writing task 1 vocabulary.docx
- 1. The general format for writing academic writing task 1 is as follows: Introduction + Basic/ General Trends + Details Description + Summary (optional). Each part has a specific format and therefore being equipped with the necessary vocabulary will help you answer the task 1 efficiently and will save a great deal of time. Starting Presentation Type Verb Description The/ the given / the supplied / the presented / the shown / the provided diagram / table / figure / illustration / graph / chart / flow chart / picture/ presentation/ pie chart / bar graph/ column graph / line graph / table data/ data / information / pictorial/ process diagram/ map/ pie chart and table/ bar graph and pie chart ... shows / represents / depicts / enumerates / illustrates / presents/ gives / provides / delineates/ outlines/ describes / delineates/ expresses/ denotes/ compares/ shows contrast / indicates / figures / gives data on / gives information on/ presents information about/ shows data about/ demonstrates/ sketch out/ summarises... the comparison of… the differences… the changes... the number of… information on… data on… the proportion of… the amount of… information on... data about... comparative data... the trend of... the percentages of... the ratio of... how the... Example : 1. The diagram shows employment rates among adults in four European countries from 1925 to 1985. 2. The given pie charts represent the proportion of male and female employees in 6 broad categories, dividing into manual and non- manual occupations in Australia, between 2010 and 2015. 3. The chart gives information about consumer expenditures on six products in four countries namely Germany, Italy, Britain and France. 4. The supplied bar graph compares the number of male and female graduates in three developing countries while the table data presents the overall literacy rate in these countries. 5. The bar graph and the table data depict the water consumption in different sectors in five regions. 6. The bar graph enumerates the money spent on different research projects while the column graph demonstrates the fund sources over a decade, commencing from 1981. 7. The line graph delineates the proportion of male and female employees in three different sectors in Australia between 2010 and 2015. Note that, some teachers prefer "The line graph demonstrates..." format instead of "The given line graph demonstrates...". However, if you write "The given/ provided/ presented...." it would be correct as well. Tips: 1. For a single graph use 's' after the verb, like - gives data on, shows/ presents etc.However, if there are multiple graphs,DO NOT use 's' after the verb. 2. If there are multiple graphs and each one presents a different type of data, you can write which graph presents what type of data and use 'while' to showa connection. For example -'The given bar graph shows the amount spent on fast food items in 2009 in the UK while the pie chart presents a comparison of people's ages who spent more on fast food. 3. Your introduction should be quite impressive as it makes the first impression to the examiner. It either makes or breaks y our overall score. 4. For multiple graphs and/ or table(s), you can write what they present in combination instead of saying which each graph depicts. For example, "The two pie charts and the column graph in combination depict a picture of the crime in Australia from 2005 to 2015 and the percentages of young offenders during this period." Caution: Never copy word for word from the question.If you do so,you would be penalized. Always paraphrase the introduction in yourown words. Vocabulary for Overview Statement In general, In common, Generally speaking, Overall, It is obvious,As is observed,
- 2. As a general trend, As can be seen,As an overall trend, As is presented,It can be clearly seen that, At the first glance, it is clear, At the onset,it is clear that, A glance at the graphs reveals that... The General statement is the first sentence (or two) you write in your reporting. It should always deal with:What + Where + When. Example: The diagram presents information on the percentages of teachers who have expressed their views about the different problems they face when dealing with children in three Australian schools from 2001 to 2005. What = the percentages ofteachers... Where = three Australian schools... When = from 2001 to 2005... A good General statement should always have these parts. Example: 1. In general, the employment opportunities increased till 1970 and then declined throughout the next decade. 2. As is observed,the figures for imprisonment in the five mentioned countries showno overall pattern, rather shows the considerable fluctuations from country to country. 3. Generally speaking, citizens in the USA had a far better life standard than that of remaining countries. 4. As can be seen,the highest number of passengers used the London Underground station at 8:00 in the morning and at 6:00 in the evening. 4. Generally speaking, more men were engaged in managerial positions in 1987 than that of women in New York this year. 5. As an overall trend, the number of crimes reported increased fairly rapidly until the mid-seventies, remained constant for five years and finally, dropped to 20 cases a week after 1982. 6. At a first glance, it is clear that more percentages of native university pupils violated regulations and rules than the foreign students did during this period. 7. At the onset,it is clear that drinking in public and drink driving were the most common reasons for US citizens to be arrest ed in 2014. 8. Overall, the leisure hours enjoyed by males, regardless of their employment status,was much higher than that of women. Body Paragraph 1. As is presented in the diagram(s)/ graph(s)/ pie chart(s)/ table... 2. As (is) shown in the illustration... 3. As can be seen in the... 4. As the diagrams suggest... 5. According to the... 6. Categorically speaking... 7. Getting back to the details... 8. Now, turning to the details... 9. The table data clearly shows that... 10. The diagram reveals that... 11. The data suggest that... 12. The graph gives the figure... 13. It is interesting to note that... 14. It is apparently seen that... 15. It is conspicuous that.. 16. It is explicitly observed that... 17. It is obvious... 18. It is clear from the data... 19. It is worth noticing that... 20. It is crystal clear/ lucid that... 21. It can be clearly observed that... 22. It could be plainly viewed that... 23. It could be noticed that... 24. We can see that... Trends Verb form Noun Form Increase rise / increase / go up / uplift / rocket(ed) / climb / upsurge / soar/ shot up/ improve/ jump/ leap/ move upward/ skyrocket/ soar/ surge. a rise / an increase / an upward trend / a growth / a leap / a jump / an improvement/ a climb. Decrease fall / decrease / decline / plummet / plunge / drop / reduce / collapse / deterioriate/ dip / dive / go down / take a nosedive / slum / slide / go into free-fall. a fall / a decrease / a reduction / a downward trends /a downward tendency / a decline/ a drop / a slide / a collapse / a downfall. Steadiness unchanged / level out / remain constant / remain steady / plateau / remain the same / remain stable / remain static a steadiness/ a plateau / a stability/ a static
- 3. Gradual increase ------------ an upward trend / an upward tendency / a ceiling trend Gradual decrease ------------ a downward trend / a downward tendency / a descending trend Standability/ Flat level(ed) off / remain(ed) constant / remain(ed) unchanged / remain(ed) stable / prevail(ed) consistency / plateaued / reach(ed) a plateau / stay(ed)uniform /immutable / level(ed) out/ stabilise/ remain(ed) the same. No change,a flat, a plateau. type of Change Adverb form Adjective form Rapid change dramatically / rapidly / sharply / quickly / hurriedly / speedily / swiftly / significantly/ considerably / substantioally / noticably. dramatic / rapid / sharp / quick / hurried / speedy / swift / significant / considerable / substantial/ noticable. Moderate change moderately / gradually / progressively / sequentially. moderate / gradual / progressive / sequential. Steady change steadily/ ceaselessly. steady/ ceaseless.
- 4. Slight change slightly / slowly / mildly / tediously. slight / slow / mild / tedious. Example: 1. The price of the goods fluctuated during the first three months in 2017. 2. The graph shows the oscillations of the price from 1998 to 2002. 3. The passengernumber in this station oscillates throughout the day and in early morning and evening,it remains busy. 4. The changes ofcar production in Japan shows a palpitation for the second quarterof the year. 5. The number of students in debate clubs fluctuated in different months of the year and rapid ups and downs could be observed in the last three months of this year. Type of Change Verb form Noun form Rapid ups and downs wave / fluctuate / oscillate / vacillate / palpitate waves / fluctuations / oscillations / vacillations / palpitations Example: 1. The economic inflation of the country increased sharply by 20% in 2008. 2. There was a sharp drop in the industrial production in the year 2009. 3. The demand for new houses dramatically increased in 2002. 4. The population of the country dramatically increased in the last decade. 5. The price of the oil moderately increased during the last quarter but as a consequence,the price of daily necessity rapidly went up. Great change / Huge difference: Adjectives Adverbs Overwhelming Overwhelmingly Substantial Substantially Enormous Enormously Big change / Big difference: Adjectives Adverbs Significant Significantly Considerable Considerably Medium change / Moderate difference: Adjectives Adverbs Somewhat Somewhat Moderate Moderately Minor change / Small difference: Adjectives Adverbs Fractional Fractionally Marginal Marginally Slight Slightly USE of Prepositions in Writing Task 1: Describing trends: Increase + In …..when we do not specify a number There was an increase in the number of emergency kits sold in 2012. There was a rise in sales after appearing on television. There has been a decrease in the consumption of sugarin this decade. Increase + OF…………..when we specify a number There was an increase of 70% in sales of emergency kits sold in 2012. Or There was a 70% increase in sales of emergency kits sold in 2012. Increase from X to Y Increase + BY (amount) Sales increased by 30units Percentages: 10% increase, 25 percent decrease, increased by 15%, dropped by 10 per cent, fall at 50%, reached to 75%, tripled, doubled, o ne-fourth, three-quarters, half, double fold, treble, 5 times higher, 3 timers lower, declined to about 49%, stood exactly at 43%. Fractions: 4% = A tiny fraction. 24% = Almost a quarter. 25% Exactly a quarter. 26% = Roughly one quarter.
- 5. 32% Nearly one-third, nearly a third. 49% = Around a half, just under a half. 50% Exactly a half. 51% = Just over a half. 73% = Nearly three quarters. 77% = Approximately three quarter, more than three-quarter. 79% = Well over three quarters. Proportions: 2% = A tiny portion, a very small proportion. 4% = An insignificant minority, an insignificant proportion. 16% = A small minority, a small portion. 70% = A large proportion. 72% = A significant majority, A significant proportion .89% = A very large proportion. 89% = A very large proportion. Words/ Phrases of Approximation - Vocabulary: » Approximately » Nearly » Roughly » Almost » About » Around » More or less » Just over » Just under » Just around » Just about » Just below » A little more than » A little less than. Percentage Fraction 80% four-fifths 75% three-quarters 70% seven in ten 65% two-thirds 60% three-fifths 55% more than half 50% Half 45% more than two fifths 40% two-fifths 35% more than a third 30% less than a third 25% a quarter 20% a fifth 15% less than a fifth 10% one in ten 5% one in twenty Percentage Qualifier 77% just over three quarters 77% approximately three quarters 49% just under a half 49% nearly a half 32% almost a third Percentage proportion / number / amount / majority / minority 75% - 85% a very large majority 65% - 75% a significant proportion 10% - 15% a minority 5% a very small number
- 6. Under Under Below Less than Just under Slightly under Nearly Almost Closeto Well under Considerably lessthan Over Over Above More than Just over Slightly over Marginally over Well over Considerably morethan Time phrases Over the next three years Three years later In the followingthree days the next three days show over the period from …..to/ between ….and the lastyear the final year at the beginningof the period at the end of the period Useful Phrases for Task 1 reports Showed an upward trend Showed an downward trend Hit the highest point/ Hit the lowest point Reached a peak Showed some fluctuations Fluctuated widely Remained stable Remained static Remained unchanged Stayed constant Reacheda plateau Levelledoff Flattenedout The highest/the lowest/thesecondhighest/the third Highest Comparedto/comparedwith/relativeto Increasedbydouble Increasedsharplythroughoutthe period Experiencedarapidsurge Exceeding/surpassing/overtaking Initiallywitnessedagrowthbut thensteadily declined Grammar for future tense Simple future ( will +base verb) – will rise,will decline,will remainthe same Future perfect ( will + have + past participle) –will have risen,will have dropped,will have fallen The passive structure – is/are expectedto,is/are setto, is/are predictedthat/to, is/are anticipatedthat/to,is/are likelyto