Workshop-Acculturation-cfc
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This document discusses concepts related to acculturation including definitions, models, factors that affect acculturation, and measures of acculturation. It defines acculturation as changes that occur when groups with different cultures come into contact, and discusses measures of acculturation including behaviors, skills, interactions, and psychological factors. It also summarizes several models of acculturation and adaptation, and lists factors like demographic characteristics, attitudes, and stress that can moderate the acculturation process.
Workshop-Acculturation-cfc
- 1. ACCULTURATIONACCULTURATION CARLOS F. CAMARGO, PH.D.CARLOS F. CAMARGO, PH.D. THE NEW AMERICA FOUNDATIONTHE NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION CROSS-CULTURAL TRAININGCROSS-CULTURAL TRAINING FOR NEWCOMER &FOR NEWCOMER & MICRO-ENTERPRISEMICRO-ENTERPRISE PRACTIONERSPRACTIONERS
- 2. Classic Definition ““Acculturation comprehends thoseAcculturation comprehends those phenomena which result when groups ofphenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures comeindividuals having different cultures come into continuous first hand contact withinto continuous first hand contact with subsequent changes in the originalsubsequent changes in the original culture patternsculture patterns of either or both groups.”of either or both groups.” Redfield, Linton, and Herskovitz (1936)
- 3. Measures of Acculturation • broader world view • reduction in ethnocentrisms • greater self-awareness and self esteem • attitudes toward host culture • psychological distress • perceptual maturity • mood states • health evaluations • feelings of acceptance and satisfaction • nature and extent of interactions with hosts
- 4. Measures of Acculturation • acquisition of culturally appropriate behaviors and skills • academic competence • job performance
- 5. Models of Adaptation/Acculturation • Recuperation model—based on culture shock (Oberg) • Learning model (Guthrie, Taylor) • Journey model—(Bennett) • Equilibrium model ((Grove and Torbiorn)
- 6. Anderson’s Types of Adjusters 1. Returnees 2. Escapers 3. Time servers 4. Beavers 5. Adjusters 6. Participators
- 7. DOMINANTDOMINANT GROUPGROUP CONTACTCONTACT ACCULTURATINGACCULTURATING GROUPGROUP AcculturationAcculturation Group-LevelGroup-Level AcculturationAcculturation PsychologicalPsychological AcculturationAcculturation Physical changesPhysical changes Biological changesBiological changes Political changesPolitical changes Economic ChangesEconomic Changes Cultural ChangesCultural Changes Social ChangesSocial Changes Behavior changesBehavior changes Value changesValue changes IdentityIdentity Acculturative stressAcculturative stress PathologyPathology AdaptationAdaptation
- 8. MOBILITYMOBILITY VOLUNTARINESS OF CONTACTVOLUNTARINESS OF CONTACT VoluntaryVoluntaryInvoluntaryInvoluntary SEDENTARYSEDENTARY MIGRANTMIGRANT PermanentPermanent ImmigrantsImmigrants RefugeesRefugees TemporaryTemporary SojournersSojourners Asylum SeekersAsylum Seekers
- 11. Social Difficulty over Time 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ENTRY 4 MONTHS 6 MONTHS 12 MONTHS Time SCAS
- 12. DEPRESSION OVER TIME 14 14.5 15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 ENTRY 4 MONTHS 6 MONTHS 12 MONTHS TIME SDS
- 13. Hammer, Gudykunst, and Wiseman (1978) dimensions of intercultural effectiveness • Factor I: Ability to deal with psychological stress • frustration • stress • anxiety • different political systems • pressure to conform • social alienation & marginalization ⊗ financial difficultiesfinancial difficulties ⊗ interpersonal conflictinterpersonal conflict
- 14. Hammer, Gudykunst, &Wiseman dimensions of intercultural effectiveness (1978) • Factor II: Ability to communicate effectively – ability to enter into meaningful dialogue – ability to initiate interaction with a stranger – ability to deal with communication misunderstandings – ability to effectively deal with different communication styles
- 15. Hammer, Gudykunst, and Wiseman (1978) dimensions of intercultural effectiveness • Factor III: Ability to establish interpersonal relationships • ability to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships • ability to maintain satisfying interpersonal relationships • ability to accurately understand the feelings of other people • ability to effectively work with other people
- 17. Ward’s 2 factor theory Ward and Chang, IJIR, 1997 • Psychological adjustment: refers to psychological well-being or emotional satisfaction • socio-cultural adjustment: ability to negotiate the host-culture, or general intercultural competence
- 18. Predictors of Ward’s Factors • Psychological adjustment – personality, life changes, social support • socio-cultural adjustment – amount of contact with host nationals, length of residence in a new culture, cultural identity, and cultural distance
- 19. Cultural Fit Hypothesis Ward and Change, 1997 • Distress is a function of the difference between certain personality characteristics of the person and the host country norms • These levels of distress will be unrelated to socio-cultural difficulties
- 20. Psychological Adjustment of Sojourners: Pred. Of Mood Dist. Predictors Beta P Locus of Con .28 .004 Social Diff .28 .004 Rel. Satisf -.24 .01 Contactwith Host.Nat .21 .03 Source: Ware and Kennedy, 1992
- 21. Socio-cultural Adjustment of Sojourners: Predictors of Social Difficulty Predictors Beta p Length of Residence -.45 .0001 Cultural distance .27 .004 Mood Disturbance .33 .0003 Cultural identity .26 .004 Source: Ward and Kennedy, 1992
- 22. A test of the cultural fit hypothesis • Used extraversion measures with American in Singapore • Used norms of Singaporeans provided by Eysenck • Measured psychological adjustment by Zung Self-rating Depression Scale • Measured socio-cultural adjustment using the socio-cultural Adjustment Scale
- 23. Results of Culture Fit Study • r between extraversion and psychological adjustment non-significant (r=-.02) and between extraversion and socio-cultural adjustment (r=-.06) • r between discrepancy and psychological adjustment significant (r=.23, p<.01), but insignificant against socio-cultural adjustment (r=.07).
- 24. John Berry’s Model of Acculturation Maintain cultural identity? Yes No Relation with other groups? Yes No Integration Separation Assimilation Marginalization
- 25. Ward and Kennedy’s (1994) hypotheses • Identification with co-nationals is related to less psych. Adjustment problems • Endorsing integration is related to lower difficulties in social adjustment, marginalized will experience the most psych difficulties • Identification with host nationals will result in fewer Socio-cultural problems • Endorse separation will be related to the level of difficulties in socio-cultural adaptation, whereas those that are assimilated will experience the least difficulties in socio-cultural adaptation.
- 26. Depression and Identification Co-national identification High Low High 7.8(3.5) 10.4(6.2) Low 14.6(6.4) 12.0(6.8) Host National Identification Source: Ward and Kennedy, 1994
- 27. Social Difficulty and Identification Co-National Identification High Low High 11.1(8.6) 24.8(10.7) Low 13.4(9.1) 18.4(11.1) Host National Identification Source: Ward and Kennedy, 1994
- 28. Competing Models of the relationship between linguistic acculturation & ethnic identity Source: Laroche, Kim, Hui, and Tomiuk, JCCP, 1998.
- 29. A measure of linguistic acculturation • How often do you use (English, Spanish) • with spouse • with children • with relatives • when at work • when watching TV • when listening to radio • when reading newspapers
- 30. A measure of linguistic acculturation • How often do you use (English, Spanish) – when reading magazines – when shopping – with close friends – when at school
- 31. A measure of ethnic identification – I consider myself to be Anglophone – I consider myself to be Hispanophone – I consider myself to be Salvadoran American – I consider myself to be Colombian – I consider myself to be American
- 32. Factors affecting acculturation • Society of origin: – Ethnographic characteristics – Political situation – Economic Conditions – Demographic factors (e.g., crowding, population explosion.)
- 33. Factors affecting acculturation • Society of settlement – Immigration history – Immigration policy – Attitudes toward immigration – Attitudes toward specific groups – Social support (availability, usefulness) • Group acculturation – changes in acculturating group (physical, etc.)
- 34. Factors affecting cculturation: Psychological Acculturation • Behavioral shifts – Culture learning – Culture shedding – Culture conflict • Acculturative stress – Problem appraisal – Stressors – Stress phenomena
- 35. Factors affecting acculturation • Psychopathology – Problems – Crises – Pathological phenomena • Psychological adaptation – Self-esteem – Identity consolidation – Well-being/satisfaction
- 36. Factors affecting acculturation: Psychological Acculturation • socio-cultural adaptation: – Cultural knowledge, social skills – Interpersonal and intergroup relations – Family and community relations
- 37. Moderating Factors Prior to Acculturation • Demographic (e.g., age, gender) • Cultural (language, religion, distance) • Economic (e.g., status) • Personal (e.g., health,prior knowledge) • Migration motivation • Expectations
- 38. Moderating Factors arising during Acculturation • Acculturation strategies (I.e. Berry) • Contact/participation • Culture maintenance • Social support • Coping strategies and resources • Prejudice and discrimination