YARN: a resource manager for analytic platform

Copyright©2016 NTT corp. All Rights Reserved.
YARN: A Resource
Manager for Analytic
Platform
Tsuyoshi Ozawa
ozawa.tsuyoshi@lab.ntt.co.jp
ozawa@apache.org

2Copyright©2016 NTT corp. All Rights Reserved.
• Tsuyoshi Ozawa
• Research Engineer @ NTT
• Twitter: @oza_x86_64
• Over 150 reviews in 2015
• Apache Hadoop Committer and PMC
• Introduction to Hadoop 2nd Edition(Japanese)” Chapter
22(YARN)
• Online article: gihyo.jp “Why and How does Hadoop
work?”
About me

• 3 features of YARN
• Behaviors of DAG processing engine on YARN
• Case study1: Tez on YARN
• Case study2: Spark on YARN
• How do they work and best practice
Agenda

• A resource manager for Apache Hadoop
• Being able to share resources not only across MapReduce
job, but also across the other processing framework
• 3 kind of features
1. Managing resources in cluster
2. Managing history logs of application
3. Mechanism for users to know locations running on
YARN
YARN

YARN features
1. Resource
Management

• Taking different data analytics platform based on
workloads
• Google uses Tenzing/MapReduce for batch/ETL processing,
BigQuery for try and error,
TensorFlow for machine learning
• There are 2 ways to do so:
1. Separating each clusters
• Pros: easy to separate workload and resource
• Cons: difficult to copy big data between clusters
2. Living together in the same cluster
• Pros: no need to copy big data between clusters
• Cons: difficult to separate resources
Why manages resources with YARN?

• Hadoop attaches weight to scalability
since Hadoop is for processing big data!
• Hence, YARN attaches weight to scalability!
• Different frameworks living together in the same
cluster without moving data
• Launching masters of processing framework per job
• At Hadoop MapReduce v1, master of MR get overload and
reaches limit of scalability in large scale processing
Design policy of YARN

• Master-Worker architecture
• Master manages resources in cluster
(ResourceManager)
• Worker manages containers per machine
(NodeManager)
Architecture of YARN
ResourceManager
Worker
NodeManager
Container Container Container
Worker
NodeManager
Worker
NodeManager
Master Worker Worker MasterWorker WorkerMaster Worker Worker
Client
1. Submitting job
2. Allocating
a container for master,
launching master
3. Master requests containers to RM
and launching worker on the container

• Issue
• Allocated containers are not monitored: it’s allocated, but
it has a possibility not to utilize them
• Suggestion by YARN community
YARN-1011(Karthik, Cloudera)
• Monitoring all allocated containers and launching(over
committing) tasks if it’s not used
• Effect
• NodeManager can utilize more resources per node
Issue of resource management in YARN

YARN features
2. Managing
history logs

• Application information
which is running or completed
• It’s useful to tune performance and debug!
• Types of history log
1. Common information which all YARN applications have
• Allocated containers, name of used queues
2. Application specific information
• E.g. MapReduce case:
Mapper/Reducer’s counter/amount of shuffle etc.
• Server for preserving and displaying history
logs → Timeline Server
What is history log?

• YARN applications only show generic log
with “YARN’s common information”
• Screenshot of Timeline Server
What can Timeline Server do?

• Rich performance analysis With YARN
application specific information
• examples: Tez-UI
What can Timeline Server do?
http://hortonworks.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/tez_2.png

Example of Tez-UI
• We can check job statistics in detail
From: http://hortonworks.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/06/Tez-UI-
1024x685.png

• Scalability to number of applications
• Easy to access history logs
• Users retrieve data via RESTful API
Design phylosophy of Timeline Server

• 3 versions: V1, V1.5, V2
• V1 design
• Pluggable backend storage
• LevelDB is default backend storage
• Timeline Server includes Writer and Reader
• Limited scalability
• V2 design for scalability
• Distributed Writer and Reader
• Scalable KVS as Backend storage
• Focusing on HBase
• Changing API drastically
• Being enable to profiling across multiple jobs
• (New!)V1.5 design
• HDFS backend storage with V2 API
• Reader/Writer separation like V2
• Please note the incompatibility between V1 and V1.5
Current status of Timeline Server

• Do you need other backends for Timeline
Server?
• Alternatives
• Time-series DB
• Apache Kudu
• RDBMS
• PostgreSQL or MySQL
Question from me

YARN feature
3. Service
Registry

• A service to know the location(IP, port) of YARN
application
• For running long-running jobs like HBase on YARN, Hbase
on YARN, LLAP(Hive on Tez), MixServer in Hivemall
• Why do we need service registry?
• To notify clients destination of write operation
What is Service Registry?
NodeManager
Service
AM
Service
Container
client ZK Resource
Manager
1. Request to register
port and address
2. Preserving3. Get info
4. Connect

Behavior of
applications
on YARN

• New processing frameworks include a high-
level DSL than MapReduce
• Apache Tez: HiveQL/Pig/Cascading
• Apache Spark: RDD/SQL/DataFrame/DataSets
• Apache Flink: Table/DataSets/DataStream
• Features
• More generic Directed Acyclic Graph = DAG, instead of
MapReduce, describes jobs
• One kind of compilation DSL to DAG with Spark, Hive on Tez,
Flink
MR-inspired distributed and parallel
processing framework on YARN

• DAG can express complex job, like Map – Map –
Reduce, as single job
• Why it is bad to increase number of jobs?
• Before finishing Shuffle, Reduce cannot be started
• Before finishing Reduce, next job cannot be started
→ Decreasing parallelism
Why use DAG?
Figure from: https://tez.apache.org/
Hive on MR Hive on Tez/Spark

• The first feature is job description with DAG
• The second one depends on processing framework
• Apache Tez
• DAG + Disk-IO optimization + Low-latency query support
• Hive/Pig/Spark/Flink can run on Tez
• Apache Spark
• DAG + Low-latency in-memory processing calculation
+ Functional programming-style interface
• Apache Flink
• DAG + Shuffle optimization
+ Streaming/Batch processing transparent interface
• Like, Apache Beam
Features of Modern processing frameworks

• Large-scale batch processing
• Yes, MapReduce can handle it well
• Sometimes MapReduce is still best choice for the stability
• Short query for data analytics
• Trial and error to check the mood of data with changing
queries
• Google Dremel can handle it well
• After evolving interface of MR(SQL), users need
improvement of latency, not throughput
• Currently, we take on different processing framework
• However, it’s a just workaround
• YARN think the former is 1st citizen at first.
• How can we run the latter on YARN effectively?
Workloads modern processing frameworks
can handle

• Overhead of job launching
• Because YARN needs 2 step to launch jobs:
master and workers
• Taking time to warm up
• Because YARN terminates containers after the job exits
• Tez/Spark/Flink runs on server-side JVM,
so these problems are remarkable
→ In this talk, I’ll talk about how Tez and Spark
manages resources on YARN!
Problem for running low-latency query on
YARN

• MapReduce-inspired DAG processing framework
for large-scale data effectively under
DSL(Pig/Hive)
• Passing key-value pair internally like MapReduce
• Runtime DAG rewriting
• DAG plan itself is dumped by Hive optimizer or Pig Optimizer
• Being able to describe DAG without Sorting while shuffling
• Example of Hive query execution flow
• Writing Hive query
• Submitting Hive query
• Dumping DAG of Tez by Hive optimizer
• Executing Tez
Overview of Apache Tez

• Container reusing
• Reusing containers instead of releasing containers in a job
as possible as master can
• Keeping allocated containers if session lives after
completing jobs
Q. What is different between MapReduce’s
Container Reuse and Tez’s one?
A.
• Container reusing is removed by accident at the
implementation of MapReduce on YARN
• Session enable us to reuse containers across multiple
jobs
Effective resource management in Tez

• Long Lived and Process
• Allocating containers without relationship with “Session”
→ Being able to reuse warm-up JVM and cache
More low latency
• LLAP uses Registry Service
• Q. Is it like daemon of database?
A.
• That’s right.
The difference is that Tez can accelerate jobs by adding
resources from YARN.
Effective resource management in
Tez(cont.)

• Rule
• Keeping container long can improve latency but can
worsen throughput
• Keeping container short can improve
throughput(resource utilization) but can worsen
latency
• Container reuse
• tez.am.container.idle.release-timeout-min.millis
• Keeping containers in this period
• tez.am.container.idle.release-timeout-max.millis
• Releasing containers after the period
• LLAP
• Looking like being WIP
• Note: Hive configuration override Tez configuration, so
please test it carefully
Tuning parameter

• Hive on Tez assumed batch processing at first
• Releasing all containers after finishing jobs
→ Attaching more weight on throughput than latency
• As expanding use case of Hive, users need low
latency for interactive queries running on REPL
• Improving latency based on high-throughput
architecture
Tez on YARN summary

• In-memory processing framework (originally!)
• Standalone mode is supported
• Spark on YARN is also supported
• Spark has 2 kinds of running mode on YARN
• yarn-cluster mode
• Submitting job (spark-submit)
• yarn-client mode
• REPL style (spark-shell)
• Both of them run on YARN
Overview of Apache Spark

• Launching Spark driver on YARN container
• Assuming spark-submit command
yarn-cluster mode
ResourceManager
NodeManager
Spark App
Master
NodeManager
Worker 2Worker 1
Client
Driver
1. Submitting jobs via spark-submit
2. Launching master
3. Allocating resources for
workers by Spark AppMaster

• Launching Spark driver at client-side
• Assuming REPL like spark-shell
yarn-client mode
ResourceManager
NodeManager
Spark App
Master
NodeManager
Worker 2Worker 1
Client
Driver
1. Launching spark-shell,
Connecting to RM
2. Launching Master3. Allocating resources
for workers by Spark
AppMaster 3
4. Enjoy interactive
programming!!

• Spark have a feature of container reuse of Tez
natively
• Spark can handle low-latency query very well
• However, Spark cannot “release containers”
→ State of tasks in memory will be lost
→ Cannot release containers still when
allocated resources is not used
→ Decreasing resource utilization
Resource management of Spark on YARN
NodeManager
Container Container
NodeManager
Container Container
Stage 1
Stage 2
100% 100% 100% 100%
0% 0% 0%100%

• Allocating/releasing containers based on
workload
• Intermediate data is persisted by using NodeManager’s
Shuffle Service
→ Not in memory data
• Triggers of allocating/releasing containers is timer
Dynamic resource allocation
(since Spark 1.2)
NodeManager
Exe1
NodeManager
Exe 2 Exe 3
Exe 4
(idle)
Intermediate data
Spark
AppMaster
Releasing containers
when executor is
idle for a period
Doubling number of
Executors if executors
has tasks for a period
Intermediate data

• Rule
• Keeping container long can improve latency but can worsen
throughput
• Keeping container short can improve throughput(resource utilization)
but can worsen latency
→ Please tune this points!
• Max/Min/Initial number of YARN containers
→ high numbers of executors increases throughput, but can decrease resource utilizations
• spark.dynamicAllocation.maxExecutors
• spark.dynamicAllocation.minExecutors
• spark.dynamicAllocation.initialExecutors
• A period to double number of containers for Executers when all Executors are active
→ large value can improve latency and throughput but worsen stability and resource utilization
• spark.dynamicAllocation.schedulerBacklogTimeout
• A period to keep containers
→ large value can improve latency but worsen resource utilization
• spark.dynamicAllocation.sustainedSchedulerBacklogTimeout
• A period to release containers which is empty
→ large value can improve latency but worsen
• spark.dynamicAllocation.executorIdleTimeout
• Releasing executor with cache data if the executor is idle in the specified period
• spark.dynamicAllocation.cachedExecutorIdleTimeout
Tuning paramaters

• Spark assumes interactive programming
interface natively
Container is not released by default
→ Attaching more weight on latency than
throughput
• Adding a features to release containers
dynamically when supporting YARN
• Increasing throughput based on low-latency
architecture
Spark on YARN summary

• 3 kinds of features YARN provides
1. Resource management in cluster
2. Timeline Server
3. Service registry
• Dive into resource management in Tez/Spark
• Apache Tez, originated from batch processing
• Apache Spark, originated from interactive processing
Both of Tez and Spark can process wider query by
switching high throughput mode and low latency mode
Summary

YARN: a resource manager for analytic platform

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