Summary Training.pptx
- 2. How to summarize an article? • Prominent keyword mention in article - summarize as we usually do, based on the main theme of the article • Mere mention of keyword in article - summarize with a) a sentence describing the main news. b) a sentence describing the context of the keyword mention • Balanced mention Company Article, along with Competitor Mention - summarize main news (if applicable), followed by the context of the company mention and the context of the competitor mention
- 3. Summarizing in CISION format The relevant text that carries the context of the summary is copied and pasted from the article and is placed in double quotes. Example: 1. According to The New York Times, “The companies summarized their findings in a news release and did not release any data. Their study came on the heels of a preliminary report on laboratory experiments in South Africa that also found Omicron seemed to dull the power of two doses of the Pfizer vaccine.” 2. The Seattle Times quotes Dr. Ugur Sahin, the chief executive of BioNTech, Pfizer’s German partner, saying that, “a third dose could still offer a sufficient level of protection from disease of any severity from the variant.”
- 4. Essential Grammar in Summary Writing TENSES ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH PREPOSITIONS ARTICLES PUNCTUATIONS
- 5. SUBJECT VERB OBJECT NOUN NOUN PRONOUN PRONOUN Sam plays Cricket I asked him
- 6. PRONOUN CHART Subject Pronoun s Object Pronouns Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns Reflexive Pronouns 1st person I Me My Mine Myself 2nd person You You Your Yours Yourself 3rd person (male) He Him His His Himself 3rd person (female) She Her Her Hers Herself 3rd person It It Its NOT USED Itself 1st person (plural) We Us Our Ours Ourselves 2nd person (plural) You You Your Yours Yourselves 3rd person (plural) They Them Their Theirs Themselves
- 7. VERBS – Main & Auxiliary Auxiliary verbs do not give meaning but act as a helper. The main verb takes three forms, and it gives a specified meaning. The infinitive, past simple and past participle are denoted as V1, V2 and V3, respectively.
- 8. TENSES There are 12 main tenses, which varies only based on the verbs used SIMPLE PRESENT V1/V1(s) PRESENT CONT. is/am/are + V1-ing PRESENT PERF. has/have + V3 PRE PERF CONT. has/have + been + V1-ing SIMPLE PAST V2 PAST CONT. was/were + V1-ing PAST PERF. had + V3 PAST PERF CONT. had + been +V1-ing SIMPLE FUTURE will /would + V1 FUT CONT. will /would + be + V1-ing FUT PERF. will + have + V3 FUT PERF CONT. will + have + been + V1-ing V1 is the present form, V2 is the past form, and V3 is the past participle of the verb
- 9. TENSES (Contd.) SIMPLE PRESENT He eats PRESENT CONT. He is eating PRESENT PERF. He has eaten PRE PERF CONT. He has been eating SIMPLE PAST He ate PAST CONT. He was eating PAST PERF. He had eaten PAST PERF CONT. He had been eating SIMPLE FUTURE He will eat FUT CONT. He will be eating FUT PERF. He will have eaten FUT PERF CONT. He will have been eating
- 10. TENSES INCORRECT CORRECT It is raining for two days It has been raining for two days The baby is sleeping for three hours now The baby has been sleeping for three hours now I have seen him yesterday I saw him yesterday He has returned from London last week He returned from London last week See that you will not do any damage See that you do not do any damage I will call you when the dinner will be ready I will call you when the dinner is ready He will help if you will ask him He will help if you ask him
- 11. Tenses in Summary Writing – Wrongly used
- 12. Tenses in Summary Writing
- 13. Tenses in Summary Writing
- 14. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE • Active voice means that a sentence has a subject that acts upon its verb. Passive voice means that a subject is a recipient of a verb's action. • Try to put most of your sentences in the active voice, unless you can’t write your sentence in any other way. • Future Continuous Tense, Present perfect Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Continuous Tense, and Future Perfect Continuous Tense. These tenses cannot be changed to passive.
- 15. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE (Contd.) A mango is eaten by him A mango is being eaten by him A mango has been eaten by him A mango was eaten by him A mango was being eaten by him A mango had been eaten by him A mango will be eaten by him A mango will have been eaten by him SIMPLE PRESENT He eats a mango PRESENT CONT. He is eating a mango PRESENT PERF. He has eaten a mango SIMPLE PAST He ate a mango PAST CONT. He was eating a mango PAST PERF. He had eaten a mango SIMPLE FUTURE He will eat a mango FUT PERF. He will have eaten a mango
- 16. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE • The object takes the appropriate subject form. • Only V3 is used. • ‘being’ is used to denote continuous tense and ‘been’ for perfect tense. • The auxiliary verbs depends upon the tense and the plurality of the object (which takes the subject form).
- 17. Active and Passive Voice in Summary
- 18. Active and Passive Voice in Summary
- 19. DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH • Direct speech has the actual words of the speaker. • Indirect speech is the reported speech speaker, without necessarily using the same words (also called reported speech) . • Direct Speech: She says, “I am a little bit nervous.” • Indirect Speech: She says that she is a little bit nervous.
- 20. DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH • Reporting Speech: The first part of the direct speech is called reporting speech (she says). • Reported Speech: The second part of the sentence, which is enclosed in inverted commas or quotation marks, is called reported speech (I am a little bit nervous). • Reporting Verb: The verb of the reporting speech is called the reporting verb (says). • Reported Verb: The verb of the reported speech is called the reported verb (am)
- 21. DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH • Remove comma and inverted commas. • Put "that" between the reporting and reported speeches.(it is optional to put "that" between the reporting and reported speech) • Change the 1st letter of reported speech into small letter except for "I" • Change the pronoun of the direct speech accordingly. • Change the tense of the direct speech appropriately. • Change the words expressing nearness in time or places of the direct speech into its appropriate words expressing.
- 22. DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH Indirect Speech Conversion Direct Speech Condition Present Tenses in the Direct Speech are changed into Past Tense. If the reporting or principal verb is in the Past Tense. Do Not Change Tense of reported Speech in Indirect Speech sentence If in direct speech you find say/says or will say. Direct speech the words within the quotation marks talk of a universal truth or habitual action. The reporting verb is in a present tense.
- 23. DIRECT – INDIRECT SPEECH "I always drink coffee", she said She said that she always drank coffee. "I am reading a book", he explained. He explained that he was reading a book She said, "He has finished his work" She said that he had finished his work. "I have been to Spain", he told me. He told me that he had been to Spain. "Bill arrived on Saturday", he said. He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday "I had just turned out the light," he explained. He explained that he had just turned out the light. "We were living in Paris", they told me. They told me that they had been living in Paris. "I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday. She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday." She said that she would be using the car next Friday.
- 24. Direct – Indirect Speech in Summary
- 25. Direct – Indirect Speech in Summary
- 26. PREPOSITIONS • Prepositions link a word to another part of the sentence and tell us what the relationship is. • A preposition is followed by a "noun". It is never followed by a verb. • A preposition cannot be followed by a verb. If we want to follow a preposition by a verb, we must use the "-ing" form. (Eg: for writing)
- 27. PREPOSITIONS subject + verb preposition "noun" note The food is on the table. noun She lives in Japan. proper noun Tara is looking for you. pronoun The letter is under your blue book. noun group Pascal is used to English people. She isn't used to working. gerund I ate before coming.
- 28. PREPOSITIONS at 3 o'clock at the corner in May in the garden on Sunday on the wall
- 29. PREPOSITIONS “by” + place David lives by a train station. “by” + method of transport David went to Manchester by train. “by” + method of communication I spoke to her by telephone. “by” + method of payment (not for cash) We paid for the computer by cheque.(David paid in cash for the newspaper) “by” + reflexive pronoun Sarah is studying by herself. “by” + -ING verb You can turn on the radio by pressing that button. “by” + time expression Guests must vacate their hotel rooms by 11 am.
- 31. ARTICLES • Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite. • The definite article is the word ‘the.’ It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing. It can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns. • The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word ‘a’ when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant. It’s the word ‘an’ when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel. It only appears with singular nouns.
- 32. ARTICLES - Exceptions: Choosing A or An • There are a few exceptions to the general rule of using a before words that start with consonants and ‘an’ before words that begin with vowels. The first letter of the word honor, for example, is a consonant, but it’s unpronounced. Despite its spelling, the word honor begins with a vowel sound. My mother is an honest woman. • Similarly, when the first letter of a word is a vowel but is pronounced with a consonant sound, use ‘a.’ She is a United States senator. • This holds true with acronyms and initialisms, too: an LCD display, a UK-based company, an HR department, a URL.
- 33. ARTICLES – Where to use? • Article are used before an Adjective. The usual word order is article + adjective + noun. I heard an interesting story yesterday. • Indefinite Articles are never used with Uncountable Nouns. • Incorrect - Please give me an ice. • Correct - Please give me an ice cube. • Correct - Please give me some ice . • Articles should not be used with pronouns. • Incorrect - Why are you reading the my book? • Correct - Why are you reading the book? • Correct - Why are you reading my book?
- 34. ARTICLES – Where not to use? • Articles are not used in front of Proper Noun. Mumbai is famous for its Gateway of India • Articles are not used before languages. Mandarin is the most difficult language. • Before a common noun used in its commonest sense. Gold is considered as a precious metal. • We do not use articles in front of the name of the subjects. Economics as a subject is very interesting. • We omit articles when words like Nature, Science, Death, Life, etc are used in the General Sense. The saint explained that death is inevitable. • We do not use articles before the names of a meal like lunch, dinner, etc. Have you taken dinner? • We do not use articles in front of seasons, festivals, names of days, and months. She will reach the town on Sunday.
- 35. ARTICLES – Where not to use? • When words like school, college, church, hospital, prison, temple, etc are used for their primary purpose. Rudra goes to university daily. • Sometimes we form certain phrases which are just a preposition and noun. Such as, at school, in bed, at noon, etc. He is in bed. • We avoid using articles in certain phrases consisting of a transitive verb and its object. Such as, set sail, take heart, send word, catch fire, take offense, leave office, etc. He took offense at my words. • When a common noun is written in pairs, we omit articles from it. Both brother and sister are exceptional students. • We don’t use articles before plural nouns used to denote a class. Books are our best friends. • We don't use any article before the word " God "
- 36. Articles in Summary – Wrongly used
- 37. Articles in Summary – Correctly used
- 38. PUNCTUATIONS • Punctuation is the system of symbols that we use to separate written sentences and parts of sentences, and to make their meaning clear. • Punctuation is as important to your writing as your word choice, syntax, and structure. • Commonly used punctuations are full stop (.), comma (,), semicolon (;), colon (:), and hyphen (-).
- 39. PUNCTUATIONS • Full stops are used at the end of a sentence, with abbreviations. • We sometimes use a semi-colon instead of a full stop or period. This is to separate sentences that are grammatically independent but that have closely connected meaning. Eg: Tara is a good speaker; she speaks very clearly. • The job of the colon is simple: to introduce. Eg: There are three countries in North America: Mexico, the USA and Canada.
- 40. PUNCTUATIONS - COMMA • A comma in writing is like a pause inside a sentence when speaking. We use commas inside sentences. Comma is used between items in a series or list. My favourite sports are football, rugby, swimming, boxing and golf. It is used between three or more adjectives or adverbs. For two adjectives, use a comma where you could use "and". I like the old, brown, wooden table. Used for numbers over 999. 1,735 Used for addresses, some dates, and titles following a name. 911 Avenue Mansion, Sathorn Road, Bangkok 10100, Thailand
- 41. PUNCTUATIONS - COMMA • Used before or after direct speech. He said, "I love you." • Use a comma before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) to join two independent clauses. (If the independent clauses are short and well-balanced, a comma is optional). He didn't want to go, but he went anyway. • Use a comma after an introductory element. As the year came to an end, he realised the days were getting shorter. • Sentence adverbs (words like however, unfortunately, surprisingly that modify a whole sentence) often require one or two commas, depending on their position in the sentence. However, Anthony did arrive & Anthony, however, did arrive.
- 42. PUNCTUATIONS - COMMA • An adverbial clause often needs a comma when it comes at the beginning of a sentence (but not at the end of a sentence). If I win the lottery, I will buy a castle & I will buy a castle if I win the lottery.