WritingAScientificPaper.ppt
- 1. Writing a Scientific Paper: Basics of Content and Organization Barbara Gastel, MD, MPH Texas A&M University bgastel@cvm.tamu.edu
- 2. Main Source How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 6th edition, by Robert A. Day and Barbara Gastel (Greenwood Press/Cambridge University Press, 2006)
- 3. Overview • Definition of a scientific paper • The IMRAD format • Front matter: title, author(s), abstract • Core of the paper: introduction, methods, results, discussion • Tables and figures • End matter: acknowledgments, references • A suggestion • Sources of further guidance
- 4. Definition of a Scientific Paper (Council of Biology Editors, as adapted by Day) • The first publication of original research results • In a form whereby peers of the author can repeat the experiments and test the conclusions • In a journal or other source document readily available in the scientific community
- 5. Some Types of Journal Content Other Than Scientific Papers • Review articles (summarize the literature on a topic) • Case reports • Editorials • Book reviews • Essays • Letters to the editor
- 6. Comment Writing a scientific paper: largely a matter of organization
- 7. The IMRAD Format for Scientific Papers • Introduction: What was the question? • Methods: How did you try to answer it? • Results What did you find? • Discussion What does it mean? • A format used in some journals: IRDaM • People read sections in various orders.
- 8. The Front Matter • Title • Authors • Abstract
- 9. Title • The fewest possible words that adequately indicate the contents of the paper • Important in literature searching • Should not include extra words, such as “a study of” • Should be specific enough but not overly narrow
- 10. Authors • Those with important intellectual contributions to the work • Often listed largely from greatest contributions to least • Head of research group often is listed last • Important to list one’s name the same way from paper to paper
- 11. Abstract • Summarizes the paper • Widely read and therefore important • Commonly organized in IMRAD format (may be structured abstract, with headings corresponding to the various sections) • Content must be consistent with that in the paper • Normally should not include figures, tables, references
- 12. The Core of the Paper • Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion
- 13. Introduction • Provides background needed to understand the paper and appreciate its importance • Identifies the question the research addressed • In general, should be fairly short • Typically should be funnel-shaped, moving from general to specific.
- 14. Methods • Purposes: to allow others to replicate and to evaluate what you did • Should describe the study design • Should identify (if applicable) – Equipment, organisms, reagents, etc used (and sources thereof) – Approval of human or animal research by an appropriate committee – Statistical methods
- 15. Methods (cont) • May include tables and figures • An issue: level of detail in which to describe – Well-known methods – Methods previously described but not well known – Methods that you yourself devised • Helpful to use papers published in the same journal as models
- 16. Results • The core of the paper • Often includes tables, figures, or both • An issue: how much the information in the text should overlap with that in the tables and figures • Should present results but not comment on them
- 17. Discussion • Often should begin with a brief summary of the main findings • Should answer the question stated in the introduction • Some other items commonly addressed: – Limitations of the study – Relationship to findings of other research – Other research needed
- 18. Discussion (cont) • Typically should move from specific to general (opposite of introduction)
- 19. Tables: A Few Suggestions • Use tables only if text will not suffice. • Design tables to be understandable without the text. • If a paper includes a series of tables, use the same format for each. • Be sure to follow the instructions to authors.
- 20. Figures: A Few Suggestions • Use figures (graphs, diagrams, maps, photographs, etc) only if they will help convey your information. • Avoid including too much information in one figure. • Make sure any lettering will be large enough once published. • Follow the journal’s instructions.
- 21. End Matter • Acknowledgments • References
- 22. Acknowledgments • A place to thank people who helped with the work but did not make contributions deserving authorship • Permission should be obtained from people you wish to list • Sometimes the place where sources of financial support are stated
- 23. References • Functions: – To give credit – To add credibility – To help readers find further information • Importance of accuracy • Existence of various reference formats • Availability of citation management software (examples: EndNote, Reference Manager)
- 24. A Suggestion Start by drafting whatever part of the paper you find easiest to prepare. (Many people find it easiest to start with the methods section.)
- 25. Sources of Further Guidance • How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, 6th edition, by Robert A. Day and Barbara Gastel (Greenwood Press, 2006) • Fundamentals of Writing Biomedical Research Papers, 2nd edition, by Mimi Zeiger (McGraw- Hill, 2000) • Preparing Scientific Illustrations: A Guide to Better Posters, Presentations, and Publications, 2nd edition, by Mary Helen Briscoe (Springer, 1996)