Chapter 3-Ecosystem.ppt.pptx
- 3. Syllabus covered in this chapter….. • Definition of Ecosystem • Classification of Ecosystem • Structure and function of an ecosystem • Food chain • Food webs • Energy flow in an ecosystem • Ecological Pyramids • Major Ecosystems of the worlds.
- 4. Ecology THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ORGANISM AND ITS’ ENVIRONMENT IS CALLED ECOLOGY
- 5. Ecosystem • It is derived from Greek word… Oikos- home Logy – to study • So ecology deals with the study of organism in their natural home interacting with each other. • The term Ecosystem was first defined by A.G.Tansley in 1935.
- 6. Defination “The science that studies action and interaction between the biotic and abiotic components is known as ecosystem” OR . “The combination of biotic (living organism) and abiotic (Non-living) component which are interacting with each other.”
- 7. Ecology is study of interactions between … Biotic components (Living organisms) in the environment… like – Plants – Animals – microorganisms in soil, etc.
- 9. Ecology is study of interactions between Abiotic components (non-living components) in the environment… – Sunlight – water – wind – nutrients in soil – heat – Humidity – atmosphere, etc.
- 10. Abiotic Factors
- 12. Classification of an ecosystem Natural Ecosystem Artificial Ecosystem Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem 1. Forest Ecosystem 2. Grassland Ecosystem 3. Desert Ecosystem Fresh water Ecosystem River Ecosystem Stream Ecosystem Salt water Ecosystem Lotic water Ecosystem Lentic water Ecosystem Lake Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem Estuary Ecosystem Cropland, Artificial lake or pond, Aquarium)
- 13. Structure and function of an ecosystem
- 14. Structure and function of an ecosystem Biotic component Abiotic component Producers Consumers Decomposers Physical factors Chemical factors Green Plants Animals Microorganisms (Air, Water, Soil ,Temp. N,P,K,C,H,O,S, (Autotrophs ) ( Heterotrophs ) (Reducers) wind,). Primary Consumer (Herbivores) Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) Tertiary Consumers (Top carnivores) Ecosystem
- 16. Top Top
- 17. Food chain
- 18. Food chain • “One organisms is eaten by another organisms is called as food chain". OR • "The sequence of eating and being eaten in an ecosystem is called a food chain".
- 19. Decomposers like Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi(5TH TL) sun Producers Primary Secondary Tertiary Consumers Consumers Consumers First trophic Second trophic Third trophic Fourth trophic level level level level
- 21. • There are mainly two types of food chains operating in nature. • a) Grazing food chain • b) Detritus food chain.
- 22. Grazing food chains- • which is start from green plants in to herbivores and then into carnivores hence it is called as Grazing food chain. • And Grazing food chain is depend upon solar energy …. Grassland Ecosystem:- e.g. Grasses Rabbit ,Deer Fox. Wolf Tiger ,Lion Producers Herbivores C a r n i v o r e s Pond Ecosystem:- e.g. Phytoplankton's Zooplanktons Small Fish Big Fish Producers Herbivores C a r n i v o r e s
- 23. Grassland Ecosystem Grasses Rabbit ,Deer Fox , Wolf Lion Tiger Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Producers Herbivores C a r n i v o r e s which is start from green plants in to herbivores and then into carnivores hence it is called as Grazing food chain. And Grazing food chain is depend upon solar energy ….
- 24. Pond Ecosystem Phytoplankton's Zooplanktons Small Fish Big Fish Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers Producers Herbivores C a r n i v o r e s which is start from green plants in to herbivores and then into carnivores hence it is called as Grazing food chain. And Grazing food chain is depend upon solar energy ….
- 25. Detritus Food Chain Which is starts from dead organic matter ,moves in microbes and then in to large organisms. Detritus food chain is not depend upon solar energy.
- 26. Detritus Food Chain Which is starts from dead organic matter ,then in to microbes and then in to large organisms. Detritus food chain is not depend upon solar energy. Dead Marshy leaf fall in water Dead organic matter Eaten By….. Fungi, Bacteria and Protozoan's Eaten By….. Microbes Insect Larvae, Crustaceans, Mollusks Eaten By….. Small fish etc. Eaten By….. Large Animals Large Fish
- 28. Food Webs
- 29. Food Webs • “The food web is network of food chain where different types of organisms are connected at different level so that there are number of options and being eaten at each trophic level”
- 30. First trophic level Second trophic level Third trophic level Forth trophic level Second trophic level Second trophic level Third trophic level
- 31. Five linear food chains 1) Grass Grasshopper Lizard Hawk 2) Grass Grasshopper Hawk 3) Grass Rabbit Hawk 4) Grass Mouse Hawk 5) Grass Mouse Snake Hawk
- 32. First trophic level Second trophic level Second trophic level Second trophic level Third trophic level Third trophic level Third trophic level Third trophic level Forth trophic level Forth trophic level
- 33. Food web: Interlocking pattern of several interlinked food chains is termed as FOOD WEB. Food web which maintain the stability of ecosystem. Food Web in Grassland Ecosystem
- 34. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem
- 35. Energy Flow in an Ecosystem:- • Energy is the capacity to do work. Solar energy is transformed into chemical energy by the process of photosynthesis, and is stored in plant tissue and then transformed into mechanical and heat forms during metabolic activities.
- 36. 100 % solar radiation coming from sun. 34 % solar radiation reaches on the earth surface which is reflected back in to the atmosphere 10 % solar radiation is absorbed by ozone layer ,water vapor ,other gases 56 % solar radiation reaches on earth surface 1 to 5 % solar radiation used by plants species Exactly 0.2 % solar radiation used by plants species for Photosynthesis
- 37. 37 •Begins with the SUN •Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 copyright cmassengale
- 38. The first law AND Second law of Thermodynamics is applicable here….
- 39. Grassland Ecosystem Grasses Rabbit ,Deer Fox , Wolf Lion Tiger Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Forth Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Energy Flow in an Ecosystem Heat Heat Heat Heat Energy is Used… • Growth • Metabolic Activities • Respiration • Reproduction • Locomotion 10% 10% 10%
- 41. Green plants Caterpillar Small Bird Eagle Energy flow in an Ecosystem
- 42. 10 % Rule Producers (Green Plants) – 1000 Kcal Primary Consumers -- 100 Kcal Secondary Consumers -- 10 Kcal Tertiary Consumers -- 1 Kcal (Forth Trophic Level) (Third Trophic Level) (Second Trophic Level) (First Trophic Level)
- 44. First Trophic Level -- Producers – Green Plants Second Trophic Level -- Herbivores – Primary Consumers Third Trophic Level -- carnivores – Secondary Consumers Forth Trophic Level -- Top Carnivores – Tertiary Consumers
- 45. Definition Ecological pyramids can be defined as, Different tropic levels in an ecosystem, can be shown graphically, These graphical representation is called as Ecological Pyramids.
- 46. Ecological pyramids • The term Ecological Pyramid was discovered by Charles Elton in 1927. • So Ecological pyramids are also called 'Eltonian pyramids'
- 47. Definition Graphical representation of the trophic structure and function of an ecosystem ,starting with producers at the base and successive trophic levels forming the apex is know as Ecological pyramids . Base Base Apex Apex
- 48. An ecological pyramid may be upright ( broad base and narrow apex), or inverted (narrow base and broad apex) Upright in position Inverted in position Ecological pyramid Broad base narrow apex Broad apex Narrow base
- 49. On the basis of the parameters used, ecological pyramids are of three types. • Pyramid of Numbers • Pyramid of Biomass • Pyramid of Energy
- 50. 1) Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Number may be Upright or Inverted in position
- 51. Grassland Ecosystem Grasses Rabbit ,Deer Fox , Wolf Lion Tiger Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Forth Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Upright in position
- 52. Grassland Ecosystem Upright in position
- 53. Pond Ecosystem Phytoplankton's Zooplanktons Small Fish Big Fish Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Forth Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Upright in position
- 54. Pond Ecosystem Upright in position
- 55. Producers Big Tree Herbivores Parasites Hyper Parasites Lice and Bugs Fruits Eating Birds Bacteria ,Viruses and Actinomycetes Parasitic Food Chain OR Single Tree Ecosystem Inverted in Position Pyramid of Number
- 56. • In a parasitic food chain, for e.g., an oak tree, the large tree provides food to several herbivorous birds. The birds support still larger population of parasites leading to the growth of hyper parasites to formation of an inverted pyramid. • Parasitic Food Chain OR Single Tree Ecosystem Pyramid of Numbers Inverted in position Single Tree Fruit Eating Birds Lice and Bugs Bacteria, Viruses Actinomycetes
- 58. Pyramid of biomass:- • The total amount of living or organic matter in an ecosystem at any time is called 'Biomass'. • BIOMASS- Bio- Life Mass- Weight • Pyramid of Biomass may be Upright or Inverted in position
- 59. Forest Ecosystem Trees ,Herbs,Shrubs,Climbers Rabbit, Elephant, Deer Fox , Wolf Lion Tiger Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Forth Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Upright in position Pyramid of biomass
- 60. Upright in Position • In a terrestrial ecosystem, the maximum biomass occurs in producers, and there is progressive decrease in biomass from lower to higher trophic levels. Thus, the pyramid of biomass in a terrestrial ecosystem is upright. Pyramid of biomass:- Upright in position
- 61. Producers Phytoplanktons Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Small Fish Zooplanktons Big fish Lake Ecosystem Inverted in Position Pyramid of Biomass First Trophic Level Second Trophic Level Third Trophic Level Forth Trophic Level
- 62. Inverted in Position • In an aquatic habitat the pyramid of biomass is inverted or spindle shaped where the biomass of trophic level depends upon the Pyramid of biomass:-
- 64. Pyramid of energy:- • "Pyramid of energy is a graphic representation of the amount of energy trapped per unit time and area in different trophic level of a food chain with producers forming the base and the top carnivores at the tip".
- 65. Representation of Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of energy is always upright. It is so because at each transfer about 80 - 90% of the energy available at lower trophic level is used up to growth , metabolic activities ,Respiration and reproduction also locomotion etc. Only 10% of the energy is available to next trophic level (as per Lindeman's ten percent rule). Pyramid of energy:- Always Upright in position Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers
- 66. Major Ecosystems of the world
- 68. Forest Ecosystem Grassland Ecosystem Desert Ecosystem
- 70. Forest Ecosystem: A forest is an area with a high density of trees. World’s total land area is 13,076 million hectares - (Source: FAO; 1989) Of which total forests account for about 31% of the world’s land area. In India, the forest cover is roughly 21% of the total land area. The forest ecosystem are of great concern from the environmental point of view. It provides numerous environmental services like; Nutrient cycling, Maintaining biodiversity Providing wildlife habitat Affecting rainfall patterns Regulating stream flow Storing water Reducing flooding Preventing soil erosion Reclaiming degraded land & many more…. Forest Ecosystem
- 71. Structure and Function Of Forest Ecosystem
- 72. The various components of a Forest Ecosystem are: Abiotic components: These include basic inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil & atmosphere. In addition dead organic debris is also found littered in forests. Air,Water,Soil ,Temp and Sunlight , Nutrients etc Forest Ecosystem:
- 73. Biotic components: 1) Producer : In a forest, the producers are mainly trees,Harbs,Shrubs ,Climbers and Epiphytes and ground vegetation etc. Trees are of different kinds depending upon the type of forest developed in that climate.
- 74. Dominant species of trees in major types of forest ecosystems are: Teak ,Dhak Sal, Oak, Silver fir, spruce, Deodar Acer, Betula, Picea, Pine, Cedrus.
- 75. 2) Consumers: In a forest, consumers are of three main types - a) Primary Consumers: These are Herbivores which feed directly on producers. Mini Animals :-Ants, Beetles, Bugs, spiders etc. feeding on tree leaves. Small Animals :- Mouse ,Squirrels ,Grasshopper ,Rabbit etc. Larger animals :- Elephants, Deer, Giraffe etc. grazing on shoots and/or fruits of trees.
- 76. b) Secondary Consumers: These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers. These include Birds, Lizards, Frogs, Snakes, Foxes, Wolf etc. c) Tertiary Consumers: These are secondary carnivores and feed on secondary consumers These include top carnivores like Lion, Tiger, etc.
- 78. Herbs
- 79. Shrubs in Forest
- 81. epiphytes plants in forest
- 82. Teak Species
- 83. Picea tree
- 85. Sal tree
- 86. Oak tree
- 87. spruce
- 88. Deodar
- 89. Acer tree
- 90. Betula tree
- 91. Cedrus tree
- 92. Pine tree
- 95. Mouse Squirrels Grasshopper Primary Consumers – Small animals
- 96. Elephants Deer giraffe Primary Consumers – Large animals
- 98. Lion Tiger Leopard Tertiary Consumers
- 100. 3) Decomposers: These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organism like; Bacteria (Bacillus Sp., Clostridium sp., pseudomonas, etc.) Fungi (Aspergillus sp., Ganoderma sp., Fusarium, etc.) Actinomycetes (Streptomyces, etc). They attract the dead or decayed bodies of organisms & thus decomposition takes place. Therefore, nutrients are released for reuse.
- 101. Bacillus Sp. Clostridium sp. pseudomonas Bacteria as a Decomposer
- 102. Aspergillus sp Ganoderma species Fusarium Fungi as a Decomposer Polyporus coprinus
- 104. Components of Forest Ecosystem: Producers: Different tree species Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem
- 106. Grassland Ecosystem
- 108. Grasslands (also called Greenswards) are areas where the vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) plants. Grasslands occupy about 24% of the earth’s surface. Grasslands occur in regions too dry for forests and too moist for deserts The annual rainfall ranges between 25- 75 cm, Usually seasonal The principal grasslands include: Prairies (Canada, USA) Pampas (South America) Steppes (Europe & Asia) Veldts (Africa) Grassland Ecosystem: Grassland ecosystem.
- 109. The highest abundance & greatest diversity of large mammals are found in these ecosystems. The dominant animal species include Wild horses, asses & antelope of Eurasia, Herds of Bison of America; and The antelope & other large herbivores of Africa The various components of a grassland Ecosystem are:
- 111. Abiotic components: These include basic inorganic & organic compounds present in the soil & aerial environment. The essential elements like C, H, N, O, P, S etc. are supplied by water, nitrogen, nitrates, sulphates, phosphates present in soil & atmosphere
- 112. Biotic components: Three functional groups which are: 1) Producer Organisms: In grassland, producers are mainly grasses; though, a few herbs & shrubs also contribute to primary production of biomass. Some of the most common species of grasses are: 1) Tall Grass (5-8 feet) :- e.g. Indian grass , Slough grass , Switch grass, Blue stem grass 2) Mid Grass (2-4 feet) :- Needle grass , Drop seed grass ,Tune grass , Indian rice grass etc. 3) Short Grass (up to 1.5 feet) :- Buffalo grass , Blue grass etc.
- 113. Indian grass Slough grass Switch grass Blue stem grass Tall Grass (5-8 feet)
- 114. Needle grass Drop seed grass Tune grass Indian rice grass Mid Grass (2-4 feet)
- 115. Buffalo grass Blue grass Short Grass (up to 1.5 feet)
- 116. Andropogon gayanus
- 117. Panicum
- 118. Cynodon
- 119. Digitaria
- 120. 2) Consumers: In a grassland, consumers are of three main types; a) Primary Consumers: The primary consumers are herbivores feeding directly on grasses. These are grazing animals such as Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Rabbits ,insects, termites, etc are also present.
- 121. Cows Buffaloes Sheep Goats Deer Rabbit Primary Consumers in Grassland Ecosystem Insects and milipodes termites
- 123. b) Secondary Consumers: These are carnivores that feed on primary consumers (Herbivores) These include; Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes etc.
- 124. Frogs Snakes Lizards Birds Foxes Secondary Consumers in Grassland Ecosystem
- 125. c) Tertiary Consumers: These include Lion , Tiger ,Leopard and hawks etc. which feed on secondary consumers.
- 126. Tiger Leopard Tertiary Consumers in Grassland Ecosystem Hawk
- 127. 3) Decomposers: These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organism like: Bacteria; Fungi; Actinomycetes Mucor Penicillin fungus Rhizopus Fusarium
- 128. Components of Grassland Ecosystem: Producers: Different grass species Consumers of Grassland ecosystem Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem
- 129. Desert Ecosystem
- 130. A desert is a landscape or region that receives almost no precipitation Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 millimeters per year. It occupy about 17% of the earth’s surface. Deserts are characterized by hot days & cold nights. The deserts of the world are mainly located in the South- western United States, Mexico, North America, Asia (Thar, Gobi, Tibet ) & west Asia. Deserts are characterized by scanty flora & fauna. Soils of deserts often have abundant nutrients but little or no organic matter. Desert Ecosystem:
- 132. The various components of a Desert Ecosystem are: Abiotic components: High temperature & very low rainfall, the organic substances are poorly present in the soil. Soil is in the form of sand
- 133. Biotic components: 1)Producer Organisms: In a desert, producers are mainly shrubs/bushes; some grasses & a few trees. Dominant plant species include: Succulents (water - retaining plants adapted to arid climate or soil conditions ) & hardy grasses, lichens & xerophytic mosses are also present.
- 134. 2) Consumer Organisms: a) Primary consumers:- Ants , Wasps, Scorpions ,spiders ,lizards ,rats ,camels and kangaroo. b) Secondary consumers :- Reptiles , Birds ,Snakes and Desert Cats etc. c) Tertiary consumers :- Reptiles , Tigers and Leopards etc.
- 135. 3) Decomposers: Due to poor vegetation with very low amount of dead organic matter, decomposers are poor in desert ecosystem. The common decomposers are some bacteria & fungi, most of which are thermophillic
- 136. Producer
- 137. Producer in Grassland Ecosystem
- 138. Desert Plants • Many plants are found in the desert. They usually grow close to the ground. • These plants have special parts that help them save wate • The special parts are: thick stem, shallow and wide roots, and thick skin covered with spines instead of leaves.
- 140. Desert: Sparse rainfall (< 30 cm per year), plants and animals adapted for water storage and conservation. Can be either very, very hot, or very cold
- 141. Primary Consumers
- 142. Ants Wasps Scorpions spiders lizards rats Camel Kangaroo
- 143. Secondary Consumers
- 145. Tertiary Consumers
- 146. Desert Reptiles Desert Tiger Desert Leopard
- 147. Components of Desert Ecosystem: Producers of Desert Ecosystem Consumers of Desert Ecosystem
- 149. Aquatic Ecosystems
- 150. River or Stream Ecosystems Lake or Pond Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems Estuarine Ecosystems
- 151. Aquatic Ecosystem • Zones of Water Littoral Zone Limnetic Zone Profundal Zone (Rooted Plant Species) ( Planktons ,Nektons , Neustons) (Zooplanktons-Worms,snails,crabs ) Floating, Algae decomposers
- 153. Littoral Zone warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat sustains a fairly diverse community, which can include several species of algae (like diatoms), rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians the egg and larvae stages of some insects are found in this zone vegetation and animals living in the littoral zone are food for other creatures such as turtles, snakes, and ducks
- 154. Limnetic Zone near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by plankton, both phytoplankton and zooplankton plankton are small organisms that play a crucial role in the food chain – most life would not be possible without them variety of freshwater fish also occupy this zone
- 155. Profundal Zone Plankton have short life spans—when they die, they fall into the deep-water part of the lake/pond much colder and denser than the other two little light penetrates all the way through the limnetic zone into the profundal zone animals are decomposers
- 156. Aquatic Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem (Based on Habitat) Fresh Water Ecosystem Salt Water Ecosystem Standing (Lentic) water Running (Lotic) water Ecosystem Ecosystem River Ecosystem Stream Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem Lake Ecosystem Marine Ecosystem Estuarine Ecosystem a) Flood Plain Pond a) Oligotrophic Lake (Full of organic matter) (Low nutrients ) a) Temporary Pond b) Eutrophic Lake (Seasonal) (High nutrients value N,P) a) Artificial Pond c) Impoundment lake (man made ,Aquarium) ( Dam or back Water)
- 157. Flood Plain Pond Temporary Pond Artificial Pond
- 158. Oligotrophic Lake: Nutrient poor, water is clear, oxygen rich; little productivity by algae, relatively deep with little surface area.
- 159. Eutrophic lake: nutrient rich, lots of algal productivity so it’s oxygen poor at times, water is murkier often a result of input of agricultural fertilizers
- 160. Impoundment lake- Dam water or Back water
- 161. pond Ecosystem
- 162. pond Ecosystem various organisms
- 163. Mosquitofish Dragonfly pond Ecosystem various organisms
- 164. Structure and Function Of Lake/Pond Ecosystem River/Stream Ecosystem
- 165. Abiotic component: These are the inorganic as well as organic substances present in the bottom soil or dissolved in water. In addition, to the minerals, some dead organic matter.
- 166. Biotic components: 1) Producer Organisms: It includes submerged, free floating and amphibious macrophytes (like; Hydrilla, Utricularia, Wolfia, Azolla, Typha etc.) and minute floating phytoplanktons (like; Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Oedogonium, Volvox etc.) .
- 167. 2) Consumer Organisms: a) Primary consumers: These are zooplanktons (ciliates, flagellates, other protozoan, small crustaceans) and benthos. b) Secondary consumers: These are carnivores like insects and fishes feeding on herbivores c) Tertiary consumers: These are the large fishes feeding on small fishes. 3) Decomposers: Micro – organisms like bacteria, fungi and actinomyctes.
- 168. Producers in Pond /Lake and River /Streams ecosystem
- 174. Primary Consumers in Pond /Lake and River /Streams ecosystem
- 175. ciliates presence of hair-like organelles
- 176. flagellates one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.
- 177. protozoan a single-celled microscopic animal
- 178. small crustaceans hard outer shell and jointed appendages e.g.crab, lobster, shrimp,
- 179. Secondary Consumers in Pond /Lake and River /Streams ecosystem
- 180. Small fish
- 181. Angelfish Goldfish
- 183. Cherry Barb Guppies
- 184. Tertiary Consumers in Pond /Lake and River /Streams ecosystem
- 185. Big fish
- 187. White Sturgeon Arapima gigas The world's largest freshwater fish, the Arapima gigas, swims in its natural habitat in the Amazon Rainforest. The fish is endangered due to overfishing.
- 189. Marine ecosystems are among the Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include: Oceans, Estuaries and Lagoons, Mangroves and, the Deep sea and the Sea floor. These are the gigantic reservoirs of water covering approximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area of some 361 million square kilometers). These ecosystem is different from freshwater ecosystem mainly because of its salty water. The salt concentration in an open sea is usually 3.5% (35 parts per thousand (ppt) ). Dominant ions are sodium & chloride. Average temperature of Marine ecosystem is 2-3 degree centigrade, devoid of light. Marine or Estuarine Ecosystem:
- 190. Estuary: Place where freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean. Highly productive biome; important for fisheries and feeding places for water fowl. Often heavily polluted from river input so many fisheries are now lost.
- 191. Structure and Function of Marine/Estuarine Ecosystem .
- 192. Abiotic components: High Na, Ca, Mg and K salt concentration, variable dissolved oxygen content, light & temperature make a unique physiochemical conditions in marine water.
- 193. Biotic components: 1) Producers: It includes phytoplankton's (diatoms, dinoflagillates), large seaweeds (mainly algae like chlorophyceae & rhodophyceae; angiosperms like Ruppia, Zostera, posidonia etc.), and mangrove vegetation (like Rhizophora, Carapa etc.)
- 194. 2) Consumers: a) Primary consumers: These are herbivores and feed directly on producers (Crustaceans, Mollusks, fish etc.) b) Secondary consumers: These are carnivorous fishes(Herring, Sahd and Mackerel) c) Tertiary consumers: These are top carnivorous fishes (Cod, Haddock, etc.) 3) Decomposers: These are micro – organisms like bacteria, fungi
- 195. Producers
- 196. dinoflagillates diatoms (phytoplanktons) Diatoms are a major group of algae, specifically microalgae, found in the oceans a single-celled organism with two flagella, occurring in large numbers in marine plankton
- 197. chlorophyceae rhodophyceae having a clear green color, their chlorophyll chiefly marine multicellular algae comprising algae in which reddish in color
- 198. Ruppia Zostera posidonia Rhizophora Carapa mangrove vegetation
- 199. Consumers
- 200. Crustaceans Primary consumers in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystem
- 201. Mollusks Mollusks Primary consumers in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystem
- 202. Arthropoda Primary consumers in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystem
- 203. Fishes Pisces Primary consumers in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystem
- 204. Secondary consumers in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystem
- 206. Tertiary consumers in Marine and Estuarine Ecosystem
- 208. Whale fish
- 209. Shark fish
- 210. Inside Marine or Ocean Ecosystem:
- 211. The End Save Ecology
- 219. Ecological succession:- • The change of plant and animal communities in an orderly sequence in an area , resulting in establishment of stable or climax community is called as ecological succession. OR • One type of community is totally replaced by another type of community over a period of time and simultaneously several changes are occurred .This process is called as ecological succession
- 220. ecological succession starts on different areas as follows
- 221. • Hydrosere- Ecological succession starts in water
- 222. Mesarch- Ecological succession starts on adequate moisture area
- 223. Xerosere • Ecological succession starts on dry area
- 224. Lithosere-Ecological succession starts on bare rock
- 225. Holosere- -Ecological succession starts on saline soil
- 226. Types of community • Community - A group of plant and animal species in a particular area.
- 227. Pioneer community • The first plant and animals community is formed on a particular area is called as Pioneer community.
- 228. Seral community • The intermediate plant and animals community is formed on a particular area is called as seral community.
- 229. Climax community • The last and stable plant and animals community is formed on a particular area is called as Climax community.
- 231. Causes of Ecological Succession
- 232. There are mainly three causes of Ecological succession- A) Initial cause- Formation of bare area or existing community is disappeared or destroyed. due to ….
- 233. Formation of bare area 1) Climatic cause- erosion , deposition ,wind ,fire , lightening and volcanic eruption etc 2) Biotic cause – All the activities of living organisms are responsible for formation of bare area.
- 234. • B) Continuous cause – Which includes … Migration Aggregation Competition Reaction
- 235. C) Stabilizing cause- Means stabilization of plants and animals community on a particular area.
- 236. Types of ecological succession
- 237. 1) Primary succession • This primary succession take place where there was no previously any sort of life . And on that area first group of organisms are established is known as pioneer community
- 238. • Secondary succession – The Secondary succession which is start from primary succession .Means this community of organisms are disappeared or destroyed due to fire , landslides and earthquake etc.
- 239. • Autogenic succession- This community of plants and animals which modifies its own environment is called as Autogenic succession .
- 240. • Allogenic succession- The various external environmental factors which modifies the existing community of plants and animals is called as Allogenic succession
- 241. General process of ecological succession (Mechanism of succession)
- 242. General process of ecological succession (Mechanism of succession) Process of primary succession occurs through a number of sequential steps, which follow one another. a) Nudation:- Nudation is the development of a bare area without any form of life. Causes of Nudation may be 1) Topographic :-(soil erosion, landslide, earthquake etc.) 2) Climatic :- (glaciers, hailstorm, fire etc.) 3) Biotic :- (human activities, epidemics etc.)
- 243. b) Invasion • -This is the successful establishment of a species in a bare area, which happens in three steps. i) Migration - reaching of seed or spores in a bare area through various agencies like wind, water etc. ii) Ecesis - also called 'establishment' involves the adjustment of the migrated species with the environment conditions of the area. iii) Aggregation - once established, the organisms increase in number through the process of reproduction.
- 244. c) Competition and co-action Involves the development of intraspecific and interspecific competitions among the members (as there is natural resistance like limited food and space).
- 245. d) Reaction The plant and animals grow ,use water and nutrients and become strong .These community modified the environment is called as reaction. e) Stabilization It is the last stage where the final community (climax community) becomes stabilized and can maintain itself in equilibrium with climate of the area.