Here are two short answers to the questions:
1. Thomas Kuhn argues that normal science inevitably runs into anomalies that cannot be resolved
through normal problem solving. Explain what Kuhn means by normal science and anomalies, and how
anomalies can lead scientists to a paradigm shift.
Kuhn defines normal science as solving puzzles within an established scientific paradigm or framework.
The paradigm provides theories, methods, and standards for what constitutes acceptable problems and
solutions. However, over time normal science encounters anomalies - observations or experiments that
cannot be explained by the current paradigm. As anomalies accumulate, they begin to undermine
scientists' confidence in the paradigm. This leads scientists to enter a period of crisis where existing
problem-solving approaches no