Writing the Rough DraftThe purpose of this assignment is three-f.docx
- 1. Writing the Rough Draft The purpose of this assignment is three-fold. 1. First, almost every piece of writing that you complete at the college level will involve arguing for a specific viewpoint. Even essays that simply are informative are trying to convince the reader of the validity of the information. This essay will allow you to demonstrate that you understand how to compose an effective piece of persuasive writing. 2. Second, you will be required to write many research papers as you complete your academic career. This essay allows you to demonstrate that you understand how to effectively cite the information you gather from completing the research assignments that led up to writing this essay. 3. Finally, this essay gives you the chance to discuss something you feel is important, either for your own information or for the general population, and you get a guaranteed audience. General Guidelines for Writing the Essay & Tips for Putting it Together · Write a 6-8 page essay that discusses your research topic. Begin with a catchy first sentence and interesting first paragraph that explains why you chose this topic and why someone should read about this topic. If you wrote a good story for your Research Proposal, that story can become the introduction for your research essay. · The first paragraph or two should discuss the issue, problem, or topic that you researched. It should provide any background information that is necessary for the reader to understand the essay, and it should define any unfamiliar terms. Once you introduce the topic and provide background information, then you should state your thesis and the main reasons for your thesis. You will continually refer back to the thesis statement throughout the paper, AND everything in the paper will be connected to the thesis statement. This will help you keep your
- 2. focus and go deep rather than broad into the information you gathered. · After you have introduced your topic and stated the thesis, explain your first sub-claim (a sub-claim is a claim that supports the main idea or thesis). Remember this is an essay so you should have one main point that you are trying to communicate. You may have found out many, many things that you cannot include. What is the most important information? What's the best way to get that across to your readers? · Each paragraph is also like a mini-essay. Each paragraph will have one main point or idea that you are developing. Then you will explain the main idea and give examples. · Use transitions between paragraphs and ideas so that the essay flows. · Be sure to introduce your quotes and paraphrased ideas. You might want to review the lesson from the Summary folder that discusses paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting. Do NOT just drop a quote into your paper without an introduction and discussion. · Be sure to use ethos, pathos, and logos to strengthen your argument and appeal to your audience. Follow this link for a discussion of the rhetorical appeals and how to use them. · Be sure to discuss alternative solutions or ideas about your topic. Demonstrate your credibility as a writer and thinker by acknowledging other solutions or ideas (follow this link for more information about counterarguments: 1. From Harvard college) · The final paragraph of your essay is the conclusion. It should summarize what you discussed in the essay and restate your thesis statement (your main claim) in a little different way. Also, it is nice to frame your essay by referring to something that you mentioned in the introduction. · Please cite at least SEVEN sources that appeared in your annotated bibliography. At least two of these have to be scholarly (i.e. from the library databases). Do not cite opinion pieces in your research essay.
- 3. · Please type the essay in MLA format. Include a works cited page and cite the sources appropriately within the text. Don't forget to double space and use the hanging indent for the works cited page. · Remember: Academic essays should be written predominantly in third person objective viewpoint. That means you should not use the pronouns "we", "you", or "I" except very sparingly. For instance, if you use the story from your Inquiry Proposal for the introduction, you will use "I" to tell the story, and if you conclude by coming back to the story, you might use "I" in the conclusion; however, the majority of your essay should be written using third person objective, i.e. using the pronouns he, she, or it. If you need to refer to the reader, use the term, "the reader" or use the pronoun "one" rather than the pronoun "you". For more information on this topic, check out Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing. · Finally, be sure to proofread and edit carefully. Strategies for Writing As mentioned before, almost every piece of writing you do in college involves convincing someone of something, even if it is just convincing your professor that you know and understand something. For this piece of writing, practice using persuasive writing strategies. Below is an outline of the basic steps for creating an effective argument. 1. Begin by thinking about your audience. Ask yourself, Who are my readers? What is at stake for them? How can the information be presented so the readers will understand it and care about it? 2. Define the issue clearly. Remember: in order to effectively persuade a reader of anything, you must first help them understand the issue. What makes this issue important? Define the issue by discussing who is involved and how they will be affected. Even if you are writing about something that you think mainly concerns just you, explain why it is important to you and what is at stake. If the history of the issue affects your
- 4. argument, be sure to include that in your discussion as well. 3. State your main idea clearly. Write a clear thesis statement. Whether or not you include a thesis statement in the essay, you should know for yourself what your main idea is. In a sentence or two, you should be able to state what you are trying to prove to your readers. Tape the thesis statement on your computer or keep it near you as you are composing your essay. This will help you stay focused. 4. Develop a convincing argument. Use sound reasoning. Avoid logical fallacies. Be sure each main idea is stated clearly, explained, and fully developed. Use credible, convincing evidence and tell the reader where you obtained your evidence. Back up all the main ideas with examples, stories, quotes from authorities, facts, or statistics. Use emotional appeal sparingly. 5. Consider opposing viewpoints. If you are writing about something that is controversial or simply has more than one viewpoint, be sure to include alternate ideas in your essay. Remember that considering other ideas will help you strengthen your own understanding of the topic or issue. Try to create common ground with your readers even if they may disagree with your conclusions. 6. Use a reasonable tone. Always treat your readers with respect. Never be condescending or assume that they feel the same way you do. 7. Use your own voice. Although academic papers must follow certain guidelines and standards, that does not mean that you cannot be yourself in your essays. You can use I -- sparingly. You can include personal stories written in the first person if they apply to the topic. Your ideas and stories can give your paper life and help keep the reader interested. Don't use stuffy language. Use your own language. It is a myth that papers with big words get better grades. That is only true if the big words are used correctly and if they fit with the ideas. Many ideas are best expressed in everyday language rather than academic jargon. For instance, everyone has heard the phrase, "To be or not to be" even if they have never seen or read Hamlet. Each of
- 5. those words is three letters or less, and yet, that phrase packs a powerful punch. So be yourself in your writing. 8. Have fun. I know that sounds funny. Have fun writing a research paper??? Oh, right. But if you have chosen a topic you care about, hopefully, you will be excited to share what you have found out about it. It is much more interesting to read an essay in which the writer is enjoying the process of sharing information than to read something that is rigid and the only purpose is to get it done. So really, have fun. One way to do that is to give yourself plenty of time including time to write the essay, time to reflect on what you have written, and time to revise. In other words, don t procrastinate. The Research Paper: Putting it All Together Okay, you have seven annotated bibliographies that answer the questions you posted in your Research Proposal. Here is a summary of the steps for putting the paper together. STEP I: Determine your thesis statement and decide on an audience. Sit back and think about what you have learned by doing the research. What is the most important idea that you have obtained by completing the research? In one or two sentences, state the most important idea. This is the claim or thesis. Here's an example: The initial cost of setting up an organic garden is usually double that of setting up a traditional garden, but the money saved through better health more than pays for the initial start up cost. Who do you want to share this information with? What do you know about these people? What is important to them? What kinds of information will they value? Make a list of the top three priorities for your audience. STEP II: OUTLINE THE MAIN IDEAS AND FILL IN THE DETAILS. If you completed the annotations correctly, this information should come straight from the annotations.
- 6. Here s an example for the organic gardening idea. First paragraph: Intro: A story about the community garden in Dayton. Thesis statement. Paragraph 2: Background information on the come back of the organic garden, i.e. Michelle Obama. Paragraph 3-5 Subclaim #1: Initial costs of the organic garden vs. the traditional garden. The Richardson article. Paragraphs 5-7 Subclaim #2: Explain the problems with low cost seeds that cannot be retained for future seasons. Use the Smith article on seed gathering and Monsanto. Paragraph 7-10 Subclaim #3: The costs associated with the compost bin and the work factory. Advantages of composting. How the worms pay for themselves. Paragraph 10-14 Additional information related to the thesis: More than cost is at stake. Discuss the problem with landfills and how the organic garden reuses everything. Paragraph 14-16: The garden pays for itself and it promotes sustainable agriculture practices that will impact life on earth beyond today. Paragraphs 16-18: The counterarguments. The cost is too great. Organic gardening is about more than cost. Conclusion: Return to the story or idea from the first paragraph. This is called framing the essay. The story of the garden and restate thesis. REMEMBER: Everything in the paper needs to be related to the thesis statement.The number of paragraphs are just SUGGESTIONS. You may have more or less for your subclaims. REMEMBER: Every paragraph is like a mini-essay. Each paragraph has a main idea and then five to ten supporting sentences that develop the main idea. The support may be examples or evidence. STEP III: Take a look at what you have and determine whether or not you need to do any additional research. Also think about the rhetorical strategies that you will use. Have you made a
- 7. logical appeal? Have you made an ethical appeal? Have you made an emotional appeal? If you are missing any of the appeals, try to fill in the empty spaces. Complete any additional research. STEP IV: Write the first draft by writing your own ideas about the topic following the rough outline you created while working through the steps listed above. Then look at your annotations and use that information to support what you are saying or as jumping off places for discussion. If you have completed the annotations correctly, you can often cut and paste parts of the annotations into the paper; however, you must use transitional phrases between ideas and also analyze what you add and develop and share your own ideas. THIS IS A CONVERSATION. What you have to say will be added to the ideas of the information you discovered through research. Write the introduction and conclusion. Take a break. Drink some water. Have a chat with your friend. Reread what you have and decide if anything needs to be reorganized. Check the transitions between the paragraphs and between ideas in the paragraphs. STEP V: Add citations if you haven't already. Make sure all the quotes are sandwiched. Cut and paste the bibliographic headings into a works cited page. Only sources you cite in the paper are included on the works cited page. That's it for today. Now take another break and set the paper aside. Come back to it the next day and read for clarity. Ask someone else to read it and listen to the questions they have. This will give you an idea of what needs to be revised. Do they give you any additional counterarguments that need to be addressed? STEP VI: Edit and proofread carefully. STEP VII: Submit the paper to your group for peer feedback. STEP VIII: Revise based on peer feedback. STEP IX: Review the formatting guidelines: http://flashmedia.sinclair.edu/dl/dept/ENG/1201_M LA_Style_Formatting/index.htm Submit the rough draft in the
- 8. drop box if your instructor requires it (most do not) or contact your instructor for additional feedback. STEP X: Complete one last revision that includes adding a visual component, checking for logical fallacies, and a completing a good editing and proofreading session before you submit the paper for a final grade. *** IMPORTANT NOTE: Plagiarism from source materials or another student s work or submission of a purchased paper will result in a grade of 0 and course failure. Your paper may be checked with plagiarism detection software. Greta Zenner Petersen explains what exactly Nanotechnology is and why it's getting so much buzz. Defining Nanotechnology The term "nanotechnology" has been getting a lot of attention in the media in the past few years. News stories have heralded nanotechnology as the next scientific revolution--with promises of faster computers, cures for cancer and solutions to the energy crisis, to name a few. But what exactly is "nanotechnology"? And, can it fulfill all these promises? The formal definition of nanotechnology from the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is: The understanding and control of matter at dimensions between approximately 1 and 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Encompassing nanoscale science, engineering, and technology, nanotechnology involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at this small scale. Three Basic Concepts of Nanotechnology 1. Nanotechnology is very, very small. When something is on the nanoscale, it measures between 1 - 100 nanometers (nm) in at least one of its dimensions. When things are this small, they are much too small to see with our eyes, or even with a typical light microscope. Scientists have
- 9. had to develop special tools, like scanning probe microscopes to see materials that are on the nanometer size scale. Some materials have ALWAYS been on the nanoscale-like water molecules or silicon atoms. However, recently scientists have been able to use new tools and processes to synthesize and manipulate materials common at the macroscale to this size, like particles of TiO2 (titanium dioxide). 2. At the nanoscale, materials may behave in different and unexpected ways. At the nanoscale, many common materials exhibit unusual properties, such as remarkably lower resistance to electricity, lower melting points or faster chemical reactions. For example, at the macroscale, gold (Au) is shiny and yellow. However, when the gold particles are 25 nm in size, they appear red. The smaller particles interact differently with light, so the gold particles appear a different color. Depending on the size and shape of the particles, gold can appear red, yellow or blue. Gold Coin Nanoparticles of gold in solution Another example of nanoparticles appearing different than the corresponding macroscale material is found in sunscreens. Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) has been used in sun screens and sun blocks for a long time. It is one of the ingredients that make the creams appear white in color. Manufacturers are now using nanoparticles to create creams and gels that are clear-because nanoparticles of TiO2 appear transparent. Other properties can change when materials are on the nanoscale, too. For example, aluminum (Al) is the shiny pliable metal used to make soda cans. At the nanoscale, aluminum particles are extremely reactive and will explode. Nanoparticles are more reactive because they have more surface area than macroscale particles.
- 10. 3. Researchers want to harness these different and unexpected behaviors to make new technologies. By harnessing these new behaviors, researchers in many different disciplines hope to create many new things ranging from everyday products such as antimicrobial socks and lighter tennis rackets to state of the art solar cells, faster and smaller computers or medical treatments that selectively treat the disease. Many scientists and engineers think that the possibilities are endless. Is the iPod Nano an Example of Nanotechnolgy? Nanotechnology-enhanced products are already finding their way to the market. However, not every product labeled "nano" really utilizes nanotechnolgy. Some manufacturers are using the prefix "nano-"to communicate the relative small size of their specific products to potential buyers. In addition, they hope to capitalize the buzz and excitement that has surrounded nanotechnology. A quite common example is the iPod Nano: Ref: image taken from http://www.apple.com/ipodnano/ Again, this music player is not "nano-sized" but it is much smaller than the original iPod. However, it does utilize nanotechnology in the chips and circuitry that make it work--the same way your laptop does! There are some products out there that do use nanotechnology, even if it is not contained in the name! One of the most common instances is the use silver nanoparticles in consumer products. Silver is inherently anti-microbial and has been used to control bacteria since ancient times. By incorporating nanoscale silver into textiles, plastics, and household appliances, manufacturers can make materials that use a small amount of silver to kill bacteria without affecting other properties of the products. "Benny the Bear" plush toy Silver Seal computer
- 11. keyboard Sports Jersey from Sinotextiles Co,Ltd All images taken from http://www.nanotechproject.org/inventories/consumer/ However, there is concern that increased use of silver in this manner may pose an environmental risk or lead to the development of silver-antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies has created an inventory of consumer products that they believe actually utilize nanotechnology in some way. However, due to the proprietary nature of these products, a definitive decision on exactly how the product is utilizing nanotechnology can often not be made. Can Nanotechnology Live Up to the Hype? Nanotechnology has been dubbed "the next big thing". It is being heralded as the key to new cancer treatments, energy independence, improved electronics and bringing clean water to third world countries. With such a diverse range of possible applications, nanotechnology has the capacity to change the world we live in, in the same way that computers have changed society over the last 30 years. But to accomplish these feats, scientists and engineers that work on nanoscale materials still have to better understand how nanoscale materials behave and how to synthesize them reliably. Some applications are closer to market than others. For instance, researchers, like Prof. Naomi Halas and Jennifer West at Rice University have collaborated to develop a cancer treatment using gold nano shells. The treatment is still under development, but may find its way to clinical trials in the near future. Ray Kurzweil on Nanotechnology Inventor, entrepreneur, author, and futurist, Ray Kurzweil is one of the leading thinkers about contemporary and future
- 12. technology and its impact on society. In this reading, he argues that the pace of technological change is exponential rather than linear, as many people implicitly believe, and that the twenty-first century will witness a major technological revolution springing from the convergence of the sciences of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics ( GNR) and artificial intelligence. However, like all new technologies, GNR is a double- edged sword that holds great promise and great peril for human civilization. One worry, is that self-replicating nanobots will escape into the environment and cause severe and irreparable damage to the natural world. Although he takes such threats seriously, Kurzweil believes that the development and introduction of GNR is inevitable and that broad relinquishment of these technologies is not feasible, but that it is possible to develop ethical guidelines for fine-grained relinquishment of certain kinds of particularly dangerous GNR applications. While continuing to be optimistic about the promise of these technologies, he believes that it is possible for society to control them so as to enjoy their benefits while avoiding the dangers they pose. Our rapidly growing scientific and technological ability to manipulate matter and energy at ever smaller scales promises to transform virtually every sector of society, a phenomenon that presents man-ifest ethical responsibilities. There will be increasing overlap between nanotechnology and other technologies, such as biotechnology. Promise and Peril An Essay by Ray Kurzweil Science and technology have always been double-edged swords, bringing us longer and healthier life spans, freedom from physical and mental drudgery, and many new creative possibilities, while at the same time introducing new and salient dangers. We will need to adopt strategies to encourage the benefits while ameliorating the risks. Relinquishing broad areas
- 13. of technology, as some critics have proposed, is not feasible, and attempts to do so will only drive technology development underground, which will exacerbate the dangers. As technology accelerates toward the full realization of biotechnology, nanotechnology and strong AI ( artificial intelligence at or above human levels), we will see the same inter-twined potentials: a feast of creativity resulting from greater human intelligence combined with many new dangers. Nanobot technology requires billions or trillions of such intelligent devices to be useful. The most cost-effective way to scale up to such levels is through self-replication. A defect in the mechanism curtailing nanobot self-replication could be disastrous. There are steps available now to mitigate this risk, but we cannot have complete assurance in any strategy that we devise today. Other primary concerns include Who is controlling the nanobots? and Who are the nanobots talking to? Organizations or individuals could put undetectable nanobots in water or food supplies. These spies could monitor and even control thoughts and actions. Existing nanobots could be influenced through software viruses and other software hacking techniques. My own expectation is that the creative and constructive applications of this technology will dominate, as they do today. But we need to invest more heavily in developing specific defensive technologies. There are usually three stages in examining the impact of future technology: ...awe at its potential to overcome problems; then a sense of dread at a new set of dangers; followed by the realization that the only viable and responsible path is to set a careful course that can realize the promise while managing the peril. Bill Joy, cofounder of Sun Microsystems, has warned of the impending dangers from the emergence of self-replicating technologies in the fields of genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics, or GNR. His concerns include genetically altered designer pathogens, self-replicating entities created through nanotechnology, and robots whose intelligence will rival and
- 14. ultimately exceed our own. Who s to say we will be able to count on such robots to remain friendly to humans? Although I am often cast as the technology optimist who counters Joy s pessimism, I do share his concerns regarding self-replicating technologies. Many people have interpreted Joy s article as an advocacy of broad relinquishment, not of all technology, but of the dangerous ones like nanotechnology. Joy, who is now working as a venture capitalist with the legendary Silicon Valley firm of Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers; investing in technologies such as nanotechnology applied to renewable energy and other natural resources, says that broad relinquishment is a misinterpretation of his position and was never his intent. He has recently said that the emphasis should be to limit development of the technologies that are too dangerous, not on complete prohibition. He suggests, for example, a prohibition against self-replicating nanotechnology, which is similar to the guidelines advocated by the Foresight Institute. Others, such as Bill McKibben, the environmentalist who was one of the first to warn against global warming, have advocated relinquishment of broad areas such as biotechnology and nanotechnology, or even of all technology. However, relinquishing broad fields would be impossible to achieve without essentially relinquishing all technical development. There are real dangers associated with new self-replicating technologies. But technological advances, such as antibiotics and improved sanitation, have freed us from the prevalence of such plagues in the past. We may romanticize the past, but until fairly recently, most of humanity lived extremely fragile lives. Many people still live in this precarious way, which is one reason to continue technological progress and the economic enhancement that accompanies it. Should we tell the millions of people afflicted with devastating conditions that we are canceling the development of all bioengineered treatments because there is a risk that these same technologies may someday be used for malevolent purposes? Most people would agree that such broad based relinquishment is not the answer.
- 15. Your Research Essay will be graded using the following criteria. I. Use of source material (20 points total) A. Choice of sources (10 points) · quality of sources · current sources · balance of viewpoints · variety of types of sources B. Choosing appropriate content from sources (10 points) · adequate amount of research · including credentials to show expertise · smooth integration of quotes and sources into the paper · fair and accurate reporting of source contents · includes at least one visual component that supports the thesis (this will be included in your final draft -- more discussion of this in the next module) II. Writing (50 points total) A. Use of thesis (10 points) · placement at end of introduction · defines position on issue · reinforced or extended in conclusion. B. Introduction and Conclusion (10 points) · Introduction leads into thesis smoothly. · Introduction gets reader's attention effectively. · Conclusion reinforces thesis. · Conclusion does not introduce new subtopic. C.Contents (30 points) · all parts of thesis supported · all material relevant to thesis · use of appropriate transitions · good logical argument · audience-appropriate choices of language · key terms defined clearly · generalizations supported with research evidence
- 16. · logical arrangement of ideas · length (research paper needs to be at least six pages not counting the works cited page) III. Mechanics (10 points) · grammar and usage at college level · spelling correctly · MLA manuscript form followed · all instructions followed · MLA heading used · pages numbered · academic style used consistently · third person point of view, without first or second person pronouns (I, we, you, etc.) · no contractions · no slang or informal expressions III. Documentation (20 points total) A. Citations in text (10 points) · used where needed · correct MLA form B. Works Cited page (10 points) · correct MLA form · content matches the parenthetical citations · at least 7 sources used Running Head: ONLINE CASEBOOK ONLINE CASEBOOK 3 The following is an English casebook, which will outline the seven sources which will be used for writing the research paper. These sources, will form a solid basis, for answering the questions of what bullying is, how it found its place in schools, as well as its consequences – both positive and negative –
- 17. among the students. In addition, the casebook will address the issue of just how much of bullying is there in the schools, by looking at the statistics compiled that address the issue. Online Casebook 1. Associated Staff. “Causes and Effects of Bullying”. Stellar Bully Project. 4 February 2011: Web. 4 Nov. 2016. http://umshw.usd116.org/groups/stellarbullyproject/wiki/542c3/ Causes_and_Effects_of_Bullying.html Summary The piece was written by staff, and it appeared in a blog entitled the stellar bully project. The article is about the causes of bullying among the individuals that practice the act. Critical Analysis The purpose of the piece being written was to inform the audience of the long-term and the short-term causes of bullying. This will, therefore, help the parents and the guardians involved to be able to observe their children and not expose them to the things that might trigger them to become bullies. Evaluation of the article The information provided by the author of the blog is genuine and valid. The author has gone to the extent of providing a suicide note that was written by a child to her parents after getting tired of being bullied. The article, therefore, shows how much the causes of bullying could end up affecting kids and who in the long run lead to the death of their fellow children. Relevance of the Source The source is quite important as in my research finding the reason being children turning to treat other children of the same
- 18. age harshly and rudely is something that is quite remarkable. This will, therefore, help in my research as to look as to whether it is true that the causes that have been listed exist in all environments but only a few individuals. 2. Cornell, Dewey, et al. "Perceived prevalence of teasing and bullying predicts high school dropout rates." Journal of Educational Psychology 105.1 (2013): 138. Summary The authors of the article are Cornell, Dewey among many others and the article appeared in the Journal of educational psychology on February 2013. The content of the article is based on how bullying leads to children dropping out of schools. Critical Analysis The goal of the article is to inform the readers the consequences of harbouring the behaviour of bullying in schools as it leads to children dropping out of school. The authors collected information from various schools, and thus this helped them come to the conclusion that bullying contributes to children dropping out of school. Evaluation of the article The authors present information that is valid as it has been taken from various schools in the state of Virginia. Its appearance in the journal of psychology shows that the information provided is true and not a lie. Relevance of the Source The data in the article helps me to identify with one of the consequences of bullying which is causing children to drop out
- 19. of school. 3. The Impact of Bullying”. Victoria State Government Education and Training. 28 November 2013: Web. 4 Nov. 2016. http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/programs/bullystoppers/ Pages/impact.aspx Summary The article was written by the Victorians, and it appeared on the website of the Victoria state government. The piece is based on looking into the impact that the bullying behaviour has on some people. Various people from different occupations are displayed in the article and how they were affected by the issue of bullying. The article mainly targets the individuals in schools and the bystanders as bullying tends to be prevalent in schools mostly. Critical Analysis The purpose of writing the piece is to let the public know how different people get affected by bullying. This being a diverse world people tend to react differently to different situations, and thus different people will be impacted adversely by bullying, and this is what the article is about. The targeted audience of the article are mainly the teachers in school as by being alerted concerning this issue they will ensure that the issue of bullying diminishes in school. Evaluation of the article The information having appeared on the website of the state government is genuine. The state cannot risk lying to the readers about this critical issue and thus the information presented on the web is accurate, and it has been submitted after being analysed thoroughly to avoid lies landing into the eyes and ears of the concerned parties.
- 20. Relevance of the Source The information provided by the article is valuable in my research paper on bullying. When handling such a topic, it is important that the impact that the issue has on individuals be discussed and thus the information provided by the article will help me in answering this. 4. Kaplan Karen. Victims of bullying live with the consequences for decades, study says. Los Angeles Times. April 18, 2014. Web. 4 Nov 2016. http://articles.latimes.com/2014/apr/18/science/la-sci-sn- bullying-victims-middle-age-20140418 Summary The article was written by Kaplan Karen, and it appeared in the Los Angeles times on April 18, 2014. The piece is based on bullying and the effects that it holds on the children that have experienced it. The article talks about how bullying has now been ranked as a form of child abuse. The author of the article says that "bullying has ended up affecting the children and this leads them to acquire psychological disorders when they grow up." Critical Analysis The article was written to inform the public of the consequences of bullying in the lives of the small children. The article informs the public about the research that has been carried out on victims that have undergone, and this is meant to convince the readers of the article to stop the issue of bullying in among
- 21. the small children. Evaluation of the article The author of the article is Kaplan, and the information that he has provided in the article concerning bullying is genuine. The author has gathered some various data from different sources and has used it to bring it to the attention of the readers how broad bullying goes to the affected individuals. The compilation of the data and even the presentation of the article in the newspaper that is read by many and which is supposed to pass on information that is valid shows that the information provided by the author is genuine. Relevance of the Source The information provided by the author is important as it provided the statistics concerning the effects of bullying both in the state and in the world. This information is relevant for my research as it is important that the impact of bullying be let known to the public so that it can be stopped and thus the figures presented in the article will prove helpful for my research paper. 5. Kwan, Grace Chi En, and Marko M. Skoric. "Facebook bullying: An extension of battles in school." Computers in Human Behavior 29.1 (2013): 16-25 Summary The article was written by three people that are Kwan, Grace and Mark and it appeared in the Trinity College forum website on November 4, 2013. The main idea in the piece is based on the type of bullying that has been identified that id Facebook
- 22. bullying. The authors realising the advance in technology wanted to know whether the bullying that exists in schools also manifests itself in the social media such as Facebook. Critical Analysis The purpose of the piece was to inform the audience of the Facebook type of bullying. The article brings to the attention of the public that truly the bullying that exists is schools does exist in the social media. The targeted individuals are the young people who engage themselves in different activities in the social media, and this is to warn them against getting involved with bullies in the social media. Evaluation of the article The article is concerned with a survey that was carried out on some young people making use of the social site Facebook. The information provided is valid as there is no way the authors could have assumed such data and come up with a statistics concerning bullies on Facebook. The research is area specific, and this thus shows the ingenuity of the provided information by the authors. Relevance of the Source The content of the article is quite helpful in my research paper as the information has brought to light a type of bullying. This will, therefore, help educate many that bullying does not occur in schools only but also in the social media. 6. Valdebenito, Sara, Maria Ttofi, and Manuel Eisner. "Prevalence rates of drug use among school bullies and victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies." Aggression and Violent Behavior 23 (2015): 137-146. Summary
- 23. The article was written byValdebenito, Sara, Maria and Manuel and it appeared in the University of Cambridge online library. The author emphasises that bullying is one behaviour that is prevalent in many schools. The behaviours have been related to other ways that are aggressive among students, and thus the article presents the relationship between the use of drugs and the extent of bullying. Critical Analysis The goal of the article is to let the public be informed of the consequences of substance abuse and how it leads to the issue of bullying among the students. The report presents data from various observations that were made concerning students who were drugs addicts and it was determined that substance abuse often leads to bullying in school. Evaluation of the article The report provides a meta-analysis information of data compiled from various researchers that correlate drug abuse to bullying. The information was obtained from various journals and manuscripts, and this shows the validity of the presented information. Relevance of the Source The information found in the paper is critical for my research as it is important for me as a researcher to let individuals know of the other types of behaviours that may be linked to bullying. 7. Polanin, Joshua R., Dorothy L. Espelage, and Therese D. Pigott. "A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs' effects on bystander intervention behavior." School Psychology Review 41.1 (2012): 47. Summary
- 24. The article was written by Polanin, Joshua, Dorothy, and Therese and it appeared in the journal of psychology. Bullying is one of the behaviours that needs to be eradicated and tis can be done by the use of bullying prevention programs and the use of bystander effects, the focus of the article is on the comparison of the two programs. Critical Analysis The goal of the article is to let the public be informed of the consequences of the effect of bystanders program in the elimination of bullying in schools. The targeted audience are mostly the teachers and the parents as this will help them in getting rid of the issue of bullying and its consequence. Evaluation of the article Information in the article is relevant as it provides data that has been gathered from different areas concerning the effect of the bystander effect. The data is valid having been presented in the journal of psychology and the journal being read by many people cannot risk presenting the wrong data to the audience. Relevance of the Source Data contained in the article is important as it will help me in evaluating other reasons why the bystander effects seem effectual that the bullying prevention program in the eradication of bullying in schools. References Associated Staff. “Causes and Effects of Bullying”. Stellar Bully Project. 4 February 2011: Web. 4 Nov. 2016. http://umshw.usd116.org/groups/stellarbullyproject/wiki/542c3/ Causes_and_Effects_of_Bullying.html. Cornell, Dewey, et al. "Perceived prevalence of teasing and bullying predicts high school dropout rates." Journal of Educational Psychology 105.1 (2013): 138.
- 25. Kaplan Karen. Victims of bullying live with the consequences for decades, study says. Los Angeles Times. April 18 2014. Web. 4 Nov 2016. http://articles.latimes.com/2014/apr/18/science/la-sci-sn- bullying-victims-middle-age-20140418. Kwan, Grace Chi En, and Marko M. Skoric. "Facebook bullying: An extension of battles in school." Computers in Human Behavior 29.1 (2013): 16-25. Stuart, Jeffrey. Personal Interview. 4/11/2016. “The Impact of Bullying”. Victoria State Government Education and Training. 28 November 2013: Web. 4 Nov. 2016. http://www.education.vic.gov.au/about/programs/bullystoppers/ Pages/impact.aspx. Valdebenito, Sara, Maria Ttofi, and Manuel Eisner. "Prevalence rates of drug use among school bullies and victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies." Aggression and Violent Behavior 23 (2015): 137-146.