Hirschman theory.pdf
- 1. As Presented by: Namrata Sangha (1045) Yukta B. Singh (1157) Girinandini Singh(1165) Sakshi Bajaj (1806) Guided by PoonamArora Theory of Unbalanced Growth Hans Singer Alfred O Hirschman Walt Whitman Rostow
- 2. Scholars such as Hirschman, Rostow, Fleming and Singer propounded the theory of unbalanced growth as a strategy of development to be used by the underdeveloped countries. This theory stresses on the need of investment in strategic sectors of the economy instead of all the sectors simultaneously. According to this theory the other sectors would automatically develop themselves through what is known as “linkages effect”.
- 3. Explaining the theory of unbalanced growth Prof.Hirschman that creating imbalances in the system is the best strategy for growth. Owing to the lack of availability of resources in the less developed countries, the little that is available must be used efficiently. Accordingly strategic sectors in the economy should get priority or precedence over others where income is concerned. Prof A.O Hirschman
- 4. 1. External Economies:– Unbalanced growth according to Prof. Hirschman generates externalities. Further explaining, we could say that the growth of industry A leads to or stimulates the growth of industry B and C and so on, similarly the growth of industry B and C will lead to the subsequent growth of industries E and F. Thus, the growth of a strategic industries apart from providing the benefits belonging to itself also stimulates the growth of other set of industries. The existing externalities are explored, and fresh ones generated. 2. Complementaries:– Growth of output of industry A may generate the demand for the products of B and C and also may reduce the marginal cost of production in these industries. There are technical complimentaries which stimulate the growth of related industries, following the atrategy of unbalanced growth. Thus states Prof. Hirschman, “Economic growth follows the course of imbalances in the system. Competitions, tensions as well as inducements are the inevitable outcome of the unbalanced growth, and more these are, greater the prospects of growth.” In continuation………..
- 5. Classification of Investment by Hirschman: (A) Social Overhead Capital or SOC: Social overhead capital comprises of those basic devices without which primary, secondary and tertiary activities cannot function. This includes in it the expenditure on roads, irrigation works, power, transport and communications. The investment on these projects create more economies and this is called divergent series of investment. Such investments are undertaken by Public agencies. (B) Direct Productive Activities or DPA: These are those activities which are a consequence of some investment, add to the flow of final goods and services. It is called convergent series of investment because these project appropriate more economies than they have created. These series of investments are undertaken by private entrepreneurs. Thus investment in agriculture or industry would be deemed as that belonging to Direct Productive Activities.
- 6. Therefore both SOC and DPA cannot be taken up simultaneously in less developed countries, owing to the general lack of resources. Initially, we should concentrate on either of the two, the other one would be automatically stimulated. Hirschman, thus suggests the growth of the economy in two ways: 1) Unbalancing the economy through SOC: Growth of SOC, according to Hirschman would stimulate investment in DPA. For example, availability of cheap electricity is expected to encourage the growth of small scale industries. Similarly, the development of irrigation works is expected to stimulate the growth of agricultural works. 2) Unbalancing the economy with Direct Productive Activities or DPA: Investment in DPA would press for investment in SOC. Demand for irrigation, roads, transport and communication would increase, pressing for greater investment in these activities. It is through this process of linkages that the economy will grow.
- 7. Investment in DPA O Investment in SOC Y X 45O Balanced Growth Path A B C D E F G H J K A B C Fig 1 demonstrates the path of development, using strategy of unbalanced growth. X-axis: Investment cost in Socially Productive Activities Y- axis: Investment Cost in Direct Productive Activities AA, BB, CC curves: equi- productive curves indicating various combinations of SOC, DPA corresponding to given level of national income HIGHER THE CURVE GREATER THE LEVEL OF OUTPUT!!
- 8. Investment in DPA O Investment in SOC Y X 45O Balanced Growth Path A B C D E F G H J K A B C Growth process maybe explained by making initial investments either to DPA or SOC. It is because it is assumed that in underdeveloped countries SOC or DPA cannot be expanded simultaneously. While the former is called Development by Excess Capacity of SOC, the latter is known as Shortage of SOC.
- 9. Investment in DPA O Investment in SOC Y X 45O Balanced Growth Path A B C D E F G H J K A B C GROWTH PROCESS The growth process can be explained in two ways: 1. Development via excess capacity of SOC: In this sequence development takes place when expansion of SOC reduces the cost of infrastructure in transportation, power etc. this ENCOURAGES investment in DPA. If investment is made in SOC, the economy will follow DEGHK route of development. Increase in investment in SOC from D to E will induce greater investment in DPA upto point F because trasportation and power will become cheaper. Investment in DPA increases until balance is restored at G. However is located at high equi-product curve BB which implies that there will be caused increase in the level of output in economy.
- 10. Investment in DPA O Investment in SOC Y X 45O Balanced Growth Path A B C D E F G H J K A B C 2. Development via Shortages of SOC: In this sequence development takes place when investment is made first in Direct Productive Activities(DPA). The Expansion of DPA builds up pressure on SOC. In the figure, Investment is made first in DPA, the route of development is DFGJK. We increase DPA from D to F. this results in increase in production costs and DPA producers would realise the possibility of considerable economies through more investment in SOC facilities. Thus, SOC would increase to point E and then to equilibrium point G on BB curve implying the higher level of output. If investment is further increased from G to J, this would create pressure for more investment in SOC shifting G to H and like this the equilibrium will be struck at point K on higher iso-product curve CC the path of growth being DGK.
- 11. The following are classified as linkages by Hirschman: Backward linkages- growth of a set of industries stimulates the growth of those which supply raw materials. Setting up a steel plant for example, would stimulate the demand for steel scrap, coal and other related goods. Production of these goods will accordingly increase. Creating unbalances are a pre-requisite of economic growth, according to Hirschman. However the question arises, how to identify the activities with which to create imbalances in the system. This necessitates the knowledge of inter linkages across different sectors of the economy.
- 12. Forward linkages- Forward linkages refer to the growth of certain industries owing to the initial growth of those which supply raw materials. Expansion of steel industry, for example, will encourage industries making machine, tools, etc. using steel as their basic input.. Study of these linkages facilitates the choice of activities through which growth with imbalances should be generated in the system. Industries with maximum linkages ought to be developed first.
- 13. Features of Theory of Unbalanced Growth The theory propagates that with a view to accelerating the process of growth, investment should be first made in the key sectors of the economy. The theory is based on the principles of inducement and pressures. It is the inducement or pressure generated by some initial investment that calls for subsequent investment in other activities or production. The theory corroborates the hypothesis of the “BIG PUSH”. The theory is based on real life observation. The theory recognizes the significance of public sector with regard to SOC activities.
- 14. Merit of The Theory of Unbalanced Growth RealisticTheory: The theory of unbalanced growth is a realistic theory.The theory suggests appropriate utilization of the scarce resources in less developed countries.The theory considers all aspects of growth planning. More Importance to Basic Industries: The theory underlines the significance of basic industries in the process of growth.This will automatically press for the growth of consumer-goods industries. Economies of Large Scale Production: The strategy of unbalanced growth generates economies of large scale production. Establishing key industries calls for the establishment of ancillaries, generating all round increase in income and employment. Encouragement to New Inventions: Unbalanced growth generates pulls and pressures in the system,calling for new inventions and innovations.
- 15. •Self-reliance: Self-reliance is the under-current of the theory of unbalanced growth. It starts with the realistic assumption of chronic scarcity of resources in less developed countries and contemplates to initiate and accelerate the process of growth in accordance with the needs and means of the country concerned. •Economic surplus: The strategy of unbalanced growth is expected to generate greater surplus in the system. This is because of its emphasis upon the capital-goods industries. This strategy is also expected to produce a very strong multiplier effect in the system, stimulating income and employment. Merit of The Theory of Unbalanced Growth
- 16. Criticism of The Unbalanced Theory of Growth Inflation- The theory gives undue emphasis to development through industrialization, not withstanding the significance of agriculture.Because of long gestation lags in industries,flow of goods is expected to be constricted during the short period,causing inflation. Wastage of Resources- Being concentrated on a couple of industries,resources may not be appropriately utilized.Some sectors of the economy will grow at a faster rates while other sectors will remain neglected. No mention of obstacles- Paul Streeten observes that the theory only mentions the establishing key industries presses for the establishment of other industries.But the theory is oblivious to the possible difficulties in establishing key industries to begin with.It is not an easy task to establish key industries right at the beginning of a development programme. Increase in uncertainty- The theory inherently assumes that the success of the growth process depends on external trade and foreign aids.This increases uncertainty of the growth process.
- 17. Unbalance is not necessary- The critics are of the opinion that deliberately introducing unbalances in the system is not so much needed in the less develop countries.These imbalances are caused on their own due technical indivisibility and uncertain behaviour of demand and supply forces. Neglect of the degree of unbalance- How much to imbalance and where to imbalance are not known by the theory of unbalanced growth.It only tells of the need to imbalance. Linkages effect are not based on empirical data- Prof. Hirschman has advocated to start only those industries that have maximum linkages effect.But these effects are not based on statistical data pertaining the less developed countries. lack of basic facilities- ‘Unbalanced GrowthTheory’assumes the availability of certain basic facilities in terms of necessary raw materials, technical know how and developed means of transport.However in less developed countries mostly these are insufficient. Criticism of The Unbalanced Theory of Growth
- 18. Dissimilarities between Balanced Theory and Unbalanced Theory: The theory balanced growth advocates the simultaneous growth of all sectors of the economy. The theory of unbalanced growth, on the other hand, focuses on the growth of some key sectors of the economy to begin with. Balanced growth hypothesis seeks to accelerate the process of growth through simultaneous investment across all sectors of the economy. The unbalanced hypothesis however, seeks to accelerate the process of growth through imbalances in the system. Balanced growth requires a lot of capital investment right from the beginning of the growth process. Unbalanced growth requires relatively much less investment. Balanced growth strategy is a long period strategy of growth, while unbalanced growth is a short period strategy for growth. Size of the market is the principal limiting factor as according to the balanced growth theory. But according to the unbalanced growth theory, it is decision making and entrepreneurial skill.