Lace Bugs Integrated Pest Management
1 like1,005 views
Lace bugs feed on the underside of leaves from over a dozen plant species, causing pale stippling and leaf drop. They have three life stages - egg, nymph, and adult - and overwinter as eggs or adults. While the damage is mostly aesthetic, high populations can stress plants. Management options include tolerating minor damage, washing bugs from plants, conserving natural enemies, and applying contact or systemic pesticides as a last resort.
Lace Bugs Integrated Pest Management
- 1. Lace Bugs Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Over a dozen species of lace bugs (fam-ily Tingidae) occur in California. Each feed on one or a few closely related plant species. Hosts include alder, ash, avocado, coyote brush, birch, ceanothus, photinia, poplar, sycamore, toyon, and willow. IDENTIFICATION Adult lace bugs are about 1/8 inch (3 mm) long with an elaborately sculp-tured dorsal (upper) surface (Figure 1). The expanded surfaces of their thorax and forewings have numerous, semi-transparent cells that give the body a lacelike appearance, hence the name “lace bugs.” The wingless nymphs are smaller, oval, and usually dark colored with spines (Figure 2). Adults and nymphs occur together in groups on the underside of leaves. Native species named after their host plants include the California Christ-mas berry tingid (Corythucha incur-vata), ceanothus tingid (Corythucha obliqua), and western sycamore lace bug (Corythucha confraterna). The introduced avocado lace bug (Pseudacysta perseae) is a pest of avocado (Persea americana) and camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora). LIFE CYCLE Lace bugs develop through three life stages: egg, nymph, and adult (Figure 3) and have several generations a year. Females insert tiny, oblong eggs in leaf tissue and cover them with dark excrement (Figure 4). Nymphs (im-matures) develop through about five, increasingly larger, instars (growth stages) over a period of weeks before maturing into adults. Lace bugs can overwinter as eggs in leaves on ever-green hosts and as adults in protected locations, such as under bark plates and fallen leaves and other debris beneath host plants. All life stages can be pres-ent throughout the year on evergreen hosts in areas with mild winters. DAMAGE Lace bug adults and nymphs feed on the underside of leaves by sucking fluids from plants’ photosynthetic tissues. This causes pale stippling and bleaching that can become very obvi-ous on the upper leaf surface by mid to late summer (Figure 5). Adults and nymphs also foul leaves with specks of dark, varnishlike excrement; and this excrement sometimes drips onto pavement and other surfaces beneath infested plants. Certain other true bugs and thrips also produce leaf stippling and dark excrement. Mites also stipple leaves. Mite infestations usually can be distinguished by the absence of dark excrement and sometimes by the presence of mite cast skins and fine silken webbing. Examine the lower leaf surface, using a magnifying lens if necessary, to identify what type of pest is causing the damage. Lace bug feeding is not a serious threat to plant health or survival. Pro-longed high populations of lace bugs may cause premature drop of some leaves and a modest reduction in plant growth rate. On avocado premature leaf drop may lead to sunburn of some fruit and a subsequent reduction in fruit yield. MANAGEMENT Tolerate lace bug damage where pos-sible. The injury is mostly aesthetic (cosmetic) and does not seriously harm plants. Provide proper cultural care so plants are vigorous. Conserve preda-tors and parasites and apply cultural controls as discussed below to help Figure 1. Adults and nymph of a lace bug, the Christmas berry tingid. Figure 2. A lace bug nymph, the Christmas berry tingid. Figure 3. Life cycle and stages of avocado lace bug. suppress populations of at least some species of lace bugs. No treatment will restore stippled foliage, which remains until pruned PEST NOTES Publication 7428 Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program March 2014
- 2. March 2014 Lace Bugs ◆ 2 of 3 ◆ off or replaced by new growth. If in-tolerable damage has occurred, during subsequent years inspect plants about once a week beginning in late winter. Take action when lace bug nymphs become abundant and before damage becomes extensive. A forceful stream of water directed at the underside of leaves beginning early in the season, when nymphs are the predominant life stage, and repeated at intervals can help to suppress, where feasible, lace bug populations on small shrubs. Vari-ous insecticides are available for use on landscape plants, but these products can adversely affect beneficial inverte-brates and the environment. Cultural Control Grow plants that are well adapted to conditions at the site. Consider replac-ing plants that perform poorly or re-peatedly experience unacceptable pest damage. Certain plant species growing in hot, sunny locations are more likely to be damaged by lace bugs. For ex-ample, azalea and toyon grown under partial shade experience less damage by lace bugs than when they are grown in locations more exposed to direct sunlight and higher temperatures. Pro-vide adequate irrigation and otherwise provide plants with appropriate care. On toyon and possibly other shrubs, lace bug survival during winter and subsequent damage in spring may be reduced by keeping soil beneath host plants bare during December through February, by shallowly cultivating the soil surface several times during this period, or using both practices. For example, during late fall rake away and compost leaves beneath lace bug host plants. If organic mulch is reapplied in spring, avoid using leaves from the same plant genus as mulch near that plant because it may harbor adult lace bugs. Biological Control Natural enemies of lace bugs include parasitic wasps, predatory assassin bugs, lacewing larvae (Figure 6), lady beetles, jumping spiders, pirate bugs, and mites. These beneficial species may not appear in sufficient numbers until after lace bugs become abundant, but their preservation is an essential part of a long-term, integrated pest man-agement program. To increase natural enemy abundance and reduce lace bug damage, grow a variety of flowering plant species and provide partial shade to shrub species that are not adapted to grow in full sun. If applying pesticides, choose nonpersistent, contact insecti-cides to minimize the adverse effects on beneficial predators and parasites. Chemical Control Insecticides will not restore an undam-aged appearance, but can reduce or prevent further damage. Apply insec-ticide only when pests are present or expected to become too abundant. In-secticides can have unintended effects, such as contaminating water, poison-ing natural enemies and pollinators, and causing secondary pest outbreaks. Completely read and follow the prod-uct label instructions for the safe and effective use of that insecticide. Nonresidual, Contact Insecticides. When properly applied, almost any contact insecticide will control lace bugs. Contact insecticides that do not leave persistent, toxic residues include azadirachtin (Safer BioNeem), insec-ticidal soap (Safer), narrow-range oil (Monterey Horticultural Oil, Volck), neem oil (Green Light, Garden Safe), and pyrethrin products, which are often combined with the synergist piperonyl butoxide (Ace Flower & Veg-etable Insect Spray, Garden Tech Worry Free Brand Concentrate). These insecticides have low toxicity to people and pets and relatively little adverse impact on the populations of pollinators and natural enemies and the benefits they provide. To obtain adequate control, thoroughly wet the underside of infested leaves with spray beginning in spring when lace bug nymphs become abundant. To provide adequate control, application may need to be repeated. Systemic Insecticides. Systemic insec-ticides are absorbed by one plant part (e.g., trunks or roots) and moved (trans-located) to leaves or other plant parts. Figure 4. Excrement-covered lace bug eggs laid partly in leaf. Figure 5. Bleached, stippled foliage caused by lace bug feeding. Figure 6. Green lacewing larva eating a lace bug nymph. In comparison with systemics that are sprayed onto foliage, products labeled for soil drench or injection or for trunk injection or spraying minimize envi-ronmental contamination and may be more effective. Trunk application of systemic insecticides can provide rela-tively rapid control. There is a longer time delay between soil application and insecticide action. Some uses re-quire hiring a professional pesticide applicator. Certain home-use products can easily be drenched into soil around the tree trunk using the mix-and-pour method. Systemic insecticides available for use against lace bugs include the neo-nicotinoids dinotefuran (Safari) and imidacloprid (Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control, Merit) and the organophosphate acephate (Lilly
- 3. March 2014 Lace Bugs AUTHORS: S. H. Dreistadt, UC Statewide IPM Program, Davis. Revised from a previous edition by E. J. Perry, UCCE (retired), Stanislaus Co. TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint EDITOR: K. Beverlin ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1–2 and 4–6: J. K. Clark; Fig. 3: adult, G. F. Moznette 1922. US Dept. Agric. Farmers’ Bull. 1261; nymph: O. Heidemann 1908. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Washington. 10:103–109. This and other Pest Notes are available at www.ipm.ucanr.edu. For more information, contact the University of California Cooperative Extension office in your county. See your telephone directory for addresses and phone numbers, or visit http://ucanr.org/ce.cfm. University of California scientists and other qualified professionals have anonymously peer reviewed this publication for technical accuracy. The ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management managed this process. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original, labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Pesticides applied in your home and landscape can move and contaminate creeks, rivers, and oceans. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash or pour pesticides down the sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label, or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. ANR NONDISCRIMINATION AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION POLICY STATEMENT It is the policy of the University of California (UC) and the UC Division of Agriculture & Natural Resources not to engage in discrimination against or harassment of any person in any of its programs or activities (Complete nondiscrimination policy statement can be found at http://ucanr.edu/ sites/anrstaff/files/183099.pdf). Inquiries regarding ANR’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to Linda Marie Manton, Affirmative Action Contact, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2801 Second Street, Davis, CA 95618, (530) 750-1318. ◆ 3 of 3 ◆ Produced by UC Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program University of California, Davis, CA 95618-7774 Miller Ready-to-Use Systemic, Orthene). When properly applied, one application may provide season long control. Some systemic insecticides can cause spider mite outbreaks and are toxic to beneficial insects that are directly sprayed or come into contact with treated leaves. Systemics can trans-locate into flowers and have adverse effects on natural enemies and pol-linators that feed on nectar and pollen. Do not apply systemic insecticides to plants during flowering or shortly before flowering; wait until after plants have completed their seasonal flower-ing unless the product’s label direc-tions say otherwise. With soil applica-tion, when possible, wait until nearby plants also have completed flowering, as their roots may take up some of the soil-applied insecticide. If applying systemic insecticide, use soil application or a trunk spray when-ever possible. With trunk injection and implantation, it is difficult to repeatedly place insecticide at the proper depth. These methods also injure woody plants and can spread plant patho-gens on contaminated tools. When injecting or implanting into multiple plants, scrub any plant sap from tools or equipment that penetrate bark and disinfect tools with a registered disin-fectant (e.g., bleach) before moving to work on each new plant. At least 1 to 2 minutes of disinfectant contact time between contaminated uses is gener-ally required. Consider rotating work among several tools, using a freshly disinfected tool while the most recently used tools are being soaked in disin-fectant. Avoid methods that cause large wounds, such as implants placed in holes drilled in trunks. Do not implant or inject into roots or trunks more than once a year. Residual, Foliar Sprays. Foliar sprays of broad-spectrum insecticides with residues that can persist for weeks are not recommended for lace bug control. Pesticides to avoid include carbamates (carbaryl or Sevin), nonsystemic or-ganophosphates (malathion), and pyre-throids (bifenthrin, fluvalinate, perme-thrin). These are highly toxic to natural enemies and pollinators and can cause outbreaks of spider mites or other pests. Because their use in landscapes and gardens can run or wash off into storm drains and contaminate munici-pal wastewater, these insecticides are being found in surface water and are adversely affecting nontarget, aquatic organisms. REFERENCES Dreistadt, S. H., J. K. Clark, and M. L. Flint. 2004. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. 2nd. ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3359. Pemberton, C. 1911. The California Christmas-berry Tingis. J. Econ. Ento-mol. 4(3):339–346.