Sql server lab_2

MS SQL Server 2005
Lab # 2 :
 SQL: Guide to the Language
(Components, Data types, Functions)
 Installing

 Practicing Example

Adavnced Database Programming 1

SQL Basic Objects

1. Constants or Literal Values:
 Alphanumerical
 Numeric constant: Integer, Fixed-Point, Float-
Point Values
 Hexadecimal:
 Used to represent nonprintable characters
 Each Starts with “0x” followed by even number of
characters or numbers. EX. 0x53514C0D


SQL Basic Objects

1. Constants or Literal Values:
 Characters string:
 enclosed in single (preferred) OR double quotation
 To print single quotation in a statement add a single
quotation to form Consecutive single quotations .
EX. ‘You Can’’t agree’
 Double quotation allows :
 Delimited Identifiers: reserved keywords used as
identifiers by using double quotation (helps to protect you
from using names that could be introduced as reserved
keywords in the SQL future), their name can begin with Or
Contain any character
 Spaces in the names of database objects


Setting Delimited Identifier Usage Option

 SET QUOTED_IDENTIFIER {ON, OFF}
 IF :
 ON:
 Quotations can be used for delimiting Identifiers
 Quotations can’t be used for delimiting Strings
 OFF:
 Quotations can’t be used for delimiting Identifiers
 Quotations can be used for delimiting Strings


SQL Basic Objects

2. Delimiters: ’ “ [ ] & ….
3. Comments:
 /* Several Comment Liens Here */
 -- the Reminder of the Current Line is Comment
2. Reserved Keywords
 Can’t be used as object names


SQL Basic Objects

5. Identifiers:
 Used to identify DB Objects such as: tables &
Indices
 Names can be created with:
 up to 128 characters: containing letters, numerals, _,
@, #, $
 Each name must start with a letter or one of the
following characters (_, @, #, $)
 # at the beginning of table or stored procedure name 
denotes a temporary object
 @ at the beginning of name  denotes a Variable


Data Types

 Numeric Data Types  Numbers
 String Data Types set of characters
 Date and/or Time Data Types
 Derived Data Types Derived from simple
data types
 Miscellaneous Data Types Data Types that
doesn’t belong to other Data Types
 User-Defined Data Types 


Numeric Data Types (10 Types)
Data Type Explanation
INT integer(4 Bytes)
SMALLINT integer(2 Bytes)
TINYINT Non-Negative Integer (0255)(1 Byte)
BIGINT integer(8 Bytes)
DECIMAL(p,[s]) P=precison(Total no of digits with S)
S=Scale(No. of Decimal Point Digits)
REAL Floating-Point Values
MONEY- Decimal(8 Bytes), Rounded to 4 digits
SMALLMONEY after the decimal point - (4 Bytes)
Float[(p)] P<25(4 Bytes), P>=25(8 Bytes)

String Data Types (6 Types)
CHAR[(n)] OR String of n Characters, n Maximum
CHARACTER [(n)] value=800, if n is omitted n=1
VARCHAR [(n)] String of (0<n<=8000) Characters
NCHAR [(n)] Fixed-length Unicode Char data(each
char stored in 2 Byte), MAX=4000
NVARCHAR [(n)] Varying-length Unicode Char data
(each char stored in 2 Byte),
MAX=4000
TEXT [(n)] Fixed Length String up to 2GB(each
char stored in 1 Byte)
NTEXT [(n)] Large character data, MAX Bytes=230
(eachDatabase Programming in 2 Byte)
Adavnced
char stored 11

Binary Data Types (4 Types)
BINARY [(n)] A bit String of fixed length with exactly
n bytes (0<n<=8000)
VARBINARY [(n)] A bit String of Variable length with
exactly n bytes (0<n<=8000)
IMAGE [(n)] A bit String of fixed length with
Unlimted values (231 Bytes)
Can contain(audio/video, modules
Bit Boolean Data type(True, False, NULL)
TEXT/Image Contain any image type With Text


Maximizing Data Types with MAX
 Where MAX=230
 VARCHAR(MAX)
 NVARCHAR(MAX)
 VARBINARY(MAX)


Date & Time Data Types (2 Types)
DATETIME Date & Time Stored in (4 Bytes)
SMALLDATETIME Date & Time Stored in (2 Bytes)

Date ( MM DD YYYY )
EX. “January 1 2007” OR ‘January 1 2007’
‘1959 MAY 28’
Using SET DATEFORMAT dmy
Time ( hh:mm AM or PM)
EX. 8:45 AM, 4 pm


Derived Data Types (2 Types)
TIMESTAMP Maintains a current value for each
DB which increments whenever any
row with a timestamp column is
inserted or updated
Used to determine the relative time
when rows where last changed
SYSNAME Name of DB objects in the system
catalog


Miscellaneous Data Types

 Cursor: Used in stored procedure
 UNIQUEIDENTIFIER: for Data Replication
 SQL_VARIANT: Store Values of Different Data
Types
 TABLE:
 Store Rows with several & different values

 SQL Server Restrict its usage in: Local Variable &

User-Defined Functions
 XML: Store XML Document in a DB

Predicates
 A logical condition being applied to rows in a
table with Values of : True, False, unknown
or Not applicable
 All Relational Operators
 BETWEEN Operator
 IN Operator
 LIKE Operator
 NULL Operator
 ALL and ANY Operator
 EXISTS function


Aggregate Functions
 Applied to a group of data values from
different rows, and returns a SINGLE value
 AVG: Applied on numeric values Only
 MAX,MIN: Applied on numeric, String, Date/Time
values
 SUM: Applied on numeric values
 COUNT: Counts number of non-null data values
COUNT
in a column (only Function not applied to a
Column, its applied to rows)
 COUNT_BIG: Returns same as COUNT but in
BIGINT data type

Scalar Functions

 Used to construct Scalar expressions
(operates on a single or list of values)
 Numeric Functions
 Date Functions
 String Functions
 Text/Image Functions
 System Functions


Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions
Function Explanation Function Explanation
LOG (n) Logarithm of n EXP(n) =en
ACOS(n) Arc COS(n) Cosine,Float
cosine,Float
ASIN(n) Arc sine,Float SIN(n) sine,Float
ATAN(n) Arc Tan(n) tangent,Float
tangent,Float
CEILING(n) Smallest Floor(n) Largest integer
integer value value less or
greater or equal to n
equal to n
DEGREES(n) Converts Database Programming
Adavnced
Radians( Converts 20

Scalar Functions: Numeric Functions
Function Explanation Function Explanation
Power (x,n) =x n Sign(n) Return -1 for
negative & +1
for positive

PI() Return (3.14) ABS(n) Absolute Value
RAND Returns SQUARE =n2
random (n)
between 0 - 1 SQRT(n) =√n
(float)


Scalar Functions: Date Functions
Function Explanation
GETDATE() Returns system Date & Time
DATEPART( Returns specified item of a date
item,date) Ex. Select datepart(weekday,’01.01.2005’)=1
DATENAME Returns specified item of a date as a
(item,date) character string, Ex. Select
datename(weekday,’01.01.2005’)=Saturday
DATEDIFF Returns the difference between dat1 & dat2 in
(item,dat1, integer Num of item
dat2) Ex. Select datediff(year,birthday,getdate())
DATEADD(it Adds the number of units itemto date
em,number, Ex. Select dateadd(day,3,birthdate) AS Age
date) from Employee Programming
Adavnced Database 22

Scalar Functions: String Functions
Function Explanation
ASCII (ch) Equivalent ASCII code of ch
CHAR(integer) Equivalent Character of ASCII integer
LOWER(z) Convert all uppercase to lowercase
Ex. Select lower(“BIG”)=big
UPPER(Z) Convert all lowercase to uppercase
Ex. Select upper(“big”)=BIG
RIGHT(z,length) Returns length characters from z
Ex. Select right(“notebook”,4)=book


Scalar Functions: Text/Image Functions

 PATINDEX (%pattern%,expr)
 Returns an integer value specifying the position of
the string pattern in expr
 Ex. Select patindex(%gs%,’longstring’)=4


Scalar Operators

 ~  NOT
 &  AND
 |  OR
 ^  XOR


Installing SQL Server 2005 . . .

 Installing Default Server
 Installing Multi other Instances(Named
Instances)


Sql server lab_2

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