History of Artificial Intelligence.pptx
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This document provides a timeline summary of important events and developments in the history of artificial intelligence from 1950 to 2023. Some of the key milestones include Alan Turing introducing the idea of artificial intelligence in 1950, the development of the first artificial neural network and self-learning program in the 1950s, the coining of the term "artificial intelligence" in 1956, and the creation of influential early programs like Eliza and Shakey in the 1960s-1970s. Major advances in deep learning, neural networks, and general AI capabilities are shown in the 2000s-2020s with systems like Deep Blue, AlphaGo, GPT-3, DALL-E, and AlphaFold demonstrating superhuman performance.
History of Artificial Intelligence.pptx
- 1. History of Artificial Intelligence TH IS YEA R IN H ISTORY 1950 1951 1952 1956 1958 1959 1959 Alan Turing published "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," introducing the Turing test and opening the doors to what would be known as AI. Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds developed the first artificial neural network (ANN) called SNARC using 3,000 vacuum tubes to simulate a network of 40 neurons. Arthur Samuel developed Samuel Checkers-Playing Program, the world's first program to play games that was self-learning. John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude Shannon coined the term artificial intelligence in a proposal for a workshop widely recognized as a founding event in the AI field. Frank Rosenblatt developed the perceptron, an early ANN that could learn from data and became the foundation for modern neural networks. John McCarthy developed the programming language Lisp. Arthur Samuel coined the term machine learning in a seminal paper explaining that the computer could be programmed to outplay its programmer. Oliver Selfridge published "Pandemonium: A Paradigm for Learning," a landmark contribution to machine learning that described a model that could adaptively improve itself to find patterns in events.
- 2. History of Artificial Intelligence TH IS YEA R IN H ISTORY 1964 1965 1966 1968 1969 1973 1980 Daniel Bobrow developed STUDENT, an early natural language processing (NLP) program designed to solve algebra word problems, while he was a doctoral candidate at MIT. Edward Feigenbaum, Bruce G. Buchanan, Joshua Lederberg and Carl Djerassi developed the first expert system, Dendral, which assisted organic chemists in identifying unknown organic molecules. Joseph Weizenbaum created Eliza, one of the more celebrated computer programs of all time, capable of engaging in conversations with humans Stanford Research Institute developed Shakey. Terry Winograd created SHRDLU, the first multimodal AI that could manipulate and reason out a world of blocks according to instructions from a user. Arthur Bryson and Yu-Chi Ho described a backpropagation learning algorithm t o enable multilayer ANNs, an advancement over the perceptron and a foundation for deep learning. James Lighthill released the report "Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey," which caused the British government to significantly reduce support for AI research. Symbolics Lisp machines were commercialized, signaling an AI renaissance. Years later, the Lisp machine market collapsed.
- 3. History of Artificial Intelligence TH IS YEA R IN H ISTORY 1981 1984 1985 1988 1989 1997 1997 Danny Hillis designed parallel computers for AI and other computational tasks, an architecture similar to modern GPUs. Marvin Minsky and Roger Schank coined the term AI winter at a meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. Judea Pearl introduced Bayesian networks causal analysis, which provides statistical techniques for representing uncertainty in computers. Peter Brown et al. published "A Statistical Approach to Language Translation," paving the way for one of the more widely studied machine translation methods. Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio and Patrick Haffner demonstrated how convolutional neural networks can be used to recognize handwritten characters, showing that neural networks could be applied to real- world problems. Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber proposed the Long Short-Term Memory recurrent neural network, which could process entire sequences of data such as speech or video. IBM's Deep Blue defeated Garry Kasparov in a historic chess rematch, the first defeat of a reigning world chess champion by a computer under tournament conditions.
- 4. History of Artificial Intelligence TH IS YEA R IN H ISTORY 2000 2006 2009 2011 2011 2012 2013 University of Montreal researchers published "A Neural Probabilistic Language Model," which suggested a method to model language using feedforward neural networks. Fei-Fei Li started working on the ImageNet visual database, introduced in 2009. IBM Watson originated with the initial goal of beating a human on the iconic quiz show Jeopardy! Rajat Raina, Anand Madhavan and Andrew Ng published "Large- Scale Deep Unsupervised Learning Using Graphics Processors," presenting the idea of using GPUs to train large neural networks. Jürgen Schmidhuber, Dan Claudiu Cireșan, Ueli Meier and Jonathan Masci developed the first CNN to achieve "superhuman" performance by winning the German Traffic Sign Recognition competition. Apple released Siri, a voice-powered personal assistant that can generate responses and take actions in response to voice requests. Geoffrey Hinton, Ilya Sutskever and Alex Krizhevsky introduced a deep CNN architecture that won the ImageNet challenge and triggered the explosion of deep learning research and implementation. China's Tianhe-2 doubled the world's top supercomputing speed at 33.86 petaflops, retaining the title of the world's fastest system for the third consecutive time.
- 5. History of Artificial Intelligence TH IS YEA R IN H ISTORY 2013 2014 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 DeepMind introduced deep reinforcement learning, a CNN that learned based on rewards and learned to play games through repetition, surpassing human expert levels. . Ian Goodfellow and colleagues invented generative adversarial networks, a class of machine learning frameworks used to generate photos, transform images and create deepfakes. DeepMind's AlphaGo defeated top Go player Lee Sedol in Seoul, South Korea, drawing comparisons to the Kasparov chess match with Deep Blue nearly 20 years earlier. Stanford researchers published work on diffusion models in the paper "Deep Unsupervised Learning Using Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics." The technique provides a way to reverse-engineer the process of adding noise to a final image. Developed by IBM, Airbus and the German Aerospace Center DLR, Cimon was the first robot sent into space to assist astronauts. OpenAI released GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), paving the way for subsequent LLMs. Microsoft launched the Turing Natural Language Generation generative language model with 17 billion parameters. Google AI and Langone Medical Center's deep learning algorithm outperformed radiologists in detecting cancers. The University of Oxford developed an AI test called Curial to rapidly identify COVID-19 in emergency room patients. Open AI released the GPT-3 LLM consisting of 175 billion parameters to generate humanlike text models.
- 6. History of Artificial Intelligence TH IS YEA R IN H ISTORY 2020 2021 2022 2022 2023 2023 Nvidia announced the beta version of its Omniverse platform to create 3D models in the physical world. DeepMind's AlphaFold system won the Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction protein- folding contest. OpenAI introduced the Dall- E multimodal AI system that can generate images from text prompts. The University of California, San Diego, created a four-legged soft robot that functioned on pressurized air. Google software engineer Blake Lemoine was fired for revealing secrets of Lamda and claiming it was sentient. DeepMind unveiled AlphaTensor "for discovering novel, efficient and provably correct algorithms." Intel claimed its FakeCatcher real- time deepfake detector was 96% accurate. OpenAI released ChatGPT in November to provide a chat- based interface to its GPT-3.5 LLM. OpenAI announced the GPT- 4 multimodal LLM that receives both text and image prompts. Elon Musk, Steve Wozniak and thousands more signatories urged a six-month pause on training "AI systems more powerful than GPT- 4."