XII INVESTIGATORY PHYSICS PROJECT

1
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
ON
PHYSICS
A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
Physics Practical Examination of
CLASS – XII
RITU KUMARI MAHATO
ROLL NO: - 04
Kendriya Vidyalaya Tinsukia
Assam -786125

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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project
“To investigate the relation
ratio of Input and output voltage
Transformer”
Kumari Mahato (Roll No:
year 2015-16
physics practical e
by AISSCE, New
Date:
PLACE : Tin
CERTIFICATE
is is to certify that the project
To investigate the relation between the
Input and output voltage
” is being submitted by
Kumari Mahato (Roll No: - 04) during the
in partial Fulfillment
physics practical examination conducted
by AISSCE, New Delhi.
nsukia
Signature of physics teacher
entitled
between the
Input and output voltage of the
is being submitted by Ritu
during the
ulfillment of
xamination conducted
Signature of physics teacher

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude to my
physics teacher, Sushil Kumar verma, Kendriya Vidyalaya,
Tinsukia, for his constant guidance and insightful comments during the
project work. I shall always cherish my association with them for their
constant encouragement and freedom to thought and action that
rendered to me throughouttheprojectwork.
I would like to thank all the teachers and principal of atKendriya
Vidyalaya,Tinsukia, formaintaining acongenialenvironment.
I am also thankful to all my friends for their constant help and
encouragementformysuccessfulcompletionofprojectwork.
(RITU KUMARI MAHATO)

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1. Title ………………………………………………….. 1
2. CERTIFICATE ……………………………………. 2
3. ACKNOWLDGEMENT …………………………. 3
4. CONTENTS …………………………………….. 4
5. OBJECTIVES ……………………………………. 5
6. INTRODUCTION ……………………………….. 5-6
7. THEORY …………………………………….. …..7-13
8. APPARATUS REQUIRED …………………. 14-15
9. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED ……………16
10. Applications………………………… 17
11.PRECAUTION ……………………… 18
12. REFRENCES ……………………19…
CONTENTS

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OBJECTIVES…
To investigate the relation between the
ratio of:–
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and
primary coil of
a self made transformer.
The transformer is a device used for converting a low
alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-
versa.
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction
according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux

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linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for
changing the A.C. voltages. A transformer is most widely used
device in both low and high current circuit.
As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few
tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may
weight hundred of tones.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages
is called a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both
for high and low current circuits.

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Fig: - 2
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2,
an alternating current starts falling in it. The altering
current in the primary produces a changing magnetic flux,
which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in
the secondary. In a good transformer, whole of the magnetic
flux linked with primary is also linked with the secondary,
and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the
primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f induced in the primary and the secondary and Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
ɸ
= rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant.
And then
Ep = -N p
ɸ
……………………………….. (1)
Es = -N s
ɸ
……………………………….. (2)

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Where, N p = No. of turns of the primary coil.
N s = No. of turns of the secondary coil.
Ep = e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil.
Es = e.m.f.’s induced in the secondary coil
From the above relations are true at every instant, so by
dividing 2 by 1, we get;
Es / Ep = - N s / N p …………………………………… (3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the
primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil
is due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of
the applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o,
p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by :
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = I p Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp I p can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

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Hence equation (3) can be written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.
IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER …
Es < E so K < 1, hence N s < N p
If I p = value of primary current at the same instant
And I s = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep I p and
Output power at the same instant = Es I s
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power Or Ep I p = Es I s Or

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Es / Ep = I p / I s = K
IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER…
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so I p > I s or I s < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is
higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the
same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same

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ratio. Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the
current & a step down transformer steps up the current.
EFFICIENCY …
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output
power to the input power .i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es I s / Ep I p
Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses,
η = 1.
But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore
the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

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ENERGY LOSSES …
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a
transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the
copper coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron
core of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy
currents in iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux - occurs in spite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each
turn of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteresis loss- is the loss of energy due to repeated
magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when
A.C. is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation- i.e. humming noise of a transformer.

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PROCEDURE …
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and
wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper
(say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper
wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure
voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of
step up transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by
changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

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USES OF TRANSFORMER...
A transformer issued in almost all a.c.
operations-
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer,
air conditioner, etc.
 A step down transformer is used for welding
purposes.
 A step down transformer is used for obtaining large
current.
 A step up transformer is used for the production of
X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and
stabilized power supplies.
 Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c.
over long distances.
 Small transformers are used in Radio sets,
telephones, loud speakers and electric bells etc.

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SOURCES OF ERROR…
1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
CONCLUSION …
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.
PRECAUTIONS…
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant.

XII INVESTIGATORY PHYSICS PROJECT

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