranking
PDF
Leveraging ICT for administrative efficiency- Need for a CIO
PDF
Innovation in Higher Education
PDF
E learning & Information Literacy
PDF
IGNITS @NIT Silchar
PPTX
Wnl sponsor 2 scopus
PPTX
Wnl sponsor 1 sciencedirect
PPTX
Wnl `155 evaluation characteristics-operations and space by s k mandal
PPT
Wnl 189 open source software by maltesh
Knowledge Management in Higher Education
Glimpses of the Past: An Album on the 125th Birth Anniversary of Prof PC Moha...
Emerging Trends and Human Resource Management in Library and Information Centres
Electronic Resource Management in 21st Century: Issues & Challenges
German Language Course @ NIT Silchar
Lib 2.0: Issues & Challenges
Trends in Library Technology & Marketing of Information
HPC in higher education
Enterprise campus networks
ERP For Univ
Cloud Computing
Research & Ranking
Leveraging ICT for administrative efficiency- Need for a CIO
Innovation in Higher Education
E learning & Information Literacy
IGNITS @NIT Silchar
Wnl sponsor 2 scopus
Wnl sponsor 1 sciencedirect
Wnl `155 evaluation characteristics-operations and space by s k mandal
Wnl 189 open source software by maltesh

Recently uploaded (20)

PPTX
Introduction-to-Literarature-and-Literary-Studies-week-Prelim-coverage.pptx
PDF
A GUIDE TO GENETICS FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS
PDF
SOIL: Factor, Horizon, Process, Classification, Degradation, Conservation
PDF
Classroom Observation Tools for Teachers
PDF
Weekly quiz Compilation Jan -July 25.pdf
PDF
A systematic review of self-coping strategies used by university students to ...
PDF
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga Finals Review Spring Summer
PPTX
UNIT III MENTAL HEALTH NURSING ASSESSMENT
PDF
احياء السادس العلمي - الفصل الثالث (التكاثر) منهج متميزين/كلية بغداد/موهوبين
PDF
advance database management system book.pdf
PDF
medical_surgical_nursing_10th_edition_ignatavicius_TEST_BANK_pdf.pdf
PDF
1_English_Language_Set_2.pdf probationary
PDF
Trump Administration's workforce development strategy
PDF
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment .pdf
PDF
Black Hat USA 2025 - Micro ICS Summit - ICS/OT Threat Landscape
PPTX
202450812 BayCHI UCSC-SV 20250812 v17.pptx
PPTX
Final Presentation General Medicine 03-08-2024.pptx
PDF
What if we spent less time fighting change, and more time building what’s rig...
PPTX
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteina and Fats
PPTX
Final Presentation General Medicine 03-08-2024.pptx
Introduction-to-Literarature-and-Literary-Studies-week-Prelim-coverage.pptx
A GUIDE TO GENETICS FOR UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS
SOIL: Factor, Horizon, Process, Classification, Degradation, Conservation
Classroom Observation Tools for Teachers
Weekly quiz Compilation Jan -July 25.pdf
A systematic review of self-coping strategies used by university students to ...
LDMMIA Reiki Yoga Finals Review Spring Summer
UNIT III MENTAL HEALTH NURSING ASSESSMENT
احياء السادس العلمي - الفصل الثالث (التكاثر) منهج متميزين/كلية بغداد/موهوبين
advance database management system book.pdf
medical_surgical_nursing_10th_edition_ignatavicius_TEST_BANK_pdf.pdf
1_English_Language_Set_2.pdf probationary
Trump Administration's workforce development strategy
Hazard Identification & Risk Assessment .pdf
Black Hat USA 2025 - Micro ICS Summit - ICS/OT Threat Landscape
202450812 BayCHI UCSC-SV 20250812 v17.pptx
Final Presentation General Medicine 03-08-2024.pptx
What if we spent less time fighting change, and more time building what’s rig...
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates, Proteina and Fats
Final Presentation General Medicine 03-08-2024.pptx

Wnl 168 web based open access by nilratan bhattacharjee

  • 1. Web BasedOpen Access Institutional Repositories in Indian Universities: An Exploratory Study Presented by Sriparna Das Purkayastha Central Library, Assam University, Silchar Nilratan Bhattacharjee Department of Library and Information Science Assam University, Silchar
  • 2. O Creation of new knowledge through the practices of research and scholarship is a core activity of the university community and it lies in the heart of every university’s mission. Research and scholarship created within a university community should be disseminated in a large scale to the global world for building capacity of the institutional research and to make contribution in the global research output. Previously universities have depends more on print form of publication systems for disseminating and communicating institutional research output, but after the development of digital technologies specially Institutional repositories, universities are now in a better position to share their intellectual scholarly research output to the digital world in a fast, easy and convenient way. INTRODUCTION
  • 3. Institutional Repository O Institutional Repository (IR) is a digital archive of intellectual scholarly products created by the scholar community of an institution or group of institutions accessible to end users both within and outside the institution.
  • 4. OBJECTIVES O The primary aim of this paper is to explore the current scenario of the initiatives taken so far for building web based IR in Indian universities. The specific objectives of this study are as follows; O To find outnumber of web based Institutional repositories in Indian Universities; O To know the number of repositories registered with online repository database directory. O To analyse the characteristics of Indian University based online IR’s in terms of their content type, subject coverage, size, language, software use, IR policy etc.
  • 5. O The survey method was adopted in this study to analysis the current status of online institutional repositories in Indian universities. Survey of all the Indian university websites have been done by the researchers for retrieving the primary data relevant to the present study. Research data was analysed and conclusions were drawn and presented in the form of tables in this paper. methodology
  • 6. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS O This study was confined to explore the web based Institutional repository initiatives of Indian universities. All the central, state and private universities of India are included in this study which has an web based Institutional repository. O The limitations of this study lies in the fact that it covers only the web based institutional repositories of Indian universities and Institutional or Local Area Network (LAN) based Institutional repositories are excluded from the study.
  • 7. O The study founds that a total of twenty seven (27) functional university based web Institutional repositories are present in India so far including Central, State, Private and Deemed Universities. ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
  • 8. State No of Repositories Karnataka 4 Kerala 3 Delhi 4 Gujarat 3 Jharkhand 1 Punjab 2 Uttar Pradesh 1 West Bengal 2 Sikkim 1 Goa 1 Meghalaya 1 Pondicherry 1 Jammu and Kashmir 1 Himachal Pradesh 1 Tamil Nadu 1 STATE WISE REPRESENTATION OF INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORIES-INDIAN UNIVERSITIES
  • 9. Repertories Registered With Online Repository Database Directory. O Software Usage: Study founds that a total of 20 repositories out of 27 (74.07%) repositories are running on DSpace platform followed by EPrint 5 (18.51%), CALIBRE 1 (3.70%), Nitya 1 (3.70%). Online Database Repository No of repositories registered DOAR 17 ROAR 14 Both 13 Not Registered 09
  • 10. Subject Wise IR O Study shows that out of 27 university based IR multidisciplinary repositories are highest in number with 24 (88.88%) repositories, followed by Social Sciences 2 (7.40%), health and medicine 1 (3.70%). It is clear from the present study that in most of the cases one repository archives more than one subject. O Language Variety Language No of Repositories Percentage (%) English 27 100% Hindi 4 14.8% Sanskrit 3 11.1% Gujarati 3 11.1% Bengali 2 7.40% Arabic 1 3.70% Persian 1 3.70% Kashmiri 1 3.70% Malayalam 1 3.70%
  • 11. IR-Policy : Developing IR- Policies is an important, necessary, and complex activity during implementation of an IR. In the present survey of web based Indian universities institutional repositories it is found that only two (2) of the repositories have a clearly mentioned IR-Policies viz. Saurastra University and University of Kashmir. Size of the repositories : Study result found that in terms of size Jadavpur University’s IR is the biggest repository with 28,129 items among all the Indian University’s Institutional repositories and Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University is least with 135 items.
  • 12. Sl. No Name of the University Link to IR Software used Size 1. Cochin University of Science and Technology-Digital Library http://dspace.cusat.ac.in/jspui/ DSpace 6833 2. Cochin University of Science and Technology- Digital Repository, Dyuthi http://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/ DSpace 3647 3. Goa University http://library.unigoa.ac.in:8081/xml ui/ DSpace 534 4. Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University http://dspace.ipu.edu:8080/xmlui/ DSpace 135 5. IGNOU (egyankosh) http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/ DSpace 26996 6. Jadavpur University http://dspace.jdvu.ac.in/ DSpace 28129 7. KLE University http://182.48.228.18:8080/jspui/ DSpace 430 8. M.S University of Baroda http://14.139.121.106:8080/jspui/ DSpace 261 9. National University of Educational Planning and Administration , New Delhi http://14.139.60.153/ DSpace 5732 10. North-Eastern Hill University http://dspace.nehu.ac.in/ DSpace 4590 11. Osmania University Digital Library http://oudl.osmania.ac.in/ DSpace 24506 12. PanditDeendayal Petroleum University, Ganghinagar http://203.77.192.116:8080/xmlui/ DSpace 162 13. Pondicherry University http://dspace.pondiuni.edu.in/jspui/ DSpace 572 14. SRM University http://digitallibrary.srmuniv.ac.in/ds pace/ DSpace 364
  • 13. 15. Thapar University, http://dspace.thapar.edu:8080/dspac e/ DSpace 2636 16. University of Delhi http://eprints.du.ac.in/ EPrints 170 17. University of Kashmir http://dspaces.uok.edu.in/jspui/ DSpace 989 18. University of Mysore http://eprints.uni-mysore.ac.in/ EPrint 9286 19. Vidyasagar University http://14.139.211.206:8080/jspui/ DSpace 633 20. Manipal University http://eprints.manipal.edu/ EPrints 9245 21 Mahatma Gandhi University http://www.mgutheses.org/ Nitya 1898 22 RGUHS, Delhi http://14.139.159.4:8080/jspui/ DSpace 8537 23 ChitkaraUniversity http://dspace.chitkara.edu.in/jspui/ DSpace 161 24 Saurastra University http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.e du/ EPrints 1015 25 Central University of Jharkhand http://dspace.cuj.ac.in/jspui/ DSpace 341 26 Christ University, Bangalore http://repository.christuniversity.in/ EPrints 4922 27 Aligarh Muslim University http://socsccybraryamu.ac.in/ CALIBR E 14782
  • 14. Institutional Repositories now plays an important role in academic and research institutions, where intellectual/ cultural outputs are being archived, managed and disseminated to the global world. Institutional Repositories are now undoubtedly recognized as an essential tool for sharing the scholarly research output of a university community. It is one of the best possibilities which can be utilised by each and every university community to make their research output widely available and accessible to interested users throughout the world. Present study gives a clear status of the web based IR’s of Indian Universities and from the results it concludes that Indian Universities are still lagging behind in developing IR’s in comparison to universities of developed countries. CONCLUSION